J. M. Abowd and D. S. Kaplan, Executive Compensation: Six Questions That Need Answering, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.13, issue.4, pp.145-168, 1999.
DOI : 10.1257/jep.13.4.145

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.542.6754

V. Acharya, K. John, and R. Sundaram, On the optimality of resetting executive stock options, Journal of Financial Economics, vol.57, issue.1, pp.65-101, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00051-9

G. Baker, Incentive Contracts and Performance Measurement, Journal of Political Economy, vol.100, issue.3, pp.598-614, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/261831

G. Baker, Distortion and Risk in Optimal Incentive Contracts, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.37, issue.4, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/3069615

G. Baker, M. Jensen, and K. Murphy, Compensation and Incentives: Practice vs. Theory, The Journal of Finance, vol.6, issue.3, pp.593-616, 1988.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb04593.x

V. Salas and F. , Relative performance evaluation of management, Industrial Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.10, pp.473-489, 1992.

B. Holmstrom, Moral Hazard and Observability, The Bell Journal of Economics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.74-91, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/3003320

B. Holmstrom and P. Milgrom, Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives, Econometrica, vol.55, issue.2, pp.303-328, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/1913238

K. Murphy, Handbool of Labor Economics, 1999.

K. Murphy, Performance standards in incentive contracts, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol.30, issue.3, pp.245-278, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00013-1

J. Barry, J. E. Nalebuff, and . Stiglitz, Information, competition, and markets, AEA papers nad proceedings, pp.278-283, 1983.

J. Stein, Efficient Capital Markets, Inefficient Firms: A Model of Myopic Corporate Behavior, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.104, issue.4, pp.655-669, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2937861

J. Stern, G. B. Stewart, and D. Chew, THE EVAR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol.3, issue.2, pp.32-46
DOI : 10.1016/0304-405X(90)90028-X

J. Tirole, Corporate Governance, Econometrica, vol.69, issue.1, pp.1-35, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0262.00177

]. V. Acharya, K. John, and R. Sundaram, On the optimality of resetting executive stock options, Journal of Financial Economics, vol.57, issue.1, pp.65-101, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00051-9

L. Bebchuk, J. Fried, and D. Walker, Managerial Power and Rent Extraction in the Design of Executive Compensation, The University of Chicago Law Review, vol.69, issue.3, pp.751-846, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/1600632

J. Cremer, Arm's Length Relationships, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.110, issue.2, pp.275-295, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2118440

R. Gibbons and K. Murphy, Optimal Incentive Contracts in the Presence of Career Concerns: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Political Economy, vol.100, issue.3, pp.468-505, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/261826

B. Holmstrom, Moral Hazard and Observability, The Bell Journal of Economics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.74-91, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/3003320

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.295.3319

B. Holmstrom and P. Milgrom, Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives, Econometrica, vol.55, issue.2, pp.303-328, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/1913238

B. Holmstrom and J. Tirole, Market Liquidity and Performance Monitoring, Journal of Political Economy, vol.101, issue.4, pp.678-709, 1993.
DOI : 10.1086/261893

M. Meyer and J. Vickers, Performance Comparisons and Dynamic Incentives, Journal of Political Economy, vol.105, issue.3, pp.547-581, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/262082

P. J. Saly, Repricing executive stock opition in a down market, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol.18, issue.3, pp.325-356, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-4101(94)90025-6

J. Stein, Efficient Capital Markets, Inefficient Firms: A Model of Myopic Corporate Behavior, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.104, issue.4, pp.655-669, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2937861

K. Rajesh, A. A. Aggarwal, and . Samwick, Executive compensation , strategic competition, and relative performance evaluation: Theory and evidence, Journal of Finance, vol.54, 1999.

X. Freixas and R. Kihlstrom, Bayesian Models in Economic Theory, 1984.

V. Salas and F. , Relative performance evaluation of management, Industrial Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.10, pp.473-489, 1992.

J. Gould, Risk, stochastic preference, and the value of information, Journal of Economic Theory, vol.8, issue.1, pp.64-84, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0531(74)90006-4

B. Holmstrom, Moral Hazard and Observability, The Bell Journal of Economics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.74-91, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/3003320

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.295.3319

S. Janakiraman, R. Lambert, and D. Larcker, An Empirical Investigation of the Relative Performance Evaluation Hypothesis, Journal of Accounting Research, vol.30, issue.1, pp.53-69, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2491091

R. A. Lambert and S. , Executive Effort and Selection of Risky Projects, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.17, issue.1, pp.77-88, 1986.
DOI : 10.2307/2555629

J. Barry, J. E. Nalebuff, and . Stiglitz, Information, competition, and markets, AEA papers nad proceedings, pp.278-283, 1983.

J. Zweibel, Corporate Conservatism and Relative Compensation, Journal of Political Economy, vol.103, issue.1, pp.1-25, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/261973

G. Baker, Incentive Contracts and Performance Measurement, Journal of Political Economy, vol.100, issue.3, pp.598-614, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/261831

J. Eaton and H. S. Rosen, Agency, delayed compensation and the structure of executive remuneration, 1982.

V. Salas and F. , Relative performance evaluation of management, Industrial Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.10, pp.473-489, 1992.

