Apport de la paléohydrologie dans la quantification des rôles respectifs du climat et de la tectonique des systèmes fluviatiles méandriformes fossiles : application à des systèmes oligo-miocènes d'Europe occidentale

Anne-Edwige Held

pastel-00570494, version 1

Apport de la paléohydrologie dans la quantification des rôles respectifs du climat et de la tectonique des systèmes fluviatiles méandriformes fossiles : application à des systèmes oligo-miocènes d'Europe occidentale

Anne-Edwige Held (

)¹

1:	GEOSCIENCES - Centre de Géosciences

La paléohydrologie permet l'estimation des paramètres hydrologiques allant de la géométrie du chenal à celle du bassin versant, en passant par la dynamique des écoulements et le climat. Bien que les systèmes fluviatiles soient connus pour évoluer sous contrôle de paramètres allo- et auto-cycliques, leur influence n'a que peu été prise en compte dans les études antérieures. Nos travaux exposent une méthode originale de restitution paléohydrologique, basée sur la hauteur des barres de méandre (hauteur d'eau) et contrainte par le climat. Des équations originales exprimant les différents paramètres hydrologiques en fonction de la hauteur d'eau sont développées à partir de données hydrologiques actuelles appartenant à deux domaines climatiques différents. Ces lois sont validées à travers une application à deux cas d'étude géologiques bien contraints : les systèmes méandriformes Oligo-Miocène subtropical semi-humide d'avant-pays alpin (SE France) et subtropical à saisons sèches d'avant-pays ibérique (Centre Espagne). Les restitutions paléohydrologiques sont en parfait accord avec les zones source et les vitesses d'écoulement fournies par les données de terrain. Les influences respectives du climat, de la tectonique et du niveau de base sont quantifiées et discutées à travers les résultats paléohydrologiques. Les restitutions paléo-hydro-climatiques montrent la mise en place à l'Aquitanien inférieur d'un gradient climatique entre l'Espagne et la France et l'enregistrement de l'épisode froid du Mi1. L'analyse des changements de tailles des systèmes met en évidence le passage de régime méandriforme à anabranché en réponse à des déformations tectoniques liées à la création des Alpes.

Defence date	2011-02-02
	Sciences de la terre et génie de l'environnement
Library	Mines ParisTech
Keywords	Paléohydrologie – Systèmes fluviatiles méandriformes – Climat subtropical – Oligo-Miocène – Contrôles allocycliques – Bassin d'avant-pays
English title	Input of the palaeohydrology for the quantification of the climatic and tectonic impacts on the fluvial meandering system: an application to oligo-miocene systems of Western Europe
English abstract	Associated to a sedimentary approach, paleohydrology enables the reconstruction of hydrological parameters from the channel to the drainage area. Although fluvial systems are known to be influenced by allo-and auto-genic processes, their influences were not taken into account in previous paleohydrological works. Therefore, the present study attempts to develop a new method of paleohydrological reconstitution, based on the point-bar height (water depth), only parameters recorded in the sedimentary successions, and constrained by the climate. Thanks to hydrological data of two different climatic realms, original regional equations are developed to express hydrologic parameters using the water depth. These regional equations are validated thanks to the application to two Oligo-Miocene meandering systems, deposited under different climates: the Alpine Foreland Basin (SE France) associated to a subtropical humid realm; and the Loranca Basin (Central Spain) related to subtropical climate with dry seasons. The paleohydrological results are in agreement with mineralogical sources and flow velocity given by the field data. The respective contributions of climate, tectonic and, base level are discussed through the paleohydrological results. Paleo-hydro-climatic reconstructions show the development since the Lower Aquitanian of a climatic gradient from Spain to France. Each studied basin had recorded the cold Mi1 event. Modifications of drainage area and extreme changes in channel sizes are related to tectonic deformation indicating capture and transition of meandering to anabranching systems.
English keyword	Palaeohydrology – Fluvial meandering system – Subtropical climate – Oligo-Miocene – Allocyclic controls – Foreland basin

[+]

