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S. H. Bird, D. R. Baigent, R. Dixon, R. A. Leng, S. H. Bird et al., Ruminal protozoa and growth of lambs The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets, Proceedings of the Australian society, pp.40-163, 1978.

S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, Further studies on the effects of the presence or absence of protozoa in the rumen on live-weight gain and wool growth of sheep, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.24, issue.03, pp.52-607, 1984.
DOI : 10.1079/BJN19790091

S. H. Bird, R. A. Leng, S. H. Bird, and M. Seccombe, Productivity responses to eliminating protozoa from the rumen of sheep A comparative study of faunated lambs and lambs reared from birth free of ciliate protozoa, Proceedings of the Australian society of animal production, pp.22-391, 1985.

B. E. Borhami, K. Shazly, A. Akkada, A. R. Ahmed, and I. A. , Effect of Early Establishment of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen on Microbial Activity and Growth of Early Weaned Buffalo Calves, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.50, issue.10, pp.50-1654, 1967.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(67)87688-4

G. S. Coleman, The interrelationship between rumen ciliate protozoa and bacteria digestion and metabolism in the ruminant, The university of New England publ, pp.149-164, 1975.

G. S. Coleman, The cellulase content of 15 species of entodiniomorphid protozoa, mixed bacteria and plant debris isolated from the ovine rumen, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.10, issue.02, pp.349-360, 1985.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021859600044038

B. A. Dehority, H. G. Jung, D. R. Buxton, R. D. Hatfield, and J. Ralph, Microbial ecology of cell wall fermentation, Cell wall structure and digestibility, pp.425-453, 1993.

J. Doré and P. Gouet, Microbial interactions in the rumen Rumen microbial metabolism and ruminant digestion, pp.71-88, 1991.

J. M. Eadie and P. N. Hobson, Effect of the Presence or Absence of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa on the Total Rumen Bacterial Count in Lambs, Nature, vol.9, issue.4814, pp.503-505, 1962.
DOI : 10.1038/193503a0

G. Fonty, J. P. Jouany, E. Forano, and P. Gouet, L'écosystème microbien du réticulo-rumen, Nutrition des ruminants domestiques, ingestion et digestion, pp.299-348, 1995.

G. Habib, J. V. Nolan, and R. A. Leng, Fermentative digestion and metabolism in faunated or fauna-free lambs fed roughage-based diets The roles of protozoa and fungi in Ruminant Digestion, Penambul books, pp.323-326, 1989.

R. E. Hungate, The rumen bacteria The rumen and its microbes, pp.8-10, 1966.

H. Itabashi and M. Kandatsu, Influence of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa on the Concentration of Free Amino Acids in the Rumen Fluids, Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho, vol.46, issue.11, pp.600-606, 1975.
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M. Ivan, D. M. Veira, and C. A. Kelleher, The alleviation of chronic copper toxicity in sheep by ciliate protozoa, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.64, issue.02, pp.55-361, 1986.
DOI : 10.1071/AR9740155

J. P. Jouany, Defaunation of the rumen Rumen microbial metabolism and ruminant digestion, p.245, 1991.

J. P. Jouany, Effect of rumen protozoa on nitrogen utilisation by ruminants, Journal of Nutrition, vol.126, pp.1335-1346, 1996.

J. P. Jouany and C. Martin, Effect of protozoa in plant cell wall and starch digestion in the rumen Rumen microbes and digestive physiology in ruminants, pp.11-24, 1997.

J. P. Jouany and J. Sénaud, Utilisation du Monensin dans la ration des ruminants. II. - Effets sur les fermentations et la population microbienne du rumen, Annales de Zootechnie, vol.27, issue.1, pp.61-74, 1978.
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URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00887789

J. P. Jouany and K. Ushida, Protozoa and fibre digestion in the rumen The rumen ecosystem. The microbial metabolism and its regulation, pp.139-150, 1990.

T. J. Klopfenstein, D. B. Purser, and W. J. Tyznik, Effects of Defaunation on Feed Digestibility, Rumen Metabolism and Blood Metabolites, Journal of Animal Science, vol.25, issue.3, pp.765-772, 1966.
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G. L. Krebs, R. A. Leng, and J. V. Nolan, Microbial biomass and production rates in the rumen of faunated and fauna-free sheep on low protein fibrous feeds with or without nitrogen supplementation The roles of protozoa and fungi in Ruminant Digestion, Penambul books, pp.295-299, 1989.

