S. Bouisset and B. , Muscles, posture et mouvement, pp.337-545, 1996.

J. Cholewicki, S. M. Norman, and R. W. , Comparison of muscle forces and joint load from an otpimization and EMG assisted lumbar spine model: Toward development of a hybrid approach, Journal of Biomechanics, issue.3, pp.321-331, 1995.

M. Dietrich, K. Kedzior, and T. Zagrajek, M odelling of muscle action and stability of the human spine. M ultiple M uscle Systems: Biomechanics and M ovement Organization, J.M, 1990.

D. Gagnon, C. Larivière, and P. Loisel, Comparative ability of EMG, optimisation, and hybrid modelling approaches to predict trunk muscle forces and lumbar spine loading during dynamic sagittal plane lifting, Clinical Biomechanics, issue.5, pp.359-372, 2001.

M. G. Gardner-m-orse and I. A. Stokes, Trunk stiffness increases with steady-state effort, Journal of Biomechanics, issue.4, pp.457-463, 2001.

S. Gracovetsky, The spinal engine, pp.45-46, 1988.

I. M. Gelfand, V. S. Gurfinkel, M. L. Tsetlin, and M. L. Shik, Problems in analysis of movement, M odels of the structural functional organization of certain biological systems. M .I.T. Press, pp.330-345, 1966.

M. Busek, O. Schipplein, G. Anderson, and T. Andriacchi, Influence of Dynamic Factors and External Loads on the Moment at the Lumbar Spine in Lifting, Spine, vol.13, issue.8, pp.918-921, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198808000-00009

J. Callaghan, Low back joint loading and kinematics during standing and unsupported sitting, Ergonomics, vol.70, issue.3, pp.280-294, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00002517-198801000-00004

N. Champain, V. Pomero, J. Dubousset, and W. Skalli, Geometric and biomechanical postural characterisation of the human trunk, Proceeding of the XVIIIth congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, 2001.

J. Cholewicki, M echanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chronic low back pain, Clin Biomech, vol.1, pp.1-15, 1996.

R. Dumas, D. Laporte, S. Dubousset, J. Steib, J. Lavaste et al., Explicit linear calibration for stereoradiography, J Biomech

S. Kitazaki and M. J. Griffin, A MODAL ANALYSIS OF WHOLE-BODY VERTICAL VIBRATION, USING A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF THE HUMAN BODY, Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol.200, issue.1, pp.83-103, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jsvi.1996.0674

M. Iller and N. , Biomechanics of sport. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1973.

M. , D. Landry, C. Veron, S. Skalli, W. Lavaste et al., 3D reconstruction method from biplanar radiography using non-stereocorresponding points and elastic deformable meshes, M ed Biol Eng Comput, vol.2, pp.133-139, 2000.

R. Bogduck, N. , J. E. Pearcy, and M. J. , A Universal Model of the Lumbar Back Muscles in the Upright Position, Spine, vol.17, issue.8, pp.897-913, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199208000-00007

D. Bonneau, Les muscles du rachis : de l'Anatomie à la M odélisation, 2001.

D. B. Chaffin, A computerized biomechanical model???Development of and use in studying gross body actions, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.2, issue.4, pp.429-441, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(69)90018-9

J. H. Dieën, . Van, M. P. Looze, and . De, Sensitivity of single-equivalent trunk extensor muscle models to anatomical and functional assumptions, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, issue.2, pp.195-198, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00149-3

G. A. Dumas, M. J. Poulin, B. Roy, M. Gagnon, and M. Jovanovic, Orientation and Moment Arms of Some Trunk Muscles, SPINE, vol.16, issue.3, pp.293-303, 1991.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199103000-00007

V. K. Goel, W. Kong, J. S. Han, J. N. Weinstein, and L. G. Gilbertson, A Combined Finite Element and Optimization Investigation of Lumbar Spine Mechanics With and Without Muscles, Spine, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1531-1541, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199318110-00019

K. P. Granata and S. E. Wilson, Trunk posture and spinal stability, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.16, issue.8, pp.650-659, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00064-X

J. S. Han, V. K. Goel, J. Y. Ahn, J. Winterbottom, D. M-cgowan et al., Loads in the spinal structures during lifting: development of a three-dimensional comprehensive biomechanical model, European Spine Journal, vol.21, issue.3, pp.153-168, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00298240