INTRODUCTION 10
CHAPITRE 1 : LES SYSTÈMES FLUVIATILES MODERNES 19
1.1 Morphologie des cours d'eau actuels 19
1.1.1 Classification des types de cours d'eau 19
1.1.2 Description des principales classes fluviatiles 23
1.2 Dynamique des systèmes méandriformes 25
1.2.1 Hydrologie des systèmes fluviatiles méandriformes 25
1.2.2 Transport et dépôt du matériel sédimentaire 29
1.3 L'enregistrement sédimentaire des systèmes méandriformes 35
1.3.1 Le chenal en méandre 35
1.3.2 Les phénomènes de rupture de berges 39
1.3.3 La plaine d'inondation 41
1.4 Conclusion 45
CHAPITRE 2 : LES DIFFÉRENTES ÉCHELLES DE TEMPS ENREGISTRÉES PAR LES SYSTÈMES FLUVIATILES 47
2.1 Les fluctuations enregistrées par les chenaux 47
2.2 Réponse d'un système fluviatile aux facteurs de contrôle à long terme 50
2.2.1 Notion de profil d'équilibre et de niveau de base en domaine continental 51
2.2.2 Le climat 52
2.2.3 La tectonique 57
2.2.4 Le niveau de base 62
2.3 Conclusion 67
CHAPITRE 3 : DES SYSTÈMES MÉANDRIFORMES FOSSILES OLIGO-MIOCÈNES 71
3.1 Contexte de l'étude 71
3.1.1 Contexte paléogéographique 71
3.1.2 Contexte tectonique 72
3.1.3 Contexte paléoclimatique 76
3.2 Le remplissage continental du bassin d'avant-pays alpin, SE France 83
3.2.1 Stratigraphie générale 84
3.2.2 Les bassins au front de la nappe de Digne 84
3.2.3 Les séries fluviatiles du bassin en piggy-back de Barrême 87
3.2.4 Points forts des systèmes méandriformes du SE de la France 88
3.3 Le bassin endoréique de Loranca, Espagne Centrale 90
3.3.1 Stratigraphie générale 90
3.3.2 Les séries fluviatiles de l'Unité Détritique Supérieure du Bassin de Loranca 92
3.3.3 Points forts des systèmes méandriformes d'Espagne centrale 97
3.4 Synthèse des éléments paléoenvironnementaux 97
CHAPITRE 4 : LES ÉLÉMENTS DE LA RESTITUTION PALÉOHYDROLOGIQUE 99
4.1. Stratégie de l'étude 99
4.1.1. Analyse des corps chenalisés de barres de méandre 99
4.1.2. Analyse des dépôts de la plaine d'inondation 100
4.2. Les séries fluviatiles du Sud-est de la France 101
4.2.1. Description sédimentaire générale des systèmes méandriformes 102
4.2.2. Caractéristiques du bassin de Barrême 111
4.2.3. Caractéristiques du bassin de Digne-Valensole 114
4.2.4. Granulométrie des barres de méandres et de leurs berges 120
4.2.5. Conclusion sur le SE de la France 121
4.3. La série fluviatile d'Espagne centrale 122
4.3.1. La coupe de Canales 122
4.3.2. La coupe de Peñas de San Juan 124
4.3.3. Les coupes de La Higuerilla et San Bartolomé 126
4.3.4. Restitution paléoenvironnementale de l'Unité Détritique Supérieure 128
4.3.5. Identification des niveaux chenalisés et mesure des barres sableuses 138
4.3.6. La plaine d'inondation et les paléosols de la Série du Fan de Tórtola 143
4.3.7. Conclusion sur l'Espagne Centrale 146
4.4. Conclusion générale 146
CHAPITRE 5 : DÉVELOPPEMENT D'UNE MÉTHODE DE RESTITUTION PALÉOHYDROLOGIQUE 149
5.1 État de l'art 150
5.1.1 Conversion des géométries de barres de méandre fossiles en géométries de chenal actif 150
5.1.2 La notion de Géométries Hydrauliques 155
5.1.3 Le bassin versant 158
5.1.4 Synthèse 160
5.2 Construction des bases de données 160
5.2.1 Les grandes régions climatiques : classification de Köppen-Geiger 160
5.2.2 Écorégions échantillonnées 164
5.2.3 Les paramètres collectés 167
5.3 Développement des relations hydrologiques empiriques 170
5.3.1 Les relations dites de géométries hydrauliques de crue de pleins bords des environnements subtropicaux 170
5.3.2 Les relations associées aux bassins versants des environnements subtropicaux 179
5.3.3 Conclusion 189
5.4 Impact du climat : comparaison avec les lois de la littérature 190
5.5 Synthèse : les éléments de la restitution paléohydrologique 193
5.6 Conclusion 194
CHAPITRE 6 : INTERPRÉTATION PALÉOHYDROLOGIQUE DES SYSTÈMES MÉANDRIFORMES OLIGO-MIOCÈNES 195
6.1 Restitutions paléohydrologiques des systèmes fluviatiles oligo-miocènes 195
6.1.1 Les systèmes méandriformes oligo-miocènes du SE de la France 195
6.1.2 Les systèmes méandriformes oligo-miocènes d'Espagne Centrale 206
6.1.3 Discussion sur la validité de l'approche paléohydrologique 215
6.2 Signal climatique des séries méandriformes fossiles 224
6.2.1 Fluctuations des géométries des barres de méandre 224
6.2.2 Signal climatique de la plaine d'inondation de la série du Fan de Tórtola 234
6.2.3 Conclusion paléoclimatique déduite des données paléohydrologiques à l'échelle de l'Europe occidentale 239
6.3 Décryptage des séries oligo-miocènes du bassin d'avant-pays alpin du SE de la France 241
6.3.1 Signal tectonique des séries méandriformes fossiles 241
6.3.2 Le niveau de base et les séries méandriformes fossiles 243
6.3.3 Synthèse 245
6.4 Interprétation de la série oligo-miocène du Fan de Tórtola (Espagne centrale) 248
6.4.1 Influence de la tectonique sur le Fan de Tórtola 248
6.4.1 Influence du niveau de base sur le Fan de Tórtola 250
6.4.2 Synthèse 251
6.5 Conclusion 252
CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES 253
BIBLIOGRAPHIE 257
LISTE DES FIGURES 271
LISTE DES TABLEAUX 287
ANNEXES 291

[+]