Y. Kurihara, T. Takechi, and F. Shibata, Relationship between bacteria and ciliate protozoa in the rumen of sheep fed on a purified diet, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.22, issue.02, pp.373-381, 1978.
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Y. Kurihara, J. M. Eadie, P. N. Hobson, and S. O. Mann, Relationship between Bacteria and Ciliate Protozoa in the Sheep Rumen, Journal of General Microbiology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.51-267, 1968.
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M. Lever, Carbohydrate determination with 4-hydroxybenzoic and acid hydrazyde (PAHBAH) : effect of bismuth on the reaction, Anal. biochem, pp.81-102, 1977.

C. Martin and B. Michalet-doreau, Variations in mass and enzyme activity of rumen microorganisms: Effect of barley and buffer supplements, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol.66, issue.3, pp.409-415, 1995.
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C. Martin, C. Philippeau, and B. Michalet-doreau, Effect of wheat and corn variety on fiber digestion in beef steers fed high-grain diets., Journal of Animal Science, vol.77, issue.8, pp.77-2269, 1999.
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. Minitab, User's Guide 2: Data Analysis and Quality Tools, 1998.

P. Nozière, J. M. Besle, C. Martin, and B. Michalet-doreau, Effect of barley supplement on microbial fibrolytic enzyme activities and cell wall degradation rate in the rumen, J. Sci. Food Agric, pp.72-235, 1996.

P. Nozière and B. Michalet-doreau, Validation of in sacco method: influence of sampling site, nylon bag or rumen contents, on fibrolytic activity of solid-associated microorganisms, Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol.57, issue.3, pp.203-210, 1996.
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D. M. Ottenstein and W. R. Supina, Improved columns for the separation of C14-C20 fatty acids in the free form, Journal of Chromatography A, vol.91, pp.119-126, 1974.
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J. Pierce and C. H. Suelter, An evaluation of the coomassie brillant blue G-250 dye-binding method for quantitative protein determination, Anal. biochem, pp.81-478, 1977.

D. A. Stahl, B. Flesher, H. R. Mansfield, and L. Montgomery, Use of phylogenetically based hybridization probes for studies of ruminal microbial ecology, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, pp.54-1079, 1988.

K. Ushida, C. Kayouli, D. Smet, S. Jouany, and J. P. , Effect of defaunation on protein and fibre digestion in sheep fed on ammonia-treated straw-based diets with or without maize, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.64, issue.03, pp.64-765, 1990.
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P. J. Van-soest, J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis, Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.74, issue.10, pp.3583-3597, 1991.
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P. J. Weimer, G. C. Waghorn, C. L. Odt, and D. R. Mertens, Effect of Diet on Populations of Three Species of Ruminal Cellulolytic Bacteria in Lactating Dairy Cows, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.82, issue.1, pp.122-134, 1999.
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M. J. Wolin and T. L. Miller, Microbe-microbe interactions The rumen microbial ecosystem, pp.343-359, 1988.

A. Akkada, A. R. El-shazly, and K. , Effect of absence of ciliate protozoa from the rumen on microbial activity and growth of lambs, Appl. Microbiol, vol.12, pp.381-390, 1964.

H. Archimède, G. Aumont, G. Saminadin, E. Dépres, P. Despois et al., Abstract, Animal Science, vol.70, issue.02, pp.403-410, 1999.
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E. R. Becker and R. C. Everett, COMPARATIVE GROWTHS OF NORMAL AND INFUSORIA-FREE LAMBS*, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.362-370, 1930.
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S. H. Bird, Production from ciliate-free ruminants The role of protozoa and fungi in ruminant digestion. Pennambul books, pp.233-246, 1989.

S. H. Bird, M. K. Hill, and R. A. Leng, The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of lambs on low-protein-high-energy diets, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.39, issue.01, pp.81-87, 1979.
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S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.161, issue.01, pp.163-167, 1978.
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S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, Further studies on the effects of the presence or absence of protozoa in the rumen on live-weight gain and wool growth of sheep, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.24, issue.03, pp.607-611, 1984.
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S. H. Bird and M. Seccombe, A comparative study of faunated lambs and lambs reared from birth free of ciliate protozoa, Proceedings of the australian society of animal production 22, p.391, 1998.

F. Bocquier and M. Thériez, Shhep Ruminant nutrition : recommanded allowances and feed table, pp.153-167, 1989.

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J. P. Jouany and K. Ushida, The role of protozoa in feed digestion. Asian-Aus, J. anim. sci, vol.12, pp.113-128, 1998.

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P. J. Van-soest, J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis, Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.74, issue.10, pp.3583-3597, 1991.
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W. Z. Yang, Etude de la cinétique de la colonisation des aliments dans le rumen des moutons. Conséquence sur la compartimentation de la biomasse et de la dynamique à la sortie du rumen dans le cas de différents types de rations, 1992.

