.. Analyse-des-comportements-du-système, 109 6.4.1 Comportements du système en fonction du degré d'imminence de la menace, p.109

.. Calcul-du-kappa-avec-l, «annotateur système» sur les segments annotés peur ou neutre selon les annotations de Ann1 (1679 segments pour la classe peur et 1287 pour la classe neutre), de Ann2 (1422 segments pour la classe peur et 2213 segments pour la classe neutre) puis de Ann1 ? Ann2 (1118 segments pour la classe peur et 1039 segments pour la classe neutre), p.62

. Taux-d-'égale-erreur........, TEE) pour le système de classification peur vs. neutre en fonction du nombre de gaussiennes considérées avec les GMM sur SAFE_1 (tableau 5.2) (intervalles de confiance à 95% près : rayon ? 3%)

.. Matrice-de-confusion,-taux-d, erreur normalisé, taux d'égale erreur pour le système de classification peur vs. neutre sur SAFE_1 (tableau 5.2) (intervalles de confiance à 95% près : rayon ? 3%)

]. A. Bibliographieabelin-et-allwood, J. Abelin, and . Allwood, Cross linguistic interpretation of emotional prosody, Proc. of ISCA ITRW on Speech and Emotion, pp.110-113, 2000.

. Abrilian, Emotv1 : Annotation of real-life emotions for the specification of multimodal affective interfaces, Proc. of HCI International, 2005.

. Alku, Normalized amplitude quotient for parametrization of the glottal flow, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.112, issue.2, pp.701-710, 2002.
DOI : 10.1121/1.1490365

]. N. Amir-et-ron, S. Amir, and . Ron, Towards an automatic classification of emotions in speech, Proc. of ICSLP, 1996.

. Andrade, Simulation of crowd problems for computer vision, Proc. of First International Workshop on Crowd Simulation, 2005.

]. E. Antoniou, Reconnaissance des émotions de type peur -machines à vecteurs support, 2006.

. Audibert, Ewiz : contrôle d'émotions authentiques, Actes des Journées d'Étude sur la Parole, pp.49-52, 2004.

. Audibert, Paramétrisation de la qualité de voix : Eeg vs. filtrage inverse, Actes des Journées d'Étude sur la Parole, pp.53-56, 2004.

]. R. Bakeman-et-gottman, J. M. Bakeman, and . Gottman, Observing Interaction : an introduction to sequential analysis, 1997.

. Banse, ]. R. Scherer, K. Banse, and . Scherer, Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.70, issue.3, pp.614-636, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.614

]. C. Barras and J. Gauvain, Feature and score normalization for speaker verification of cellular data, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03)., 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2003.1202291

. Batliner, How to find trouble in communication, Speech Communication, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.117-143, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00079-1

. Batliner, Desperately seeking emotions or : Actors, wizards and human beings, Proc. of ISCA Workshop on Speech and Emotion, pp.195-200, 2000.

. Batliner, you stupid ting box " -children interacting with the aiob robot : a cross-linguistic emotional speech corpus, Proc. of LREC, pp.171-174, 2004.

. Batliner, Combining efforts for improving automatic classification of emotional user states, Proc. of Proc. IS-LTC, 2006.

. Beller, Speech rates in french expressive speech, Proc. of Speech Prosody, Dresdes, 2006.

. Bengio, . S. Mariéthoz, J. Bengio, and . Mariéthoz, A statistical significance test for person authentication The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, Proc. of Odyssey, 2004.

. Bänziger, Gemep -geneva multimodal emotion portrayals : A corpus for the study of multimodal emotional expressions, Proc. of LREC Workshop on Corpora for Research on Emotion and Affect, 2006.

]. P. Boersma-et-weenink, D. Boersma, and . Weenink, Praat : doing phonetics by computer [computer program, 2005.

]. C. Breazeal-et-aryananda, L. Breazeal, and . Aryananda, Recognizing affective intent in robot directed speech, Autonomous Robots, vol.12, issue.1, pp.83-104, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1013215010749

]. J. Cahn, Generating expression in synthesized speech, 1989.

. Cai, Highlight sound effects detection in audio stream, Proc. of ICME, 2003.

]. N. Campbell-et-mokhtari, P. Campbell, and . Mokhtari, Voice quality : the 4h prosodic dimension, Proc. of International Congress on Phonetic Sciences, 2003.

]. J. Carletta, Assessing agreement on classification tasks : the kappa statistic, Computational Linguistics, vol.22, issue.2, pp.249-254, 1996.