Alexander, J. and Leeder, M.R. 1987. Active tectonic control on alluvial architecture. In: Recent Developments in Fluvial Sedimentology (Ed F.G. Ethridge), 39, 243-252. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, Tulsa.
Allen, J.R.L. 1963. The classification of cross-stratified units. With notes on their origin. Sedimentology, 2: 93-114.
Allen, J.R.L. 1965. The sedimentation and palaeogeography of the Old Red Sandstones of Anglesey, North Wales. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 35: 139-185.
Allen, J.R.L. 1968. Current Ripples. Their Relation to Patterns of Water and Sediment Motion. North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 433 p.
Allen, J.R.L. 1985. Principles of Physical Sedimentology. Allen & Unwin, London, 271 p.
Alvaro, M. 1986. Evolucion tectonica de la Cordillera Celtiberica, 15 p. Universidad Complutense de Madrid open-file Lecture Notes.
Alvaro, M., Capote, R. and Vegas, R. 1979. Un modelo de evolucion geotectonica para la Cadena Celtiberica. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 14: 172-177.
Amsler, M.L., Ramonell, C.G. and Toniolo, H.A. 2005. Morphologic changes in the Paraná River channel (Argentina) in the light of the climate variability during the 20th century. Geomorphology, 70: 257-278.
Arnaud-Vanneau, A.M., Arnaud, H., Charollais, J., Conrad, M.A., Cottillon, P., Ferry, S., Masse, J.P. and Peybernès, B. 1979. Paléogéographie des calcaires urgoniens du Sud de la France Paleogeography of the urgonian limestones of the Southern France. Geobios, 12: 363-383.
Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology 2009. Data available on the World Wide Web at URL [http://www.bom.gov.au/].
Baker, V.R. 2008. Paleoflood hydrology : Origin, progress, prospects. Geomorphology, 101: 1-13.
Barron, E., Rivas-Carballo, R., Postigo-Mijarra, J.M., Alcalde-Olivares, C., Vieira, M., Castro, L., Pais, J. and Valle-Hernández, M. 2010. The Cenozoic vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula : A synthesis. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, In Press.
Bialkowski, A. 2004. Stratigraphie isotopique (carbone et oxygène) des séries continentales d'un bassin d'avant-pays (Oligo-Miocène du Bassin de Digne-Valensole). Paléoenvironnements et séquences de dépôt. E.N.S.M.P. Mém. Sc. de la Terre, n°46 : 204 p.
Blair, T.C. and Bilodeau, W.L. 1988. Development of tectonic cyclothems in rift, pull-apart, and foreland basins: Sedimentary response to episodic tectonism. Geology, 16: 517-520.
Blum, M.D. and Price, D.M. 1998. Quaternary alluvial plain construction in response to glacio-eustatic and climatic controls, Texas Gulf coastal plain. In: Relative Role of Eustasy, Climate, and Tectonism in Continental Rocks (Eds K.W. Shanley and P.J. McCabe), 59, 31-48. S.E.P.M. Special Publication.
Bogaart, P.W. and Van Balen, R.T. 2000. Numerical modelling of the response of alluvial rivers to Quaternary climate change. Global and Planetary Change, 27: 124-141.
Bohman, L.R. 1992. Determination of flood hydrographs for streams in South Carolina: Volume 2. Estimation of peak-discharge frequency, runoff volumes, and flood hydrographs for urban watersheds. U.S. Geological Survey. Water-Resources Investigations Report, 92-4040.
Bown, T.M. and Kraus, M.J. 1987. Integration of channel and floodplain suites, developmental sequence and lateral relations of alluival paleosols. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57: 587-601.
Brice, J.C. and Blodgett, J.C. 1978. Countermeasures for Hydraulic Problems at Bridges--Analysis and Assessment. FHWA-RD-78-162, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Bridge, J.S. 2003. Rivers and Floodplains ; Forms Processes and Sedimentary Records. Blackwell Publishing, 491 p.
Bridge, J.S. and Leeder, M.R. 1979. A simulation model of alluvial stratigraphy. Sedimentology, 26: 617-644.
Bridge, J.S. and Mackey, S.D. 1993. A theoretical study of fluvial sandstone body dimensions. In: Geological modeling of hydrocarbon reservoirs. (Eds S.S. Flint and I.D. Bryant) International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications, 15: 213-236.
Brierley, G.J., Rob, J.F. and Woolfe, K.J. 1997. What is a fluvial levee? Sedimentary Geology, 114: 1-9.
Burbank, D.W. 1992. Causes of recent Hymalayan uplift, deduced from the depositional pattern in the Ganges basin. Nature, 357: 680-682.
Burnett, A.W. 1982. Alluvial Stream Response to Neotectonics in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
Burnett, A.W. and Schumm, S.A. 1983. Alluvial river response to neotectonic deformation in Louisiana and Mississippi. Science, 222: 49-50.
Capello, S.V. 2008. Modeling Channel Erosion in Cohesive Streams of the Blackland Prairie, Texas at the Watershed Scale. MsC Manuscript, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 67 p.
Castro, J.M. and Jackson, P.L. 2001. Bankfull discharge recurrence intervals and regional hydraulic geometry relationships: patterns in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 37: 1249-1262.
Catuneanu, O. 2006. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 375 p.
Cavagnetto, C. 2002. La palynoflore du Bassin d'As Pontes en Galice dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Espagne à la limite Rupélien-Chattien (Oligocène). Palaeontographica Abteilung, 263: 161-204.
Châteauneuf, J.J. and Nury, D. 1995. La flore de l'Oligocène de Provence méridionale: Implications stratigraphiques, environnementales et climatiques. Géologie de la France, 2: 43-55.
Chilligarian, G.V. and Wolf, K.H. 1975. Compaction of coarse-grained sediments., I. Elsevier, New York, 552 p.
Chilligarian, G.V. and Wolf, K.H. 1976. Compaction of coarse-grained sediments, II. Elsevier, N.Y., 808 p.
Clevis, Q. 2003. Three-dimensional modelling of thrust controlled foreland basin stratigraphy, Utrecht, 135 p.