M. J. Jorgensen, W. S. Granata, K. P. Wiand, and J. W. , MRI-derived moment-arms of the female and male spine loading muscles, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.16, issue.3, pp.182-193, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0268-0033(00)00087-5

J. H. Koolstra, T. M. Van-eijden, and W. A. Wiejs, An iterative procedure to estimate muscle lines of action in vivo, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.22, issue.8-9, pp.911-920, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(89)90075-4

T. P. Leskinen, H. R. Stålhammar, I. A. Kuorinka, and J. G. Troup, The Effect of Inertial Factors on Spinal Stress when Lifting, Engineering in Medicine, vol.64, issue.2, pp.87-89, 1983.
DOI : 10.1243/EMED_JOUR_1983_012_023_02

M. P. Looze, . De, B. Visser, I. Houting, M. A. Rooy et al., Weight and frequency effect on spinal loading in a bricklaying task, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1425-1433, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(96)84538-6

D. Alibert-kouraguine, Anatomie du corps humain, 1999.

J. C. Bean, D. B. Chaffin, and A. B. Schultz, Biomechanical model calculation of muscle contraction forces: A double linear programming method, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.21, issue.1, pp.59-66, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(88)90192-3

M. Beausejour, C. E. Aubin, A. Itnitski, and A. G. Feldman, Biomechanical modeling of the control of trunk muscles, Research into spinal deformities 2. I. A. F. Stockes, pp.150-153, 1999.

N. Bogduk, Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine, 1997.

N. Bogduk, J. E. Pearcy, and M. J. , A Universal Model of the Lumbar Back Muscles in the Upright Position, Spine, vol.17, issue.8, pp.897-913, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199208000-00007

D. Bonneau, Les muscles du rachis : de l'Anatomie à la M odélisation, Thèse, Univ. M ontpellier I, 2001.

S. Bouisset and B. , M uscles, posture et mouvements, 1996.

M. Busek, O. D. Schipplein, G. B. Anderson, and T. P. Andriacchi, Influence of Dynamic Factors and External Loads on the Moment at the Lumbar Spine in Lifting, Spine, vol.13, issue.8, pp.918-921, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198808000-00009

C. Bush-joseph, O. D. Schipplein, G. B. Anderson, and T. P. Andriacchi, Influence of dynamic factors on the lumbar spine moment in lifting, Ergonomics, vol.25, issue.2, pp.211-216, 1988.
DOI : 10.1097/00043764-197807000-00009

C. Cabrol, Anatomie (T. 1) Appareil Locomoteur, 1999.

J. Calisse, A. Rohlmann, and G. Bergmann, Estimation of trunk muscle forces using the finite element method and in vivo loads measured by telemeterized internal spinal fixation devices, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, issue.7, pp.727-731, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00052-4

J. P. Callaghan and S. M. , Low back joint loading and kinematics during standing and unsupported sitting, Ergonomics, vol.70, issue.3, pp.280-294, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00002517-198801000-00004

A. Cappozzo, F. Felici, F. Figura, and F. Gazzani, Lumbar spine loading during halfsquat exercises, M ed Sci Sports Exerc, vol.17, pp.613-620, 1985.

C. K. Cheng, H. H. Chen, H. H. Kuo, C. L. Lee, W. J. Chen et al., A three-dimensional mathematical model for predicting spinal joint force distribution during manual liftings, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.13, issue.1, pp.59-64, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0268-0033(97)00077-6

J. Cholewicki and S. M. , EMG assisted optimization: A hybrid approach for estimating muscle forces in an indeterminate biomechanical model, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.27, issue.10, pp.1287-1289, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(94)90282-8

J. Cholewicki and S. M. , Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chronic low back pain, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.1-15, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0268-0033(95)00035-6

J. Cholewicki, S. M. Norman, and R. W. , Comparison of muscle forces and joint load from an optimization and EMG assisted lumbar spine model: Towards development of a hybrid approach, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.28, issue.3, pp.321-331, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(94)00065-C

K. Daggfeldt and A. Thorstensson, The role of intra-abdominal pressure in spinal unloading, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.30, issue.11-12, pp.1149-1155, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00096-1

M. P. De-looze, H. Groen, H. Horemans, I. Kingma, and J. H. Van-dieen, Abdominal muscles contribute in a minor way to peak spinal compression in lifting, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, issue.7, pp.655-662, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00061-5

M. Dietrich, K. Kezdior, and T. Zagrajek, M odeling of muscle action and stability of the human spine. M ultiple M uscle Systems, pp.451-160, 1990.