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E. R. Becker and R. C. Everett, COMPARATIVE GROWTHS OF NORMAL AND INFUSORIA-FREE LAMBS*, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.362-370, 1930.
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S. H. Bird, D. R. Baigent, R. Dixon, and R. A. Leng, Ruminal protozoa and growth of lambs, Proceedings of the australian society of animal production 12, 1978.

S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.161, issue.01, pp.163-167, 1978.
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S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, Further studies on the effects of the presence or absence of protozoa in the rumen on live-weight gain and wool growth of sheep, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.24, issue.03, pp.607-611, 1984.
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S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, Productivity responses to eliminating protozoa from the rumen of sheep, Reviews in rural Sciences, vol.6, issue.109, 1985.

S. H. Bird and M. Seccombe, A comparative study of faunated lambs and lambs reared from birth free of ciliate protozoa, Proceedings of the australian society of animal production 22, p.391, 1998.

B. E. Borhami, K. Shazly, A. Akkada, A. R. Ahmed, and I. A. , Effect of Early Establishment of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen on Microbial Activity and Growth of Early Weaned Buffalo Calves, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.50, issue.10, pp.1654-1660, 1967.
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G. S. Coleman, The interrelationship between rumen ciliate protozoa and bacteria Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. The university of New England publ, pp.149-164, 1975.

G. S. Coleman, The cellulase content of 15 species of entodiniomorphid protozoa, mixed bacteria and plant debris isolated from the ovine rumen, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.10, issue.02, pp.349-360, 1985.
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B. A. Dehority, H. G. Jung, D. R. Buxton, R. D. Hatfield, and J. Ralph, Microbial ecology of cell wall fermentation, Forage Cell wall structure and digestibility, pp.425-453, 1993.

J. M. Eadie and P. N. Hobson, Effect of the Presence or Absence of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa on the Total Rumen Bacterial Count in Lambs, Nature, vol.9, issue.4814, pp.503-505, 1962.
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G. Fonty, J. P. Jouany, E. Forano, and P. Gouet, L'écosystème microbien du réticulo-rumen Nutrition des ruminants domestiques, ingestion et digestion, pp.299-348, 1995.

T. Fujihara, N. Oka, M. Todoroki, and K. Nakamura, The effect of rumen protozoa on the urinery excretion of purine derivatives in goats, Proc. Soc. Nutr. . Physiol, vol.3, p.234, 1994.

G. Habib, J. V. Nolan, and R. A. Leng, Fermentative digestion and metabolism in faunated or fauna-free lambs fed roughage-based diets The roles of protozoa and fungi in Ruminant Digestion, pp.323-326, 1989.

R. E. Hungate, The rumen bacteria The rumen and its microbes, pp.8-10, 1966.

M. Ivan, D. M. Veira, and C. A. Kelleher, The alleviation of chronic copper toxicity in sheep by ciliate protozoa, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.64, issue.02, pp.361-367, 1986.
DOI : 10.1071/AR9740155

J. P. Jouany, Effect of rumen protozoa on nitrogen utilisation by ruminants, Journal of Nutrition, vol.126, pp.1335-1346, 1996.

J. P. Jouany and C. Martin, Effect of protozoa in plant cell wall and starch digestion in the rumen Rumen microbes and digestive physiology in ruminants, pp.11-24, 1997.

J. P. Jouany and J. Sénaud, Utilisation du Monensin dans la ration des ruminants. II. - Effets sur les fermentations et la population microbienne du rumen, Annales de Zootechnie, vol.27, issue.1, pp.61-74, 1978.
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URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00887789

J. P. Jouany and J. Sénaud, Role of rumen protozoa in the digestion of food cellulosic materials, Annales de recherche vétérinaire, vol.10, pp.261-263, 1979.
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J. P. Jouany, B. Zainab, J. Sénaud, C. A. Grolière, J. Grain et al., R??le of the rumen ciliate protozoa Polyplastron multivesiculatum, Entodinium sp. and Isotricha prostoma in the digestion of a mixed diet in sheep, Reproduction Nutrition D??veloppement, vol.21, issue.6A, pp.871-884, 1981.
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T. J. Klopfenstein, D. B. Purser, and W. J. Tyznik, Effects of Defaunation on Feed Digestibility, Rumen Metabolism and Blood Metabolites, Journal of Animal Science, vol.25, issue.3, pp.765-772, 1966.
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G. L. Krebs, R. A. Leng, and J. V. Nolan, Microbial biomass and production rates in the rumen of faunated and fauna-free sheep on low protein fibrous feeds with or without nitrogen supplementation The roles of protozoa and fungi in Ruminant Digestion, pp.295-299, 1989.