Couëffé, R. 2003. La préservation du temps dans les enregistrements sédimentaires : analyse quantitative à l'intérieur du bassin d'avant-chaîne de Digne (Alpes de Haute-Provence, Sud-Est de la France). PhD Thesis, Université de Caen / Basse Normandie, 326 p.
Cotter, J. 1971. Paleoflow Characteristics of a late Cretaceous river in Utah from analysis of sedimentary structures in the Ferron sandstone. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 41: 129-138.
Crane, R.C. 1982. A computer model for the architecture of avulsion controlled alluvial suites. PhD thesis, University of Reading, 534 p.
Currie, B.S. 1997. Sequence stratigraphy of nonmarine Jurassic-Cretaceous rocks, central Cordilleran foreland-basin system. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109: 1206-1222.
Daams, R., Alvarez Sierra, M.A., Van Der Meulen, A.J. and Pelaez-Campomanes, P. 1996a. Paleoecology and paleoclimatology of micromammal faunas from Upper Oligocene - Lower Miocene sediments in Loranca Basin, province of Cuenca, Spain. In: Tertiary basins of Spain (Eds P. Friend and C. Dabrio). Cambridge University, Cambridge.
Daams, R., Diaz-Molina, M. and Mas, R. 1996b. Uncertainties in the stratigraphic analysis of fluvial deposits from the Loranca Basin, central Spain (Eds R.H. Gaupp and A. Van de Weerd), 102, 187-209, Sedimentary Geology Special Issue.
Daams, R. and Van Der Meulen, A.J. 1984. Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation of micromammal faunal successions in the Upper Oligocene and Miocene of north central Spain. Paléobiologie continentale, 14: 241-257.
Dalrymple, M., Prosser, J. and Williams, B. 1998. A dynamic system approach to the regional controls on deposition and architecture of alluvial sequences, illustrated in the Statfjord formation (United Kingdom, northern North sea). In: Relative Role of Eustasy, Climate and Tectonism in Continental Rocks (Eds K.W. Shanley and P.J. McCabe), 59, 65-81. SEPM, Tulsa.
Davidson, S.K. and North, C.P. 2009. Geomorphological Regional Curves for Prediction of Drainage Area and Screening Modern Analogues for Rivers in the Rock Record. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 79: 773-92.
De Boer, P.L. and Smith, D.G. 1994. Orbital forcing and cyclic sequences. In: Orbital Forcing and Cyclic Sequences. (Eds P.L. De Boer and D.G. Smith), International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications, 19, 1-14.
De Rose, R.C., Stewardson, M.J. and Harman, C. 2008. Downstream hydraulic geometry of rivers in Victoria, Australia. Geomorphology, 99: 302-316.
Debrand-Passart, S., Courbouleix, S. and Lienhardt, M.J. 1984. Synthèse géologique du Sud-Est de la France. Stratigraphie et Paléontologie, 125. Mémoires du B.R.G.M. France, 615 p.
Díaz-Molina, M. 1974. Síntesis estratigráfica preliminar de la serie terciaria de los alrededores de Carrascosa del Campo. Estudios Geol., 30: 63-67.
Díaz-Molina, M., Arribas, J. and Bustillo-Revuelta, M.A. 1989. The Tórtola and Villalba de la Sierra fluvial fans : Late Oligocene-Early Miocene, Loranca Basin, central Spain. In: 4th Int. Conf. on Fluvial Sedimentology, 74 p. Field Trip 7, Barcelona-Sitges.
Diaz-Molina, M., Arribas, J., Gómez, J.J. and Tortosa, A. 1995. Geological modelling of a reservoir analogue; Cenozoic meander belts, Loranca Basin, Spain. Petroleum Geoscience, 1: 43-48.
Diaz-Molina M. and Muños-Garcia M.B. 2010. Sedimentary facies and three dimensional reconstructions of upper Oligocene meander belts from the Loranca Basin, Spain. AAPG Bulletin, 94: 241-257.
Doll, B.A., Dobbins, A.D., Spooner, J., Clinton, D.R. and Bidelspach, D.A. 2003. Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for Rural North Carolina Coastal Plain. http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/srp/append_a.pdf.
Doyle, M.W., Shields, D., Boyd, K.F., Skidmore, P.B. and DeWitt, D. 2007. Channel-Forming Discharge Selection in River Restoration Design. Journal of Hydraulic. Engineering. 133: 831-837.
Dury, G.H. 1976. Discharge prediction, present and former, from channel dimensions. Journal of Hydrology, 30: 219-245.
Ethridge, F.G. and Schumm, S.A. 1978. Reconstructing paleochannel morphologic and flow characteristics: Methodology, Limitations and Assessment. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 5: 703-721.
Ethridge, F.G., Wood, L.J. and Schumm, S.A. 1998. Cyclic variables controlling fluvial sequence development: problems and perspectives. In: Relative Role of Eustacy, Climate, and Tectonism in Continental Rocks (Eds K.W. Shanley and P.J. McCabe), 59, 17-29. S.E.P.M. Special Publications.
Evans, M.J. 1987. Tertiary sedimentology and thrust tectonic in the south-west alpine foreland basin, Alpes de Haute-Provence, France. PhD Thesis, University of Wales. 2 Vol.
Evans, M.J. and Elliot, T. 1999. Evolution of a thrust-sheet-top basin : The Tertiary Barrême basin, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111: 1617-43.
Evans, M.J. and Mange-Rajetzky, M.A. 1991. The provenance of sediments in the Barrême thrust-top basin, Haute-Provence, France. Geological Society Special Publication, 57: 323-342.
Fitzpatrick, F.A., Waite, I.R., D'Arconte, P.J., Meador, M.R., Maupin, M.A. and Gurtz, M.E. 1998. Revised Methods for Characterizing Stream Habitat in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Report 98-4052, U.S. Geological Survey, Raleigh.
Ford, M., Duchêne, S., Gasquet, D. and Vanderhaeghe, O. 2006. Two-phase orogenic convergence in the external and internal SW Alps. Journal of the Geological Society, 163: 815-826.
Ford, M., Lickorish, W.H. and Kusznir, N.J. 1999. Tertiary foreland sedimentation in the Southern Subalpine chains, SE France. A geodynamic appraisal. Basin Research, 11: 315-336.
Garcia-Abbad, F.J. 1975. Estudio geologico de la region del Pantano del Alarcon (Cuenca). Ph.D Manuscript, Univ. Comp. Madrid, 475 p.
Gardner, T.W. 1983. Paleohydrology and paleomorphology of a carboniferous, meandering, fluvial sandstone. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 53: 991-1005.
