J. Ahlberg, An Active Model for Facial Feature Tracking, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol.2002, issue.6, pp.566-571, 2002.
DOI : 10.1155/S1110865702203078

A. M. Al-qayedi and A. Clark, Constant-rate eye tracking and animation for modelbased-coded video, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustic Speech and Signal Processing, 2000.

A. Del-valle, A. C&-dugelay, and J. , Online face analysis: coupling head pose-tracking with face expression analysis, 2002.

A. Del-valle, A. C&-dugelay, and J. , Making machines understand facial motion and expression like humans do, 10 th International Conference in Human-Computer Interaction, " HCI ? Theory and Practice (Part II), pp.581-585, 2003.

. Avaro, . Basso, . Casner, . Civanlar, . Gentric et al., RTP payload format for MPEG-4 streams [work in progress]. IETF: draft-gentric-avt?mpeg4-multiSL-03, 2001.

M. S. Bartlett, Face image analysis by unsupervised learning, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-1637-8

M. S. Bartlett, B. Braathen, G. Littlewort-ford, J. Hershey, I. Fasel et al., Automatic analysis of spontaneous facial behavior: A final project report, J. R, 2001.

B. Bascle and A. Blake, Separability of pose and expression in facial tracking and animation, Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision (IEEE Cat. No.98CH36271), pp.323-328, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.1998.710738

O. Benedes, Watermarking of 3-D polygon based models with robustness against mesh simplification, Proceedings of SPIE: Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, pp.329-340, 1999.

M. J. Black and Y. Yacoob, Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local parameterized models of image motion, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.25, issue.1, pp.23-48, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007977618277

G. Breton, Animation des visages 3D parlants pour nouveaux IHM et services de télécommunication [Animation of 3D talking heads for new HCI and telecom services]. (Doctoral dissertation, 2002.

J. F. Brulé, Fuzzy systems ? A tutorial, 1985.

K. Chen and C. Kambhamettu, Real-time facial animation through the Internet, 1997.

L. S. Chen and T. S. Huang, Emotional expressions in audiovisual human computer interaction, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. ICME2000. Proceedings. Latest Advances in the Fast Changing World of Multimedia (Cat. No.00TH8532), 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/ICME.2000.869630

T. Chen, Audiovisual speech processing. Lip reading and lip synchronization, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp.9-21, 2001.

J. Chou, Y. Chang, and Y. Chen, Facial feature point tracking ad expression analysis for virtual teleconferencing systems, Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp.25-28, 2001.

M. D. Cordea, E. M. Petriu, N. D. Georganas, D. C. Petriu, and T. E. Whalen, 3D head pose recovery for interactive virtual reality avatars Use of a statistical model for lip synthesis, Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Curinga, 1998.

P. Debevec, T. Hawkins, C. Tchou, H. Duiker, W. Sarokin et al., Acquiring the reflectance field of a human face, Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques , SIGGRAPH '00, pp.145-156, 2000.
DOI : 10.1145/344779.344855

D. Decarlo and D. Metaxas, The integration of optical flow and deformable models with applications to human face shape and motion estimation, Proceedings CVPR IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.231-238, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1996.517079

®. Directx and . Page, Microsoft ® 's website about DirectX, 2003.

C. Dubuc and D. Budreau, The design and simulated performance of a mobile video telephony application for satellite third-generation wireless systems, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol.3, issue.4, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/6046.966114

J. Dugelay and A. C. Valle, Analysis-synthesis cooperation for MPEG-4 realistic clone animation, Proceedings of the ICAV3D, 2001.

J. Dugelay, K. Fintzel, and S. Valente, Synthetic Natural Hybrid video processing for virtual teleconferencing systems, Picture Coding Symposium, 1999.

J. Dugelay, E. Garcia, and C. Mallauran, Protection of 3D object usage through texture watermarking, Proceedings of the XI European Signal Processing Conference, 2002.

P. Eisert and B. Girod, Analyzing facial expressions for virtual conferencing, Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, pp.70-78, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/38.708562

P. Eisert and B. Girod, Model-based enhancement of lighting conditions in image sequences, Visual Communications and Image Processing 2002, 2002.
DOI : 10.1117/12.453065

P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen, The facial action coding system, Investigator's Guide, 1978.