C. Et-martin, ]. A. Cheyer, and D. Martin, The open agent architecture, Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, vol.4, issue.1, pp.143-148, 2001.

]. S. Chung, L'expression et la perception de l'émotion extraite de la parole spontanée : évidences du coréen et de l'anglais, 2000.

. Clavel, Detection and Analysis of Abnormal Situations Through Fear-Type Acoustic Manifestations, 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP '07, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2007.367153

. Clavel, Events detection for an audiobased surveillance system, Proc. of ICME, 2005.

. Clavel, Fiction database for emotion detection in abnormal situations, Proc. of ICSLP, 2004.

. Clavel, Safe corpus : fear-type emotions detection for surveillance application, Proc. of LREC, 2006.

. Clavel, The safe corpus : illustrating extreme emotions in dynamic situations, Proc. of LREC Workshop on Corpora for Research on Emotion and Affect, 2006.

. Clavel, Du corpus émotionnel au système de détection : le point de vue applicatif de la surveillance dans les lieux publics. Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle, numéro spécial Interaction Emotionnelle, vol.20, pp.4-5529, 2006.
DOI : 10.3166/ria.20.529-551

. Clavel, Voiced and unvoiced content of fear-type emotions in the safe corpus, Proc. of Speech Prosody, 2006.

C. , C. Cowie, and R. Cornelius, Describing the emotional states that are expressed in speech, Speech Communication, vol.40, issue.12, pp.5-32, 2003.

. Cowie, feeltrace' : An instrument for recording perceived emotion in real time, 2000.

. Cowie, Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.18, issue.1, pp.32-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/79.911197

]. R. Craggs, Annotating emotion in dialogue -issues and approaches, Proc. of CLUK Research Colloquium, 2004.

W. Craggs, M. M. Craggs, and . Wood, A Categorical Annotation Scheme for Emotion in the Linguistic Content of Dialogue, Proc. of Affective Dialogue Systems, Kloster Irsee, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24842-2_9

]. L. Cronbach, Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests, Psychometrika, vol.8, issue.3, pp.297-334, 1951.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02310555

]. A. Damasio, L'erreur de Descartes, la raison des émotions, 1995.

. C. Darwin and . Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, p.1872

. Dellaert, Recognizing emotion in speech, Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. ICSLP '96, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/ICSLP.1996.608022

. Dempster, Maximum likelihood from incomplete fata via the em algorithm, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol.39, issue.1, pp.1-38, 1977.

]. L. Devillers, Les émotions dans les interactions homme-machine : perception , détection et génération, Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, 2006.

. Devillers, ]. L. Vasilescu, I. Devillers, and . Vasilescu, Prosodic cues for emotion characterization in real-life spoken dialogs, Proc. of Eurospeech, 2003.

. Devillers, ]. L. Vidrascu, L. Devillers, and . Vidrascu, Représentation et détection des émotions dans des dialogues enregistrés dans un centre d'appel -des émotions complexes dans des données réelles. Revue d'intelligence artificielle, numéro spécial « Interaction Emotionnelle, pp.4-5447, 2006.

. Devillers, Challenges in real-life emotion annotation and machine learning based detection, Neural Networks, vol.18, issue.4, pp.407-422, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neunet.2005.03.007

. Douglas-cowie, Emotional speech: Towards a new generation of databases, Speech Communication, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.33-60, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00070-5

H. Duda, P. Duda, and . Hart, Pattern Classification and Scence Analysis. ser, 1973.

]. P. Ekman, Basic Emotions, handbook of cognition and emotion édition, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/0470013494.ch3

]. P. Ekman, Emotions revealed : Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life, Times Books, 2003.

H. Enos, J. Enos, and . Hirshberg, A framework for eliciting emotional speech : Capitalizing on the actor's process, Proc. of LREC Workshop on Corpora for Research on Emotion and Affect, 2006.

]. S. Essid, Classification automatique des signaux audio-fréquences : reconnaissance des instruments de musique, 2005.

. Essid, Musical instrument recognition by pairwise classification strategies, IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing, vol.14, issue.4, pp.1401-1412, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TSA.2005.860842

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00477671

. Fernandez, ]. R. Picard, R. W. Fernandez, and . Picard, Modeling drivers??? speech under stress, Speech Communication, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.145-159, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00080-8

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.15.1696

. France, Acoustical properties of speech as indicators of depression and suicidal risk, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol.47, issue.7, pp.47829-837, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/10.846676

. Fredouille, Bayesian approach based decision in speaker verification The speaker recognition workshop, Proc. of a speaker odyssey, pp.77-81, 2001.