Garrote, J., Garzón Heydt, G. and Cox, R.T. 2008. Multi-stream order analyses in basin asymmetry: A tool to discriminate the influence of neotectonics in fluvial landscape development (Madrid Basin, Central Spain). Geomorphology, 102: 130-144.
Gidon, M., Monjuvent, G., Flandrin, J., Moullade, M., Durozoy, G. and Damiani, L. 1991. Notice explicative Carte géologique de la France au 1/50 000, feuille de Laragne-Montéglin. B.R.G.M., Orléans.
Gigot, P. In prep. Notice explicative, Carte Géologique de la France 1 / 50 000, Feuille de Sisteron (Ed B.R.G.M.), Orléans.
Gigot, P., Grandjacquet, C. and Haccard, D. 1974. Evolution tectono-sédimentaire de la bordure septentrionale du bassin tertiaire de Digne depuis l'Eocène. Bulletin de la Société Géologique Française, 16: 128-139.
Gomez-Fernandez, J.J., Diaz-Molina, M. and Lendlnez, A. 1996. Tectono-sedimentary analysis of the Loranca Basin (Upper Oligocene-Miocene, central Spain). A "non-sequenced" foreland basin. In: Tertiary Basins of Spain (Eds P. Friend and C. Dabrio), 277-286. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Graciansky De, P.C., Durozoy, G. and Gigot, P. 1982. Notice explicative Carte géologique de la France au 1/50 000, feuille de Digne. B.R.G.M., Orléans.
Graciansky De, P.-C., Lemoine, M. and Saliot, P. 1971. Remarques sur la présence de minéraux et paragenèses du métamorphisme alpin dans les galets des conglomérats oligocènes du synclinal de Barrême (Alpes de Haute-Provence). Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences, 272: 3243-3245.
Greenwood, D.R. and Wing, S.L. 1995. Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients. Geology, 23: 1044-1048.
Haccard, D., Beaudoin, B., Gigot, P. and Jorda, M. 1989. Notice explicative, Carte Géologique de France (1:50 000), feuille de La Javie (918). BRGM, Orléans.
Hack, J.T. 1957. Studies of Longitudinal Stream Profiles in Virginia and Maryland. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 294-B: 45-97.
Harkins, J.R. and Green, M.E. 1981. Depth estimation for ordinary high water of streams in the mobile district of the U.S. Army Corps of engineers, Alabama and adjacent States. Open-File Report 81-481, USGS, Tuscaloosa.
Harman, W.H., Jennings, G.D., Patterson, J.M., Clinton, D.R., Slate, L.O., Jessup, A.G., Everhart, J.R. and Smith, R.E. 1999. Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry Relationships for North Carolina Streams. AWRA Wildland Hydrology Symposium Proceedings. Edited By: D.S. Olsen and J.P. Potyondy. AWRA Summer Symposium. Bozeman, MT., http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/wqg/srp/rural_pied_paper.html.
Hartkamp, C.A., Arribas, J. and Tortosa, A. 1993. Grain size, composition, porosity and permeability contrasts within cross-bedded sandstones Tertiary fluvial deposits, central Spain. Sedimentology, 40: 87-799.
Heller, P.L., Angevine, C.L., Winslow, N.S. and Paola, C. 1988. Two-phase stratigraphic model of foreland-basin sequences. Geology, 16: 501-504.
Héran M.A., Lécuyer C. and Legendre S. 2010. Cenozoic long term terrestrial climatic evolution in Germany tracked by 18O of rodent tooth phosphate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 285: 331-342.
Hey, R.D. and Thorne, C.R. 1986. Stable channels with mobile gravel beds. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 112: 671-89.
Hjulström, F. 1935. Studies of the morphological activity of rivers as illustrated by the River Fyris. Bulletin of the Geological Institute University of Uppsala, 25: 221-527.
Holbrook, J. and Schumm, S.A. 1999. Geomorphic and sedimentary response of rivers to tectonic deformation : a brief review and critique of a tool for recognizing subtle epeirogenic deformation in modern and ancient settings. Tectonophysics, 305: 287-306.
Holbrook, J.M. 1996. Complex fluvial response to low gradients at maximum regression : a genetic link between smooth sequence boundary morphology and architecture of overlying sheet sandstone. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66: 713-722.
Huang, H.Q. and Nanson, G.C. 1997. Vegetation and channel variation ; a case study of four small streams in southeastern Australia. Geomorphology, 18: 237-249.
Hugueney, Y.M., Mein, P. and Ringeade, M. 1992. Nouvelles datations des gisements de mammifères du bassin de Digne (Lambert et Barles ; Sud-Est de la France) ; extension probable de la transgression aquitanienne dans cette région. Paleontologia I Evolucio, 24-25: 123-134.
Hunt, D. and Tucker, M.E. 1992. Stranded parasequences and the forced regressive wedge systems tract : deposition during base-level fall. Sedimentary Geology, 81: 1-9.
Hupp, C.R. and Osterkamp, W.R. 1996. Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphic processes. Geomorphology, 14: 277-295.
Ingles, O.H. and Grant, K. 1975. The effect of compaction on various properties of coarse-grained sediments. In: Compaction of coarse-grained sediments. (Eds G.V. Chilligarian and K.H. Wolf), pp. 293-348. Elsevier, New York.
Jervey, M.T. 1988. Quantitative geological modeling of siliciclastic rock sequences and their seismic expression. In: Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach (Eds C.K. Wilgus et al.), 42, 47-69. S.E.P.M. Special Publication.
Juracek, K.E. and Fitzpatrick, F.A. 2009. Geomorphic applications of stream-gage information. River Research and Applications, 25: 329-347.
Khan, H.R. 1971. Laboratory study of alluvial river morphology. Unpublished PhD thesis, Colorado State University.
Knighton, D. 1998. Fluvial forms and processes : A new perspective. Arnold, London.
Knighton, D. 1999. Downstream variation in stream power. Geomorphology, 29: 293-306.
Köppen, W. and Geiger, R. 1930. Climate of the Earth. World Map of Climate Classification (scale 1:16,000,000). Justus Perthes Map Publishers, Darmstadt, Germany.
Kotteck, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B. and Rubel, F. 2006. World map of Köppen Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 15: 259-263.