I. Essa, S. Basu, T. Darrel, and A. Pentland, Modeling, tracking and interactive animation of faces and heads//using input from video, Proceedings Computer Animation '96, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/CA.1996.540489

N. Eveno, A. Caplier, and P. Y. Coulon, Key points based segmentation of lips, Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ICME.2002.1035528

N. Eveno, A. Caplier, and P. Y. Coulon, New color transformation for lips segmentation, 2001 IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (Cat. No.01TH8564), 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/MMSP.2001.962702

H. Eye-movements-in, Regular session at the 5 th Int, Conf. on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics. 10 th International Conference in Human-Computer Interaction, 2003.

T. Ezzat and T. Poggio, Facial analysis and synthesis using image-based models, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.1996.557252

W. A. Fellenz, J. G. Taylor, R. Cowie, E. Douglas-cowie, F. Piat et al., On emotion recognition of faces and of speech using neural networks, fuzzy logic and the ASSESS system, Proceedings of the IEEE-INNS-ENNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IJCNN 2000. Neural Computing: New Challenges and Perspectives for the New Millennium, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/IJCNN.2000.857880

D. Fidaleo and U. Neumann, Co-Art: Co-articulation region analysis for control of 2D characters, Proceedings of IEEE Computer Animation, pp.12-17, 2002.

V. Garau, M. Slater, M. Bee, S. Sasse, and M. A. , The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '01, pp.309-316, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/365024.365121

C. Garcia and G. Tziritas, Face detection using quantized skin color regions merging and wavelet packet analysis, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol.1, issue.3, pp.264-277, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/6046.784465
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.9044

J. Gemmell, L. Zitnick, T. Kang, and K. Toyama, Software-enabled gaze-aware videoconferencing, IEEE Multimedia, vol.7, issue.4, pp.26-35, 2000.

T. Goto, M. Escher, C. Zanardi, and N. Magnenat-thalmann, MPEG-4 based animation with face feature tracking, Computer Animation and Simulation, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-6423-5_9

T. Goto, S. Kshirsagar, and N. Magnenat-thalmann, Automatic face cloning and animation, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp.17-25, 2001.

S. Holbert and J. Dugelay, Active contours for lip-reading: combining snakes with templates. Quinzième colloque GRETSI, pp.717-720, 1995.

C. Huang and Y. Huang, Facial Expression Recognition Using Model-Based Feature Extraction and Action Parameters Classification, Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, vol.8, issue.3, pp.278-290, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jvci.1997.0359

F. J. Huang and T. Chen, Tracking of multiple faces for human-computer interfaces and virtual environments, Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference and Multimedia Expo, 2000.

Y. S. Huang, Y. H. Tsai, and J. W. Shieh, Robust Face Recognition with Light Compensation, Proceedings of the Second IEEE Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45453-5_31

T. L. Huntsberger, J. Rose, and A. Ramaka, Fuzzy-Face, Journal of Biological Systems, vol.06, issue.03, 1998.
DOI : 10.1142/S0218339098000194

M. J. Jones and J. M. Rehg, Statistical color models with application to skin detection, Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No PR00149), pp.274-280, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1999.786951

P. Kalra, A. Mangili, N. Magnenat-thalmann, and &. D. Thalmann, Simulation of Facial Muscle Actions Based on Rational Free Form Deformations, Computer Graphics Forum, vol.11, issue.3, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-8659.1130059

M. Kampmann, Automatic 3-D face model adaptation for model-based coding of videophone sequences, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, pp.183-192, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/76.993438

S. M. Kay, Chapter 13 in Fundamentals of statistical signal processing estimation theory (pp. 4199477), 1993.

S. A. King and R. E. Parent, A Parametric Tongue Model for Animated Speech, Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, vol.12, issue.3, pp.107-115, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-6344-3_1

I. Kouvelas, V. Hardman, and A. Watson, Lip Synchronization for Use over the Internet: Analysis and Implementation, Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom, 1996.

C. Lee, Producer) (2001) Final Fantasy ? the spirits within [Motion picture]. United States: Square Pictures

B. Leroy and I. L. Herlin, Un modèle deformable paramétrique pour la reconnaissance de visages et le suivi du movement des lèvres [A parametric deformable model for face recognition and lip motion tracking]. Quinzième colloque GRETSI, pp.701-704, 1995.