G. A. Dumas, M. J. Poulin, B. Roy, M. Gagnon, and M. Jovanovic, Orientation and Moment Arms of Some Trunk Muscles, SPINE, vol.16, issue.3, pp.293-303, 1991.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199103000-00007

R. Dumas, D. M-itton, S. Laporte, J. Dubousset, J. P. Steib et al., Explicit linear calibration for stereoradiography, J Biomech

J. Ekhlom, U. P. Arborelius, and G. Nemeth, The load on the lumbo-sacral joint and trunk muscle activity during lifting, Ergonomics, vol.1, issue.8, pp.145-161, 1982.
DOI : 10.1080/00140138208924934

A. Freidvals, D. B. Chaffin, A. Garg, and K. S. Lee, A dynamic biomechanical evaluation of lifting maximum acceptable loads, J Biomech, vol.17, pp.251-262, 1984.

M. Gardner-m-orse, I. A. Stokes, and J. P. Laible, Role of muscles in lumbar spine stability in maximum extension efforts, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.55, issue.5, pp.802-808, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/jor.1100130521

V. K. Goel, W. Kong, J. S. Han, J. Weinstein, and L. G. Gilbertson, A Combined Finite Element and Optimization Investigation of Lumbar Spine Mechanics With and Without Muscles, Spine, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1531-1541, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199318110-00019

S. Gracovetsky, The spinal engine, 1988.

S. Gracovetsky and H. Farfan, The Optimum Spine, Spine, vol.11, issue.6, pp.543-573, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198607000-00006

S. A. Gracovetsky, A. Richards, M. P. Newman, N. M. Asselin, and S. , The impact of inefficient clinical diagnosis on the cost of managing low back pain, Journal of Healthcare Risk Management, vol.6, issue.2, pp.21-31, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/jhrm.5600170305

S. A. Gracovetsky, N. M. Newman, M. P. Richards, S. Asselin, V. F. Lanzo et al., Evaluation of Clinician and Machine Performance in the Assessment of Low Back Pain, Spine, vol.23, issue.5, pp.568-575, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199803010-00009

K. P. Granata and S. E. Wilson, Trunk posture and spinal stability, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.16, issue.8, pp.16-650, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0268-0033(01)00064-X

A. Gupta, Analyses of myo-electrical silence of erectors spinae, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.34, issue.4, pp.491-496, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00213-X

R. E. Hughes, D. B. Chaffin, S. A. Lavender, and G. B. Andersson, Evaluation of muscle force prediction models of the lumbar trunk using surface electromyography, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.12, issue.5, pp.689-698, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/jor.1100120512

W. C. Hutton and M. A. Adams, Can the Lumbar Spine Be Crushed in Heavy Lifting?, Spine, vol.7, issue.6, pp.586-590, 1982.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198211000-00012

M. Jager and A. Luttman, Biomechanical analysis and assessment of lumbar stress during load lifting using a dynamic 19-segment human model, Ergonomics, vol.99, issue.1, pp.193-212, 1989.
DOI : 10.1227/00006123-198007000-00014

J. F. Kahn, F. Favriou, J. C. Jouanin, and H. , Influence of posture and training on the endurance time of a low-level isometric contraction, Ergonomics, vol.12, issue.11, pp.1231-1239, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00635993

W. Z. Kong, V. K. Goel, L. G. Gilbertson, and J. N. Weinstein, Effects of Muscle Dysfunction on Lumbar Spine Mechanics, Spine, vol.21, issue.19, pp.2197-2206, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199610010-00004

S. Kromdihardjo and A. , Biomechanical Analysis of Manual Lifting Tasks, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.109, issue.2, pp.132-138, 1987.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3138655

Z. Ladin, K. R. De-luca, and C. J. , The Effects of External Bending Moments on Lumbar Muscle Force Distribution, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.113, issue.3, pp.284-294, 1991.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2894886

F. Lavaste, A. Diop, and W. Skalli, Fiabilité de l'évaluation expérimentale des implants rachidiens, Rachis, vol.5, issue.6, pp.273-278, 1993.