Kraus, M.J. 1999. Paleosols on clastic sedimentary rocks : their geologic applications. Earth-Science Reviews, 47: 41-70.
Leclair, S.F. and Bridge, J.S. 2001. Quantitative Interpretation of Sedimentary Structures Formed by River Dunes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71: 713-716.
Leclair, S.F., Bridge, J.S. and Wang, F. 1997. Preservation of cross-strata due to migration of subaqueous dunes over aggrading and non-aggrading beds. Comparison of experimental data with theory. Geoscience Canada, 24: 55-66.
Leeder, M.R. 1973. Fluviatile fining-upwards cycles and the magnitude of paleochannels. Geological Magazine, 110: 265-76.
Leeder, M.R. and Gawthorpe, R.L. 1987. Sedimentary models for extensional tilt block/half-graben basins. In: Continental Extensional Tectonics (Eds M.P. Coward, J.F. Dewey and P.L. Hancock), 28, 139-152. Geological Society of London Special Publications.
Leopold, L.B. and Bull, W.B. 1979. Base level, aggradation, and grade. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 123: 168-202.
Leopold, L.B. and Maddock, T. 1953. Hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 252.
Leopold, L.B. and Miller, J.P. 1956. Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 282-A.
Leopold, L.B. and Wolman, M.G. 1957. River channel patterns : braided, meandering and straight. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 282-B: 39-85.
Leopold, L.B. and Wolman, M.G. 1960. River meanders. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 71: 769-94.
Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G. and Miller, J.P. 1964. Fluvial Process in Geomorphology. Freeman, San Francisco, California, 522 pp.
Lickorish, W.H. and Ford, M. 1998. Sequential restoration of the external Alpine Digne system, SE France, constrained by kinematic data and synorogenic sediments. In: Cenozoic Foreland Basins of Western Europe. (Eds A. Mascle, C. Puigdefàbregas, H.P. Luterbacher and M. Fernàndez), 134, 189-211. Geological Society Special Publications.
Machette, M.N. 1985. Calcic soils of the south-western States. In: Soils and Quaternary Geology of the southwestern United States (Ed D.L. Weide), 203, pp. 1-22. Geological Society of America Special Paper.
Mack, G.H. and James, W.C. 1993. Control of basin symmetry on fluvial lithofacies, Camp Rice and Palomas Formations (Plio-Pleistocene), southern Rio Grande rift, USA. In: Alluvial Architecture (Eds M. Marzo and L. Puigdefábregas), International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publications. 17, 439-449.
Mackey, S.D. 1993. Theoretical modeling of alluvial architecture. PhD thesis, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY.
Maillart, J. 1991. Différenciation entre tectonique synsédimentaire et compaction différentielle. , E.N.S.M.P. Mém. Sc. de la Terre, n°12, 191 p.
Martinius, A.W. 2000. Labyrinthine facies architecture of the Tortola fluvial system and controls on deposition (Late Oligocene - Early Miocene, Loranca Basin, Spain). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70: 850-867.
Martinius, A.W., Geel, C.R. and Arribas, J. 2002. Lithofacies characterization of fluvial sandstones from outcrop gamma-ray logs (Loranca Basin, Spain) : the influence of provenance. Petroleum Geoscience, 8: 51-62.
Maynard, J.R. 2006. Fluvial response to active extension: evidence from 3D seismic data from the Frio Formation (Oligo-Miocene) of the Texas Gulf of Mexico Coast, USA. Sedimentology, 53: 515-536.
McCandless, T.L. 2003. Bankfull discharge and channel characteristics in the coastal plain hydrologic region. CBFO-S03-02, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office.
McLaurin, B.T. and Steel, R.J. 2007. Architecture and origin of an amalgamated fluvial sheet sand, lower Castlegate Formation, Book Cliffs, Utah. Sedimentary Geology, 197: 291-311.
Mein, P. 1990. Updating of MN zones. In: European Neogene Mammal Chronology (Eds E.H. Lindsay, V. Fahlbusc and P. Mein), Life Sciences, 180, 79-90. Plenum Press, NY.
Metcalf, C.K. 2005. Alabama riparian reference reach and regional curve study. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Report, Panama City, Florida, http://www.fws.gov/panamacity/programs/pfw-projects/FWS%20Final%20Alabama%20Regional%20Curve%20Report.pdf.
Metcalf, C.K., Wilkerson, S.D. and Harman, W.A. 2009. Bankfull regional curves for North and Northwest Florida streams. Journal of American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), 45: 1260-1272.
Meulenkamp, J.E. and Sissingh, W. 2003. Tertiary palaeogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Northern and Southern Peri-Tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the African Eurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 196: 209-228.
Miall, A.D. 1996. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
Moody, T., Wirtanen, M. and Yard, S.N. 2003. Regional relationships for bankfull stage in natural channels of the arid southwest. Natural Channel Design, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ, U.S.A.
Moody-Stuart, M. 1966. High and low-sinuosity stream deposits, with examples from the Devonian of Spitsbergen. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36: 1102-1117.
Moring, J.B. 2003. Baseline Assessment of Fish Communities, Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities, and Stream Habitat and Land Use, Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas, 1999-2001. Report 03-4270, U.S. Geological Survey, Austin.
Moring, J.B., Rosendale, J.C., Ansley, S.P. and Brown, D.W. 1998. Fish, Benthic Macroinvertebrate, and Stream Habitat Data From the Houston-Galveston Area Council Service Area, Texas, 1997-98. Open-File Report 98-658, U.S. Geological Survey, Austin.
Morlock, S.E. 1996. Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Measurements of River Discharge. Report 95-4218, U.S. Geological Survey, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Mosbrugger, V., Utescher, T. and Dilcher, D.L. 2005. Cenozoic continental climatic evolution of Central Europe. PNAS, 102: 14964-14969.