H. Li, P. Roivainen, and R. Forchheimer, 3-D motion estimation in model-based facial image coding, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.15, issue.6, pp.545-555, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/34.216724

M. Liévin and F. Luthon, A hierarchical segmentation algorithm for face analysis, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference in Multimedia and Expo, pp.1085-1088, 2000.

M. Viii-liévin, P. Delmas, P. Y. Coulon, F. Luthon, and V. Fristot, Automatic lip tracking: Bayesian segmentation and active contours in a cooperative scheme, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp.691-696, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/MMCS.1999.779283

J. Luettin, N. A. Thacker, and S. W. Beer, Statistical lip modeling for visual speech recognition, Proceedings of the VIII European Signal Processing Conference, 1996.

Q. Luong and O. D. Faugeras, Self-calibration of a moving camera from point correspondences and fundamental matrices, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.22, issue.3, pp.261-289, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007982716991

Q. Luong, P. Fua, and Y. Leclerc, The radiometry of multiple images, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.24, issue.1, pp.19-33, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/34.982882

M. Malciu and F. Prêteux, MPEG-4 compliant tracking of facial features in video sequences, Proceedings of the International Conference on Augmented Virtual Environments and 3-D Imaging, pp.108-111, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00271825

D. Metaxas, Deformable model and HMM-based tracking, analysis and recognition of gestures and faces, Proceedings International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems. In Conjunction with ICCV'99 (Cat. No.PR00378), 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/RATFG.1999.799236

S. Morishima, Face analysis and synthesis for duplication expression and impression, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp.26-34, 2001.

S. Morishima, T. Ishikawa, and D. Terzopoulos, Physics model based very low bit rate 3D facial image coding, 1998.

Y. Moses, D. Reynard, and A. Blake, Determining facial expressions in real time, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp.332-337, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.1995.466926

A. Nikolaidis and I. Pitas, Facial feature extraction and pose determination, Pattern Recognition, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1783-1791, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-3203(99)00176-4
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.44.3566

M. Odisio, F. Elisei, G. Bailly, and P. Badin, Clones parlants 3D vidéo-réalistes: Application à l'analyse de messages audiovisuals. [Video-realistic 3D talking-clones: applied to the analysis of audiovisual messages, Proceedings of Compression et Réprésentation des Signaux Audiovisuels, 2001.

J. Ostermann and D. Millen, Talking heads and synthetic speech: an architecture for supporting electronic commerce, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. ICME2000. Proceedings. Latest Advances in the Fast Changing World of Multimedia (Cat. No.00TH8532), 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/ICME.2000.869548

J. Ostermann, J. Rurainsky, and R. Civanlar, RTP payload format for phoneme/facial animation parameters (PFAP), 2001.

J. Ostermann, J. Rurainsky, and R. Civanlar, Real-time streaming for the animation of talking faces in multiuser environments, 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37353), 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ISCAS.2002.1009871

V. Pahor and S. Carrato, A fuzzy approach to mouth corner detection, Proceedings 1999 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. 99CH36348), pp.667-671, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.1999.821720

I. S. Pandzic and R. Forchheimer, MPEG-4 Facial Animation. The Standard, Implementation and Applications, 2002.

M. Pantic and L. J. Rothkrantz, December) Automatic analysis of facial expression: the state of the art, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, issue.12, pp.22-142441445, 2000.

M. Pardàs and A. Bonafonte, Facial animation parameters extraction and expression recognition using Hidden Markov Models, Eurasip Signal Processing: Image Communication, pp.675-688, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0923-5965(02)00078-4

F. I. Parke, A parametric model for human faces. (Report No. UTEC-CSc-75-047), 1974.

A. Pentland, B. Moghaddam, and T. Starner, View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition, Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR-94, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1994.323814

F. Piat and N. Tsapatsoulis, Exploring the time course of facial expressions with a fuzzy system, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. ICME2000. Proceedings. Latest Advances in the Fast Changing World of Multimedia (Cat. No.00TH8532), 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/ICME.2000.871438

F. Pighin, J. Hecker, D. Lischinski, R. Szeliski, and S. Salesin, Synthesizing realistic facial expressions from photographs, Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 98, pp.75-84, 1998.
DOI : 10.1145/1185657.1185859
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.30.2775

F. Pighin, R. Szeliski, and D. H. Salesin, Resynthesizing facial animation through 3D model-based tracking, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.1999.791210
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.31.3794