B. Holmstrom and P. Milgrom, Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives, Econometrica, vol.55, issue.2, pp.303-328, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/1913238

B. Ickes and L. Samuelson, Job Transfers and Incentives in Complex Organizations: Thwarting the Ratchet Effect, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.18, issue.2, pp.275-86, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/2555552

C. Michael and . Jensen, Paying people to lie : The truth about the budgeting process, 2001.

G. Loewenstein and N. Sicherman, Do Workers Prefer Increasing Wage Profiles?, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.9, issue.1, pp.67-84, 1991.
DOI : 10.1086/298259

S. Salop and J. Salop, Self-Selection and Turnover in the Labor Market, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.90, issue.4, pp.619-627, 1976.
DOI : 10.2307/1885325

J. Stern, G. B. Stewart, and D. Chew, THE EVAR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol.3, issue.2, pp.32-46
DOI : 10.1016/0304-405X(90)90028-X

J. Tirole, Rational irrationality: Some economics of self-management, Presidential Address, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00206-9

J. Tirole, Corporate Governance, Econometrica, vol.69, issue.1, pp.1-35, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0262.00177

J. Abowd and D. S. Kaplan, Executive Compensation: Six Questions That Need Answering, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.13, issue.4, pp.145-168, 1999.
DOI : 10.1257/jep.13.4.145

G. Baker, Incentive Contracts and Performance Measurement, Journal of Political Economy, vol.100, issue.3, pp.598-614, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/261831

G. Baker, Distortion and Risk in Optimal Incentive Contracts, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.37, issue.4, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/3069615

J. Brickley, C. Smith, and . Zimmerman, THE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL ARCHITECTURE, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol.4, issue.4, pp.19-31, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-6622.1995.tb00284.x

G. Charreaux and . Et-ph, Gouvernance des entreprises : valeur partenariale contre valeur actionnariale, Finance, issue.1 2, pp.57-88, 1998.

S. Grossman, O. , and H. , An Analysis of the Principal-Agent Model, Econometrica, pp.7-45, 1983.

V. Govindarajan and A. Gupta, Linking control systems to business unit strategy: impact on performance, Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol.10, issue.1, pp.51-66, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0361-3682(85)90031-5

O. 'hanlon, J. Peasnell, and K. V. , Wall Street's contribution to management accounting: the Stern Stewart EVA??financial management system, Management Accounting Research, vol.9, issue.4, pp.421-444, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/mare.1998.0089

P. Haspeslagh, T. Noda, and F. Boulos, Managing for value : It's not just about the numbers, Harvard Business Review, pp.65-73, 2001.

B. Holmstrom, Moral Hazard and Observability, The Bell Journal of Economics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.74-91, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/3003320

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.295.3319

S. Kerr, On the Folly of Rewarding A, While Hoping for B., Academy of Management Journal, vol.18, issue.4, pp.769-783, 1975.
DOI : 10.2307/255378

C. Ittner and D. Larcker, Innovations in performance management : trends and research implications, Journal of Management Accounting Research, vol.10, pp.205-239, 1998.

R. A. Lambert, Contracting theory and accounting, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol.32, pp.1-3, 2001.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.235800

L. H. Lang and R. M. Et-stulz, Tobin's q , corporate diversification and firm performance, Journal of Political Economy, vol.102, pp.1248-1280, 1994.
DOI : 10.3386/w4376

L. M. Lovata and M. L. Costigan, Empirical analysis of adopters of economic value added, Management Accounting Research, vol.13, issue.2, pp.215-228, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/mare.2002.0181

K. A. Merchant, Rewarding results ? Motivating profit center managers, 1989.

N. Mottis, J. Et, and . Ponssard, Value Based Management and the corporate profit center, European Business Forum, vol.8, pp.41-47, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00365724

N. Mottis, J. Et, and . Ponssard, L'influence des investisseurs institutionnels sur le pilotage des entreprises, Revue Française de Gestion, vol.141, pp.225-248, 2002.

K. J. Murphy, Performance standards in incentive contracts, J. of Accounting and Economics, vol.30, issue.3, 2000.

K. J. Murphy and P. Oyer, Discretion in Executive Incentive Contracts: Theory and Evidence, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2001.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.294829

J. Ohlson, Earnings, Book Values, and Dividends in Equity Valuation, Contemporary Accounting Research, vol.11, issue.2, pp.661-687, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1995.tb00461.x

C. Prendergast, The Provision of Incentives in Firms, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.37, issue.1, pp.7-63, 1999.
DOI : 10.1257/jel.37.1.7

S. S. Riceman, S. F. Cahan, and M. Lal, Do managers perform better under EVA bonus schemes, European Accounting Review, pp.11-14, 2002.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.242780

I. Ross, THE 1997 STERN STEWART PERFORMANCE 1000, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol.10, issue.4, pp.116-128, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-6622.1998.tb00315.x

R. Simons, Accounting control systems and business strategy: An empirical analysis, Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol.12, issue.4, pp.357-374, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0361-3682(87)90024-9

G. B. Stewart, The Quest for Value, 1991.

J. Stern, G. B. Stewart, D. Et, and . Chew, THE EVAR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, The EVA financial management system, pp.32-46, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-405X(90)90028-X

J. Wallace, Adopting residual income-based compensation plans: Do you get what you pay for?, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol.24, issue.3, pp.275-300, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-4101(98)00009-3

J. Wallace, EVA financial systems : management perspectives Advances in Management Accounting, pp.1-15, 1998.

J. Zimmerman, EVA AND DIVISIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: CAPTURING SYNERGIES AND OTHER ISSUES, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, vol.7, issue.2, pp.98-109, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-4101(92)90015-T