Mulvihill, C.I. and Baldigo, B.P. 2007. Regionalized Equations for Bankfull-Discharge and Channel Characteristics of Streams in New York State--Hydrologic Region 3 East of the Hudson River. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2007-5227: 15.
Munoz, A., Ramos, A., Sanchez-Moya, Y. and Sopena, A. 1992. Evolving fluvial architecture during a marine transgression: Upper Buntsandstein, Triassic, central Spain. Sedimentary Geology, 75: 257-281.
Munsell, A.H. 1909. A color notation. Ellis, Boston.
Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M. 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299.
Nichols, G.J. and Fisher, J.A. 2007. Processes, facies and architecture of fluvial distributary system deposits. Sedimentary Geology, 195: 75-90.
NOAA 2009. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data available on the World Wide Web at URL [www.noaa.gov].
O'Brien, P.E. and Wells, A.T. 1986. A small, Alluvial crevasse splay. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56: 876-879.
Olsen, H. 1990. Astronimical forcing of meandering river behavior : Milankovitch cycles in the Devonian of East Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 79: 99-115.
Olsen, T., Steel, R., Hogseth, K., Skar, T. and Roe, S.-L. 1995. Sequential architecture in a fluvial succession: sequence stratigraphy in the upper Cretaceous Mesaverde group, Price Canyon, Utah. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 65b: 265-280.
Ouchi, S. 1985. Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movement. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96: 504-515.
Page, K.J. and Carden, Y.R. 1998. Channel Adjustment Following the Crossing of a Threshold : Tarcutta Creek, Southeastern Australia. Australian Geographical Studies, 36: 289-311.
Page, K.J., Read, A., Frazier, P. and Mount, N. 2005. The effect of altered flow regime on the frequency and duration of bankfull discharge, Murrumbidgee river, Australia. River Research Applications. 21: 567-578.
Posamentier, H.W., Jervey, M.T. and Vail, P.R. 1988. Eustatic controls on clastic deposition: I. Conceptual framework. In: Sea-level Changes -- An Integrated Approach (Eds C.K. Wilgus et al.), 42, 110-124. S.E.P.M. Spec. Publ., Tulsa.
Posamentier, H.W. and Vail, P.R. 1988. Eustatic controls on clastic deposition II -- Sequence and systems tract models. In: Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach (Ed C.K. Wilgus, Hastings, C.G., Kendall, St.C., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A. and Van Wagoner, J.C.), 42, 125-154. S.E.P.M., Spec. Publ.
Raines, T.H. 1998. Peak-Discharge Frequency and Potential Extreme Peak Discharge for Natural Streams in the Brazos River Basin, Texas. Report 98-4178, U.S. Geological Survey, Austin.
Reading, H.G. 1978. Sedimentary environments and facies. Blackwell, Oxford, 569 p.
Retallack, G.J. 1990. Soils of the Past. An introduction to paleopedology. Unwin Hyman, Boston, 520 p.
Retallack, G.J. 1997. Early Forest Soils and Their Role in Devonian Global Change. Science, 276: 583 - 585.
Retallack, G.J. 2005. Pedogenic carbonate proxies for amount and seasonality of precipitation in paleosols. GSA Bulletin, 33: 333-336.
Rosgen, D.L. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena, 22: 169-99.
Rotnicki, K. 1991. Retrodiction of paleodischarges of meandering and sinuous alluvial rivers and its paleohydroclimatic implications. In: Temperate paleohydrology (Eds L. Starkel, K.J. Gregory and J.B. Thornes), pp. 431-471. John Wiley, Chichester.
Ruby, W.W. and Hubbert, M.K. 1960. Role of fluid pressure in mechanics overthrust faulting. II, Overthrust belt in geosynclinal area of western Wyoming in light of fluid pressure hypothesis. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 60: 167-205.
Rust, B.R. 1978. A classification of alluvial channel systems. In: Fluvial Sedimentology (Ed A.D. Miall), 5, 605-26. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memories.
Schuler and Sittler 1976. Données paléoclimatiques à l'aube des temps néogènes en Haute-Provence (France). Géologie méditerranéenne, III: 155-160.
Schumm, S.A. 1960. The shape of alluvial channels in relation to sediment type. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 352-B: 17-30.
Schumm, S.A. 1963. A tentative classification of alluvial river channels. Geological Survey Circular, 477.
Schumm, S.A. 1967. Meander Wavelength of Alluvial Rivers. Science, 157: 1549 - 1550.
Schumm, S.A. 1968. Rivers Adjustment to Altered Hydrologic Regimen-Murrumbidgee River and Palaeochannels, Australia. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 598.
Schumm, S.A. 1981. Evolution and response of the fluvial system, sedimentologic implications. In: Recent and Ancient Nonmarine Depositional Environments : Models for Exploration. (Eds F.G. Ethridge and R.M. Flores), 31, pp. 19-29. SEPM Special Publication.
Schumm, S.A. 1985. Patterns of Alluvial Rivers. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 13: 5-27.
Schumm, S.A. 1993. River response to base-level change : implications for sequence stratigraphy. The Journal of Geology, 101: 279-294.
Schumm, S.A. and Meyer, D.F. 1979. Morphology of alluvial rivers of the Great Plains. Great Plains Agricultural Council, 91: 9-14.
Schumm, S.A., Rutherfurd, I.D. and Brooks, J. 1994. Pre-cutoff morphology of the lower Mississippi River. In: The Variability of Large Alluvial Rivers (Eds S.A. Schumm and B.R. Winkley), 13-44. American Society of Civil Engineers Press, NY.
Sclater, J.G. and Christie, P.A.F. 1980. Continental stretching: en explanation of the post-mid-cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research, 85: 3711-3739.
Shanley, K.W. and McCabe, P.J. 1991. Predicting facies architecture through sequence stratigraphy--An example from the Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah. Geology, 19: 742-745.