L. R. Rabiner, A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp.257-285, 1989.

I. Ravyse, H. Sahli, M. J. Reinders, and J. Cornelis, Eye activity detection and recognition using morphological scale-space decomposition, Proceedings 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. ICPR-2000, pp.1080-1083, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPR.2000.905659

H. Sahbi and N. Boujemaa, skin and face detection, Proceedings of the eighth ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '00, pp.432-434, 2000.
DOI : 10.1145/354384.376337

H. Sahbi, D. Geman, and N. Boujemaa, Face detection using coarse-to-fine support vector classifiers, Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.2002.1039124

N. Sarris and M. G. Strintzis, Constructing a video phone for the hearing impaired using MPEG-4 tools, IEEE Multimedia, vol.8, issue.3, 2001.

H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Fredderick, and V. Jacobson, RTP: a transport protocol for real-time applications, 1996.
DOI : 10.17487/rfc3550

J. Serra, Image analysis and mathematical morphology, 1982.

J. Serra, Image analysis and mathematical morphology, Theoretical advances, 1988.

I. Shimizu, Z. Zhang, S. Akamatsu, and K. Deguchi, Head pose determination from one image using a generic model, Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp.100-105, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.1998.670932

M. Simunek, Visualization of talking human head Electronic version retrieved, 2001.

S. Spors and R. Rabestein, A real-time face tracker for color video, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37221), 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2001.941214

J. Ström, T. Jebara, S. Basu, and A. Pentland, Real time tracking and modeling of faces: an EKF-based analysis by synthesis approach, Proceedings IEEE International Workshop on Modelling People. MPeople'99, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/PEOPLE.1999.798346

D. J. Sturman, K. L. Lau, W. H. Leung, S. H. Liew, A. W. Tse et al., A brief History of Motion Capture for Character Animation A new optimization procedure for extracting the point-based lip contour using active shape model, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH Sum Proceedings of the Int. Conf. Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, 1994.

T. Heads-websites, http://playmail, research.att.com, 2002.

L. Tang and T. S. Huang, Analysis-based facial expression synthesis, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp.98-102, 1994.

D. Terzopoulos and K. Waters, Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.15, issue.6, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/34.216726

D. Thalmann, The Complexity of Simulating Virtual Humans Supercomputing Review, 1996.

Y. Tian, T. Kanade, and J. F. Cohn, Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.23, issue.2, pp.97-115, 2001.
DOI : 10.1142/9789812778543_0002
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.210.366

E. Trucco, A. M. Verri, and A. Pentland, Introductory to techniques for 3D computer vision Eigenfaces for recognition, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.3, issue.1, 1991.

S. Valente and J. Dugelay, Face tracking and realistic animations for telecommunicant clones, IEEE Multimedia Magazine, pp.34-43, 2000.

X. Valente and S. , Analyse, synthèse et animation de clones dans un context de téléréunion virtuelle [Analysis, synthesis and animation of clones within a virtual teleconference framework]. (Doctoral dissertation, 1999.

S. Valente and J. Dugelay, A visual analysis/synthesis feedback loop for accurate face tracking, Signal Processing: Image Communication, pp.585-608, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0923-5965(00)00038-2

S. Valente, A. C. Andrés-del-valle, and J. Dugelay, Analysis and reproduction of facial expressions for realistic communicating clones, The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, vol.29, issue.1/2, pp.41-49, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011119413862

S. Valente and J. Dugelay, Face tracking and realistic animations for telecommunicant clones, IEEE Multimedia Magazine, pp.34-43, 2000.

S. Varakliotis, J. Ostermann, and V. Hardman, Coding of animated 3-D wireframe models for internet streaming applications, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2001. ICME 2001., 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICME.2001.1237700

K. Waters, A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expression, ACM Computer Graphics, vol.21, issue.4, 1987.

L. Wiskott, Optical Flow Estimation, 2001.

Y. Yacoob and L. Davis, Computing spatio-temporal representations of human faces, Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR-94, pp.70-75, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1994.323812

Z. Zhang, A flexible new technique for camera calibration, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.22, issue.11, pp.1330-1334, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/34.888718

P. Zhenyun, H. Wei, L. Luhong, X. Guangyou, and Z. Hongjian, Detecting Facial Features on Image Sequences Using Cross-Verification Mechanism, Proceedings of the Second IEEE Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45453-5_144