F. Lavaste, W. Skalli, S. Robin, R. Roy-camille, and C. , Three-dimensional geometrical and mechanical modelling of the lumbar spine, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.25, issue.10, pp.1153-1164, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(92)90071-8

S. A. Lavender, Y. H. Tsuang, and G. B. Andersson, Trunk muscle activation and cocontraction while resisting applied moments in a twisted posture, Ergonomics, vol.17, issue.10, pp.1145-1157, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90015-7

S. A. Lavender, Y. H. Tsuang, G. B. Andersson, A. Hafezi, and C. C. Shin, Trunk muscle cocontraction: The effects of moment direction and moment magnitude, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.12, issue.5, pp.691-700, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/jor.1100100511

T. P. Leskinen, Comparison of static and dynamic biomechanical models, Ergonomics, vol.28, issue.1, pp.289-291, 1985.
DOI : 10.1080/00140138508963135

T. P. Leskinen, H. R. Stalhammar, I. A. Kuorinka, and J. D. Troup, A dynamic analysis of spinal compression with different lifting techniques, Ergonomics, vol.8, issue.6, pp.595-604, 1983.
DOI : 10.1080/00140138308963378

H. S. Lin, Y. K. Liu, G. Ray, and K. H. Adams, M echanical response of lumbar intervertebral joint under physiological (complex) loading, J Bone Joint Surg, issue.60A, pp.41-55, 1978.

M. Acintosh, J. E. Bogduk, and N. , The Attachments of the Lumbar Erector Spinae, Spine, vol.16, issue.7, pp.783-792, 1991.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199107000-00017

M. Arras, W. S. Davis, K. G. Ferguson, S. A. Lucas, B. R. Gupta et al., Spine loading characteristics of patients with low back pain compared with asymptomatic individuals, Spine, vol.26, issue.23, pp.2566-2574, 2001.

M. Arras, W. S. Granata, and K. P. , Spine loading during trunk lateral bending motions, J Biomech, vol.30, issue.7, pp.697-703, 1997.

M. Cgill and S. M. , Loads on the lumbar spine and associated tissue. Biomechanics of the spine -clinical and surgical perspective, Boca Raton, pp.65-95, 1989.

M. Cgill and S. M. , Electromyographic activity of the abdominal and low back musculature during the generation of isometric and dynamic axial trunk torque: Implications for lumbar mechanics, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.64, issue.1, pp.91-103, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/jor.1100090112

M. Cgill and S. M. , A myoelectrically based dynamic three-dimensional model to predict loads on lumbar spine tissues during lateral bending, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.25, issue.4, pp.395-414, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(92)90259-4

M. Cgill, S. M. Juker, D. Axler, and C. , Correcting trunk muscle geometry obtained from MRI and CT scans of supine postures for use in standing postures, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.29, issue.5, pp.643-646, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(95)00119-0

M. Cgill, S. M. Norman, and R. W. , Partitioning of the L4-L5 dynamic moment into disk, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting, J Biomech, vol.11, issue.7, pp.666-678, 1986.

M. Iller and N. , Biomechanics of sport, 1973.

M. Iller, J. A. Schultz, A. B. Warwick, and D. N. , M echanical properties of lumbar spine motion segments under large loads, J Biomech, vol.19, pp.79-84, 1986.

M. Itton, D. Landry, C. Veron, S. Skalli, W. Lavaste et al., 3D reconstruction method from biplanar radiography using non-stereocorresponding points and elastic deformable meshes, M ed Biol Eng Comput, vol.38, issue.2, pp.133-139, 2000.

M. Itulescu, A. Semaan, I. De-guise, J. A. Leborgne, P. Adamsbaum et al., Validation of the non-stereo corresponding points stereoradiographic 3D reconstruction technique, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol.109, issue.2, pp.152-158, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02344797

M. Oga, P. J. Erig, M. Chaffin, D. B. Nussbaum, and M. A. , Torso muscle moment arms at intervertebral levels T10 through L5 from CT scans on eleven male and eight female subjects, Spine, vol.18, issue.15, pp.2305-2309, 1993.