Shanley, K.W. and McCabe, P.J. 1993. Alluvial architecture in a sequence stratigraphic framework : a case history from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Utah, USA. In: The Geological Modelling of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Outcrop Analogues (Eds S.S. Flint and I.D. Bryant), 15. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists Blackwell, Oxford.
Shanley, K.W. and McCabe, P.J. 1994. Perspectives on the Sequence Stratigraphy of Continental Strata. AAPG Bulletin, 78: 544 - 568.
Shanley, K.W. and McCabe, P.J. 1998. Relative role of eustasy, climate, and tectonism in continental rocks, 59,. S.E.P.M. Special Publication, Tulsa, 234 p.
Shanley, K.W., McCabe, P.J. and Hettinger, R.D. 1992. Tidal influence in Cretaceous fluvial strata from Utah, USA : a key to sequence stratigraphic interpretation. Sedimentology, 39: 905-930.
Shaw, J. and Kellerhals, R. 1977. Paleohydraulic Interpretation of Antidune Bedforms with Applications to Antidunes in Gravel. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 47: 257-266.
Sheldon, N.D., Retallack, G.J. and Tanaka, S. 2002. Geochemical Climofunctions from North American Soils and Application to Paleosols across the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in Oregon. The Journal of Geology, 110.
Sheldon, N.D. and Tabor, N.J. 2009. Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols. Earth-Science Reviews, 95: 1-52.
Simons, D.B. and Richarson, E.V. 1966. Resistance to flow in alluvial channels. United states Geological Survey Professionnal Paper, 422J.
Sopena, A., Lopez, J., Arche, A., Perez-Arlucea, M., Ramos, A., Virgili, C. and Hernando, S. 1988. Permian and Triassic rift basins of the Iberian Peninsula. In: Triassic-Jurassic Rifting: Continental Breakup and the Origin of the Atlantic Ocean and Passive Margins (Ed W. Manspeizer), 22. Developments in Geotectonics, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Sweet, W.V. and Geratz, J.W. 2003. Bankfull hydraulic geometry relationships and recurrence intervals for North Carolina's coastal plain. Journal of American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), 39: 861-871.
Thompson, C. and Croke, J. 2008. Channel flow competence and sediment transport in upland streams in southeast Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 33: 329-352.
Tollett, R.W. and Fendick, R.B.J. 1998. Water quality data and descriptions of biota for selected watersheds of the limited use area, Vernon Ranger Disctrict, Kisatchie national Forest, Louisiana, September 1996 through March 1997. Open-File Report 98-163, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Törnqvist, T.E., Wallinga, J., Murray, A.S., de Wolf, H., Cleveringa, P. and de Gans, W. 2000. Response of the Rhine-Meuse system (west-central Netherlands) to the last Quaternary glacio-eustatic cycles: a first assessment. Global and Planetary Change, 27: 89-111.
Torres, T., García Cortés, A. and Mansilla, H. 1992. Upper Oligocene palustrine deposits in Depresión Intermedia Basin provs. of Cuenca & Guadalajara (Central Spain): Borehole logs interpretation. In: III Congr. Esp. Geol. Simp., 1, pp. 149-157.
Torres, T. and Zapata, J.L. 1986. Evolución Cenozoica de la Depresión Intermedia (Cuenca-Guadalajara). Acta Geológica Hispánica, 21-22: 437-442.
Tortosa, T. 2005. La Lignée évolutive d'Issiodoromys (Rodentia, Theridomyidae) : un outil pour la datation de nouveaux gisements. Rapport DEA, Montpellier II, 25 pp.
U.S. Geological Survey 2009. National Water Information System (NWISWeb) data available on the World Wide Web at URL [http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/].
UBC 2010. SoilWeb www.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/, Université de Colombie Britannique.
Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V. and Ashraf, A. 2000. Terrestrial Climate Evolution in Northwest Germany Over the Last 25 Million Years. Palaios, 15: 430-449.
Van den Berg, J.H. 1995. Prediction of alluvial channel pattern of perennial rivers. Geomorphology, 12: 259-279.
Van Heijst, M.W.I.M. and Postma, G. 2001. Fluvial response to sea-level changes : a quantitative analogue, experimental approach. Basin Research, 13: 269-292.
Vandenberghe, J. 1995. Timescales, climate and river development. Quaternary Science Reviews, 14: 631-638.
Vandenberghe, J. 2002. The relation between climate and river processes, landforms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quaternary Science Reviews, 91: 17-23.
Wilkerson, G.V. 2008. Improved Bankfull Discharge Prediction Using 2-Year Recurrence-Period Discharge. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 44: 243-257.
Williams, G.P. 1978. Bankfull discharge of rivers. Water Resources Research, 14: 1141-1154.
Williams, G.P. 1986. River Meanders and Channel Size. Journal of Hydrology, 88: 147-164.
Wolf, K.H. and Chilligarian, G.V. 1975. Diagenesis of sandstones and compaction. In: Compaction of coarse-grained sediments. (Eds G.V. Chilligarian and K.H. Wolf), 2, 69-444. Elsevier, New York.
Wolman, M.G. and Leopold, L.B. 1957. River flood plains : some observations on their formation. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 282-C: 87-107.
Wolman, M.G. and Miller, J.P. 1960. Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes. The Journal of Geology, 68: 54-74.
Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E. and Billups, K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292: 686-693.

Attached file list to this document:

PDF

Held_2011_MA_moire_Mines_Paris_Tech.pdf

(48.8 MB)


pastel-00570494, version 1
http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00570494
oai:pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr:pastel-00570494
From: Anne-Edwige Held <>
Submitted on: Thursday, 3 March 2011 15:48:38
Updated on: Thursday, 12 May 2011 16:51:52