L. Guo, S. Z. Guo, and . Li, Content-based audio classification and retrieval by support vector machines, IEEE transactions on neural networks, vol.14, pp.209-216, 2003.

H. L. John and . Hansen, Analysis and compensation of speech under stress and noise for environmental robustness in speech recognition, Speech Communication, vol.20, issue.12, pp.151-173, 1996.

T. R. Hastie and T. , Classification by pairwise coupling, The Annals of Statistics, vol.26, issue.2, 1996.
DOI : 10.1214/aos/1028144844

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.309.4720

L. Hsu, C. Hsu, and . Lin, A comparison of methods for multi-classe support vector machines, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.13, issue.2, pp.415-425, 2002.

]. W. James, What is emotion ? Mind 19, 1884.

J. Et-laukka, ]. P. Juslin, and P. Laukka, Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance : different channels, same code ?, Psychological Bulletin, vol.129, issue.5, pp.770-814, 2003.

]. M. Kienast and W. Sendlmeier, Acoustical analysis of spectral and temporal changes in emotional speech, Proc. of ISCA ITRW on Speech and Emotion, pp.92-97, 2000.

]. M. Kipp, Anvil -a generic annotation tool for multimodal dialogue, Proc. of Eurospeech, 2001.

]. Kleiber, La sémantique du prototype, Catégories et sens lexical, 1990.

K. Et-kleinginna, ]. P. Kleinginna, and A. M. Kleinginna, A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition, Motivation and Emotion, vol.56, issue.4, pp.345-379, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00992553

. Kwon, Jiucang Hao, et Te-Won Lee. Emotion recognition by speech signals, Proc. of Eurospeech, 2003.

K. Landis, G. G. Landis, and . Koch, The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data, Biometrics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.159-174, 1977.
DOI : 10.2307/2529310

. Lee, Classifying emotions in humanmachine spoken dialogs, Proc. of ICME, 2002.

M. Et-litman, ]. B. Maeireizo, and D. Litman, Co-training for predicting emotions with spoken dialogue data, Proc. of ACL, 2004.

. Markou, ]. M. Singh, S. Markou, and . Singh, Novelty detection: a review???part 1: statistical approaches, Signal Processing, vol.83, issue.12, pp.2481-2497, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.07.018

]. S. Mcgilloway, Negative symptoms and speech parameters in schizophrenia, 1997.

]. D. Mcneill, Gesture and Thought, 2005.

]. D. Mercier, Sound library. Audivis Distribution, 1989.

]. S. Mozziconacci, Speech variability and emotion, 1998.

N. Et-tewfik, ]. J. Nam, and A. H. Tewfik, Event-driven video abstraction and visualization . Multimedia Tools and Applications, pp.55-77, 2002.

. Orthony, ]. A. Turner, T. J. Orthony, and . Turner, What's basic about basic emotions?, Psychological Review, vol.97, issue.3, pp.315-331, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.315

. Osgood, Cross-cultural Universals of Affective Meaning, 1975.

]. C. Pelachaud, Multimodal expressive embodied conversational agents, Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '05, 2005.
DOI : 10.1145/1101149.1101301

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.453.716

. C. Pereira and . Pereira, Dimensions of emotional meaning in speech, Proc. of ISCA ITRW on Speech and Emotion, pp.75-80, 2000.

]. V. Petrushin, Emotion in speech : Recognition and application to call center, Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2003.

]. R. Picard, Affective Computing, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/e526112012-054

]. R. Plutchik, A General Psychoevolutionary Theory, volume Approaches to Emotion, 1984.

. Remagnino, Video-Based Surveillance Systems, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-0913-4

. Roach, Transcription of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features of Emotional Speech, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.83-94, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/h0044890

]. J. Russell, How shall an emotion be called?, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/10261-009

. Sanchez-soto-sanchez-soto, Réseaux Bayésiens Dynamiques pour la Vérification du Locuteur, 2005.

]. K. Scherer, Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms, Speech Communication, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.227-256, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00084-5

C. Scherer, G. Scherer, and . Ceschi, Criteria for Emotion Recognition from Verbal and Nonverbal Expression: Studying Baggage Loss in the Airport, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.26, issue.3, pp.327-339, 2000.
DOI : 10.1177/0146167200265006

]. K. Scherer, The nature and function of emotion, Social Science Information, vol.21, issue.4-5, 1984.
DOI : 10.1177/053901882021004001

. Scherer, L'état émotionnel du locuteur : facteur négligé mais non négligeable pour la technologie de la parole, pp.249-257, 1998.