A. Nachemson, The Load on Lumbar Disks in Different Positions of the Body, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.45, issue.1, pp.107-122, 1965.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-196600450-00014

F. H. Netter, Atlas d'anatomie humaine, Teterboro, Icon Learning System / M aloine, 2001.

M. A. Nussbaum and D. B. Chaffin, Lumbar muscle force estimation using a subject-invariant 5-parameter EMG-based model, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.31, issue.7, pp.667-672, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00055-4

M. A. Nussbaum, D. B. Chaffin, and C. J. Rechtein, Muscle lines-of-action affect predicted forces in optimization-based spine muscle modeling, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.28, issue.4, pp.401-409, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(94)00078-I

A. Plamondon, M. Gagnon, and P. Desjadins, Validation of two 3-D segment models to calculate the net reaction forces and moments at the L5/S1 joint in lifting, Clin Biomech, issue.2, pp.11-101, 1996.

K. A. Poelstra, M. F. Eijkelkamp, and A. G. Veldhuizen, The Geometry of the Human Paraspinal Muscles With the Aid of Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scans and 3-Space Isotrak, Spine, vol.25, issue.17, pp.2176-2179, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-200009010-00006

V. Pomero, F. Lavaste, G. Imbert, and W. Skalli, Estimation of spinal loads, XVIIth congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, 1999.

V. Pomero, F. Lavaste, G. Imbert, and W. Skalli, A spine oriented regulation model of the trunk muscles, J Biomech

L. Portier, A. Thibault, W. Skalli, J. J. Santin, R. Zeller et al., Approche d'une modélisation globale, tridimensionnelle par éléments finis, du rachis pour l'étude de la scoliose, Rachis, vol.5, issue.5, pp.227-232, 1993.

J. R. Potvin, S. M. Norman, and R. W. , Trunk Muscle and Lumbar Ligament Contributions to Dynamic Lifts with Varying Degrees of Trunk Flexion, Spine, vol.16, issue.9, pp.1099-1107, 1991.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199109000-00015

U. Raschke and D. B. Chaffin, Trunk and hip muscle recruitment in response to external anterior lumbosacral shear and moment loads, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.11, issue.3, pp.145-152, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0268-0033(95)00044-5

C. H. Reilly and W. S. , Simulift: A Simulation Model of Human Trunk Motion, Spine, vol.14, issue.1, pp.5-11, 1989.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198901000-00002

S. Robin, W. Skalli, and F. Lavaste, Influence of geometrical factors on the behavior of lumbar spine segments: A finite element analysis, European Spine Journal, vol.109, issue.2, pp.84-90, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02221445

A. Rohlmann, G. Bergmann, F. Graichen, and H. M. , Telemeterized Load Measurement Using Instrumented spinal Internal Fixators in a Patient With Degenerative Instability, Spine, vol.20, issue.24, pp.2683-2689, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199512150-00009

A. Rohlmann, J. Calisse, G. Bergmann, and U. Weber, Internal Spinal Fixator Stiffness Has Only a Minor Influence on Stresses in the Adjacent Discs, Spine, vol.24, issue.12, pp.1192-1195, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199906150-00004

H. Rouviere and A. Delmas, Anatomie humaine descriptive, topographique et fonctionnelle, 1992.

O. D. Schipplein, J. H. Trafimow, G. B. Anderson, and T. P. Andriacchi, Relationship between moments at the L5/S1 level, hip and knee joint when lifting, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.23, issue.9, pp.907-912, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(90)90355-7

A. Schultz, G. Andersson, R. Ortengren, K. Haderspeck, and A. Nachemson, Loads on the lumbar spine. Validation of a biomechanical analysis by measurements of intradiscal pressures and myoelectric signals., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.64, issue.5, pp.713-720, 1982.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-198264050-00008

A. B. Schultz and G. B. Andersson, Analysis of Loads on the Lumbar Spine, Spine, vol.6, issue.1, pp.76-82, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198101000-00017

W. Skalli and F. Lavaste, Etude comparative par modélisation de différentes techniques de restabilisation lombaire. Restabilisation intersomatique du rachis lombaire, 1996.

W. Skalli, S. Robin, F. Lavaste, and J. Dubousset, A Biomechanical Analysis of Short Segment Spinal Fixation Using a Three-Dimensional Geometric and Mechanical Model, Spine, vol.18, issue.5, pp.536-545, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199304000-00004

G. Smyth and M. Gagnon, Loads on the lumbar spine and the shoulders when handling boxes, 13th annual meeting of American Society of Biomechanics, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(90)90200-M

T. Sonoda, Studies on the strenght for compression, tension and torsion of the human vertebral column, J Kyoto Pref Univ, issue.71, pp.659-702, 1962.

