| Detailed view | pastel-00565538, version 1 |
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| Defence date | 2010-12-10 |
| Physique, optique | |
| Library | Institut d’Optique Graduate School |
| Keywords | Condensats de Bose-Einstein – Optique atomique quantique – Mélanges à quatre ondes – Collisions élastiques – Piégeage optique – Mélanges de spin – Ionisation Penning |
| English title | Creation and characterization of non-classical states for quantum atom optics |
| English abstract | We report the results of few experiments on ultra-cold gases of metastable helium which tackle two topics : quantum atom optics and collisional properties between different spin-states. The first bunch of studies presented in this thesis have been carried out on a set of correlated atom pairs created by collision between two Bose-Einstein condensates which might be seen as an analogous of parametric down conversion in quantum photon optics. Contrary to an ideal s-wave scattering distribution, however, we find that the scattered halo is not uniform and spherical, but instead has an angle dependent thickness and radius due to the interactions between atoms. In addition, by considering opposing regions of the halo, we observe relative number squeezing whereas relative atom number distributions between nonopposing regions show a poissonnian behaviour. This leads us to believe that the quantum states of the correlated pairs are not only inherently fascinating , but they also have the potential to improve sensitivity in atom interferometers. Moreover, these pairs should be entangled and are thus well suited to investigations of (nonlocal) EPR entanglement and Bell's inequalities using atoms. Then, we give a detailed description of our new optical trap which permits us to best match the resolution characteristics of our delay-line anode microchannel plate detector capable of registering single atoms in the three dimensions of the space. We also confirm the stability of certain spin-state combinations of metastable helium to two-body inelastic processes, which gives the scope of future experiments using optically trapped spin mixtures. |
| English keyword | Bose-Einstein condensates – Quantum atom optics – Four-wave mixing – Elastic collisions – Optical traps – Spin mixtures – Penning Ionization |
| Introduction 1 Sur la route des corrélations quantiques 1.1 De l'optique quantique... 1.1.1 L'interféromètre de Hanbury Brown et Twiss Fonctions de corrélations 1.1.2 Création de paires de photons individuelles 1.1.3 Etats comprimés 1.1.4 Intrication et calcul quantique 1.2 ... à l'optique atomique quantique 1.2.1 Corrélations atomiques dans un nuage froid Gaz thermique de bosons Condensats de Bose-Einstein Fermions 1.2.2 Mélanges à quatre ondes de matière 1.2.3 Etats atomiques comprimés 1.3 Conclusion 2 Sources de paires atomiques fortement corrélées 2.1 Sources de paires atomiques de par le monde 2.2 Mélanges à quatre ondes de matière spontanés 2.2.1 Point de vue théorique 2.2.2 Génération expérimentale : collisions entre deux condensats Diffusions stimulées Extraction d'un condensat hors du piège Division du condensat 2.2.3 Résultats préliminaires Une multitude de condensats Analyse informatique 2.3 Conditions d'accord de phase 2.3.1 Modèle simple 2.3.2 Traitement préliminaire 2.3.3 Résultats 2.3.4 Interprétation physique Conservation énergie Effet géométrique de la collision 2.3.5 Dépendance de cet effet avec le nombre d'atomes 2.3.6 Analogie avec l'optique photonique 2.3.7 Conclusion 2.4 Réduction des fluctuations de la différence de populations 2.4.1 Principe 2.4.2 Motivation Gain des états non classiques pour l'interférométrie atomique 2.4.3 Procédure d'analyse 2.4.4 Difficultés expérimentales avec le piège magnétique Contraintes techniques Résultats expérimentaux Robustesse des résultats observés 2.4.5 Une approche expérimentale différente Le nouveau montage expérimental Des données différentes : quels gains ? Fonctions de corrélations : régime 1D et fluctuations de phase. 2.4.6 Résultats dans le piège dipolaire 2.4.7 Sources de bruits Rôle de la détectivité Sources de bruits à un atome Effets de bords 2.4.8 Conclusion 2.5 Sources de paires directionnelles 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 Mélanges à quatre ondes : collisions entre condensats très anisotropes 2.5.3 Instabilités dans un réseau optique 2.5.4 Montage expérimental du réseau : perspectives. 2.6 Conclusion 3 Piégeage optique de nuages ultra-froids d'hélium métastable 3.1 Potentiels lumineux 3.1.1 Généralités 3.1.2 Nos motivations physiques. 3.2 Piège dipolaire 3.2.1 Caractéristiques physiques 3.2.2 Construction du banc optique 3.2.3 Electronique 3.2.4 Piégeage d'un nuage froid 3.3 Résultats préliminaires. 3.3.1 Artefacts de reconstruction. 3.3.2 Quasi-condensats 3.3.3 Largeurs de corrélations inattendues. 3.4 Conclusions 4 Mélanges de spins 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Collisions inélastiques 4.1.2 Collisions élastiques entre atomes d'hélium métastable polarisés 4.2 Création des mélanges de spins. 4.2.1 Balayages de fréquences RF 4.2.2 Dispositif de Stern-Gerlach 4.3 Suppression des processus inélastiques de 5Σg 4.3.1 Potentiels moléculaires de l'hélium métastable 4.3.2 Réduction des collisions Penning 4.4 Mesure des constantes de collisions inélastiques rédominantes 4.4.1 Modélisation 4.4.2 Application aux données expérimentales 4.4.3 Taux de pertes global 4.5 Conclusion Conclusion A Montage expérimental A.1 L'atome d'Hélium A.2 Refroidissement d'un gaz monoatomique. A.2.1 Séquence générale Déviation de la séquence lors d'un transfert dans le piège optique A.2.2 Eléments optiques A.2.3 Système à vide A.3 Détection 3D d'atomes uniques A.3.1 Galettes à micro-canaux. A.3.2 Lignes à retard A.3.3 Traitement électronique et informatique des données brutes A.3.4 Détectivité A.3.5 Résolution A.3.6 Calibration de la taille des pixels B Articles scientifiques Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing of de Broglie Waves : Beyond Optics Bose-Einstein Condensation and Spin Mixtures of Optically Trapped Metastable Helium Sub-Poissonian number differences in four-wave mixing of matter waves Bibliographie |
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| pastel-00565538, version 1 | |
| http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00565538 | |
| oai:pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr:pastel-00565538 | |
| From: Jean-Christophe Jaskula <> | |
| Submitted on: Sunday, 13 February 2011 20:48:27 | |
| Updated on: Friday, 23 March 2012 17:56:02 | |