. Scherer, Internal push or external pull ? Determinants of paralinguistic behavior, 1980.

. Schuller, Hidden markov model-based speech emotion recognition, Proc. of ICASSP, Hong Kong, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/icme.2003.1220939

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.364.3782

. Schuller, Speech emotion recognition combining acoustic features and linguistic information in a hybrid support vector machine-belief network architecture, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2004.1326051

. Serket and . Serket, Security keeps threats away, 2005.

H. Serkey, B. A. Serkey, and . Hanson, Improved 1-bark auditory filter, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, vol.75, issue.6, pp.1902-1904, 1984.

. Shafran, Voice signatures, 2003 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (IEEE Cat. No.03EX721), 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/ASRU.2003.1318399

. Snoek, Early versus late fusion in semantic video analysis, Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '05, 2005.
DOI : 10.1145/1101149.1101236

. Steidl, "Of All Things the Measure Is Man" : Automatic Classification of Emotions and Inter-Labeler Consistency, Proceedings. (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005., 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2005.1415114

]. R. Tato, Emotion Recognition in Speech Signal, 1999.

]. L. Bosch, Emotions, speech and the asr framework, Speech Communication, vol.40, issue.12, pp.213-225, 2003.

]. F. Thomas, Actes de l'université d'automne -Musique(s) et cinéma(s) Direction générale de l'Enseignement scolaire, ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche édition, 2005.

]. J. Tukey, Exploratory Data Analysis, 1977.

. Vacher, Sound detection and classification for medical telesurvey, Proc. of IASTED Biomedical Conference, pp.395-399, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01088243

]. R. Van-bezooijen and . Van-bezooijen, Characteristics and recognizability of vocal expressions of emotion, 1984.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110850390

]. V. Vapnik, The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory, 1995.

. Varadarajan, Ut-scope -a corpus for speech under cognitive/physical task stress and emotion, Proc. of LREC Workshop en Corpora for Research on Emotion and Affect, 2006.

]. V. Verfaille, Effets audionumériques adaptatifs -théorie, mise en oeuvre et usage en création musicale numérique, 2003.

]. L. Vidrascu-et-devillers, L. Vidrascu, and . Devillers, Detection of real-life emotions in call centers, Proc. of Eurospeech, 2005.

]. L. Vidrascu-et-devillers, L. Vidrascu, and . Devillers, Real-life emotions in naturalistic data recorded in a medical call center, Proc. of LREC Workshop on Corpora for Research on Emotion and Affect, 2006.

W. Stevens, ]. C. Williams, and K. Stevens, Emotions and speech : some acoustical correlates, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.52, issue.4, pp.1238-1250, 1972.

W. Et-shriberg, ]. B. Wred, and E. Shriberg, Spotting 'hot spots' in meetings : Human judgements and prosodic cues, Proc. of Eurospeech, 2003.

. Xu, Affective content analysis in comedy and horror videos by audio emotional event detection, Proc. of ICME, 2005.

. Yacoub, Recognition of emotions in interactive voice response system, Proc. of Eurospeech, 2003.

. Yegnanarayana, An iterative algorithm for decomposition of speech signals into periodic and aperiodic components, Publications Articles de journal > C. Clavel, I. Vasilescu, G. Richard, et L. Devillers : Du corpus émotionnel au système de détection : le point de vue applicatif de la surveillance dans les lieux publics. Dans Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle, numéro spécial Interaction Emotionnelle, pp.1-114, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/89.650304

>. C. Conférences-internationales, L. Clavel, G. Devillers, I. Richard, and . Vasilescu, Ehrette : Abnormal situations detection and analysis through fear-type acoustic manifestations, International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2007.

>. C. Clavel, I. Vasilescu, L. Devillers, T. Ehrette, and E. G. Richard, Safe corpus : fear-type emotions detection for surveillance application, International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), 2006.

>. C. Clavel, I. Vasilescu, and G. Richard, Devillers : Voiced and unvoiced content of fear-type emotions in the safe corpus, International Conference on Speech Prosody, Dresdes, 2006.

>. C. Clavel and T. Ehrette, Richard : Event detection for an audio-based surveillance system, International Conference on Multimedia Expo (ICME), 2005.

>. C. Clavel, I. Vasilescu, and L. Devillers, Ehrette : Fiction database for emotion detection in abnormal situations, International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP), 2004.

>. C. Workshops, I. Clavel, L. Vasilescu, G. Devillers, T. Richard et al., Sedogbo : The safe corpus : illustrating extreme emotions in dynamic situations, LREC Workshop on Corpora for Research on Emotion and Affect, 2006.