Y. Kurihara, T. Takechi, and F. Shibata, Relationship between bacteria and ciliate protozoa in the rumen of sheep fed on a purified diet, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.22, issue.02, pp.373-381, 1978.
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Y. Kurihara, J. M. Eadie, P. N. Hobson, and S. O. Mann, Relationship between Bacteria and Ciliate Protozoa in the Sheep Rumen, Journal of General Microbiology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.267-288, 1968.
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M. Lever, Carbohydrate determination with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PAHBAH): Effect of bismuth on the reaction, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.81, issue.1, pp.21-27, 1977.
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C. Martin and B. Michalet-doreau, Variations in mass and enzyme activity of rumen microorganisms: Effect of barley and buffer supplements, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol.66, issue.3, pp.409-415, 1995.
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C. Martin, C. Philippeau, and B. Michalet-doreau, Effect of wheat and corn variety on fiber digestion in beef steers fed high-grain diets., Journal of Animal Science, vol.77, issue.8, pp.2269-2278, 1999.
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. Minitab, User's Guide 2: Data Analysis and Quality Tools, 1998.

P. Nozière, J. M. Besle, C. Martin, and B. Michalet-doreau, Effect of Barley Supplement on Microbial Fibrolytic Enzyme Activities and Cell Wall Degradation Rate in the Rumen, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol.72, issue.2, pp.235-242, 1996.
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P. Nozière and B. Michalet-doreau, Validation of in sacco method: influence of sampling site, nylon bag or rumen contents, on fibrolytic activity of solid-associated microorganisms, Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol.57, issue.3, pp.203-210, 1996.
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D. M. Ottenstein and W. R. Supina, Improved columns for the separation of C14-C20 fatty acids in the free form, Journal of Chromatography A, vol.91, pp.119-126, 1974.
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J. Pierce and C. H. Suelter, An evaluation of the Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye-binding method for quantitative protein determination, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.81, issue.2, pp.478-480, 1977.
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D. A. Stahl, B. Flesher, H. R. Mansfield, and L. Montgomery, Use of phylogenetically based hybridization probes for studies of ruminal microbial ecology, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.54, pp.1079-1084, 1988.

K. Ushida, C. Kayouli, D. Smet, S. Jouany, and J. P. , Effect of defaunation on protein and fibre digestion in sheep fed on ammonia-treated straw-based diets with or without maize, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.64, issue.03, pp.765-775, 1990.
DOI : 10.1079/BJN19740087

P. J. Van-soest, J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis, Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.74, issue.10, pp.3583-3597, 1991.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2

P. J. Weimer, G. C. Waghorn, C. L. Odt, and D. R. Mertens, Effect of Diet on Populations of Three Species of Ruminal Cellulolytic Bacteria in Lactating Dairy Cows, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.82, issue.1, pp.122-134, 1999.
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M. J. Wolin and T. L. Miller, Microbe-microbe interactions The rumen microbial ecosystem, pp.343-359, 1988.

M. Abe, T. Iriki, N. Tobe, and H. Shibui, Sequestration of holotrich protozoa in the reticulo rumen of cattle, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.41, pp.758-765, 1981.

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H. Archimède, G. Aumont, G. Saminadin, E. Dépres, P. Despois et al., Abstract, Animal Science, vol.70, issue.02, pp.403-410, 1999.
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H. Archimède, M. Boval, G. Alexandre, A. Xandé, G. Aumont et al., Effect of regrowth age on intake and digestion of Digitaria decumbens consumed by Black-belly sheep, Animal Feed Science and Technology, vol.87, issue.3-4, pp.153-162, 2000.
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S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, The effects of defaunation of the rumen on the growth of cattle on low-protein high-energy diets, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.161, issue.01, pp.163-167, 1978.
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S. H. Bird and R. A. Leng, Productivity responses to eliminating protozoa from the rumen of sheep, Reviews in rural Sciences, vol.6, issue.109, 1985.

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. En-premier-lieu, les lois générales des effets de la défaunation ont été établies à partir de l'analyse statistique d'une base de données de la littérature (méta-analyse) Dans un second temps, l'étude de quatre rations à base de fourrage (Digitaria decumbens) contenant 50

P. Uf, La production de viande a été déterminée par mesures de gain de croît moyen quotidien (GMQ) d' agneaux faunés et défaunés, en fonction des huit profils alimentaires (8 rapports PDIN /UF) Des mesures de flux duodénaux d'azote sur des béliers adultes fistulés, faunés et défaunés, nous ont permis d'estimer la protéosynthèse, Dans une seconde étude, quatre autres rations composées de fourrage avec complément La cellulolyse microbienne a été estimé par les mesures de dégradabilité in sacco des fibres (NDF), de digestibilité ruminale des fibres (NDF) ainsi que par la mesure des activités enzymatiques glycolytiques du rumen, sur ces mêmes béliers