P. J. Sparto and M. Parnianpour, Estimation of Trunk Muscle Forces and Spinal Loads During Fatiguing Repetitive Trunk Exertions, Spine, vol.23, issue.23, pp.2563-2573, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00011

I. A. Stokes and M. Gardner-m-orse, Lumbar spine maximum efforts and muscle recruitment patterns predicted by a model with multijoint muscles and joints with stiffness, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.173-186, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(94)E0040-A

I. A. Stokes and M. Gardner-m-orse, Quantitative anatomy of the lumbar musculature, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, issue.3, pp.311-316, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00164-X

I. A. Stokes and M. Gardner-m-orse, Lumbar spinal muscle activation synergies predicted by multi-criteria cost function, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.34, issue.6, pp.733-740, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00034-3

J. Styf, Pressure in the Erector Spinae Muscle during Exercise, Spine, vol.12, issue.7, pp.675-679, 1987.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198709000-00006

S. T. Takashima, S. P. Singh, K. A. Haderspeck, and A. B. Schultz, A model for semi-quantitative studies of muscle actions, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.12, issue.12, pp.929-939, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(79)90061-7

A. Templier, Paramètres et méthodes d'évaluation des implants rachidiens lombaires. Laboratoire de Biomécanique, Thèse de l'EN, p.214, 1998.

A. Templier, L. Denninger, C. Lavaste, F. Skalli, and W. , Comparison between two different concepts of lumbar posterior osteosynthesis implants A finite-element analysis, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.203, issue.Suppl, pp.27-36, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00037-7

D. G. Thelen, A. B. Schultz, and J. A. Ashton-m-iller, Co-contraction of lumbar muscles during the development of time-varying triaxial moments, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.12, issue.3, pp.390-398, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/jor.1100130313

H. M. Toussaint, A. F. De-winter, Y. De-haas, M. P. De-looze, J. H. Van-dieen et al., Flexion relaxation during lifting: Implications for torque production by muscle activity and tissue strain at the lumbo-sacral joint, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.199-210, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(94)00051-5

M. F. Tracy, M. J. Gibson, E. P. Szypryt, A. Rutherford, and E. N. Corlett, The Geometry of the Muscles of the Lumbar Spine Determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Spine, vol.14, issue.2, pp.186-193, 1989.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198902000-00007

F. Trochu, A contouring program based on dual kriging interpolation, Engineering with Computers, vol.79, issue.2, pp.160-177, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01206346

J. D. Troup, T. P. Leskinen, H. R. Stalhammar, and I. A. Kuorinka, A comparaison of intraabdominal pressure increase, hip torque, and lumbar vertebral compression in different lifting techniques, Hum Factors, vol.25, pp.517-525, 1983.

J. C. Van-der-burg and J. Van-dieen, Underestimation of object mass in lifting does not increase the load on the low back, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.34, issue.11, pp.1447-1453, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00118-X

J. H. Van-dieen and M. P. De-looze, Sensitivity of single-equivalent trunk extensor muscle models to anatomical and functional assumptions, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, issue.2, pp.195-198, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00149-3

J. H. Van-dieen and I. Kingma, Total trunk muscle force and spinal compression are lower in asymmetric moments as compared to pure extension moments, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, issue.7, pp.681-687, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00044-5

A. White and M. Panjabi, Clinical biomechanics of the spine, Edition Lippincott, 1990.

H. J. Wilke, P. Neef, M. Caimi, T. Hoogland, and L. E. Claes, New In Vivo Measurements of Pressures in the Intervertebral Disc in Daily Life, Spine, vol.24, issue.8, pp.755-762, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199904150-00005

G. Winckler, M anuel d'anatomie topographique et fonctionnelle, 1974.

A. L. Yettram and M. J. Jackman, Equilibrium Analysis for the Forces in the Human Spinal Column and Its Musculature, Spine, vol.5, issue.5, pp.402-411, 1980.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198009000-00003

N. Yoganandan, G. Ray, F. A. Pintar, J. B. Myklebust, and A. Sances, Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.22, issue.2, pp.135-142, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(89)90036-5

T. Zander, A. Rohlmann, J. Calisse, and G. Bergmann, Estimation of muscle forces in the lumbar spine during upper-body inclination, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.16, pp.16-73, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0268-0033(00)00108-X