. Dans-ce-cas, un phénomène de sous-apprentissage se produit. Il pourraitêtrepourraitêtre intéressant d'explorer les approches proposées dans la littérature pour apprendre des conceptsàconceptsà partir d'un seul exemple

. En-particulier, cette thèse a ´ eté menée Cette approche, créant un vocabulaire visueì a partir de descripteurs SIFTs autour de points d'intérêt est l'une des méthodes en vogue en ce moment, offrant dans l'´ etat de l'art de très bonnes performances. Nous n'avons pas eu le temps d'explorer cette piste, mais nous pensons que de meilleurs résultats pourraientêtrepourraientêtre obtenus en intégrant ces descripteurs locaux, qui seraient complémentaires aux descripteurs plutôt globaux que nous utilisons, pp.171-174, 2005.

A. Posters, C. Popescu, and . Millet, Pierre-Alain Moëllic, Ontology Driven Content Based Image Retrieval, CIVR 2007 -posters session, 9-11 juillet, 2007.

?. Popescu, P. Moëllic, and C. Millet, SemRetriev ? an Ontology Driven Image Retrieval System, CIVR 2007 -demo session, 9-11 juillet, 2007.

?. Popescu, C. Millet, G. Grefenstette, P. Moëllic, and H. Patrick, Imaging Word -Wording Images, SAMT 2006 -poster session, 6-9 décembre, 2006.

C. Campagnes-d-'´-evaluation-?-svetlana-zinger, B. Millet, G. Mathieu, . Grefenstette, P. Patrick-h-`-ede et al., Extracting an ontology of portrayable objects from WordNet, Proceedings of the MUSCLE/ImageCLEF Workshop on Image and Video Retrieval Evaluation, pp.17-23, 2006.

?. Romaric-besançon and C. Millet, Merging results from different media : experiments at ImageCLEF Working Notes for the ImageCLEF, 2005.

A. C. Comparaison, ]. Z. Descripteurs-bibliographie, A. Aghbari, and . Makinouchi, Semantic approach to image database classification and retrieval, NII Journal, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2003.

S. Aksoy, K. Koperski, C. Tusk, G. Marchisio, and J. Tilton, Learning bayesian classifiers for scene classification with a visual grammar, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.43, issue.3, pp.581-589, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2004.839547

R. Anand, K. Mehrotra, C. Mohan, and S. Ranka, Efficient classification for multiclass problems using modular neural networks, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.6, issue.1, pp.117-124, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/72.363444

L. H. Armitage and P. G. Enser, Analysis of user need in image archives, Journal of Information Science, vol.1, issue.1, pp.287-299, 1997.
DOI : 10.1177/016555159702300403

V. Athitsos, M. J. Swain, and C. , Distinguishing photographs and graphics on the World Wide Web, 1997 Proceedings IEEE Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Libraries, pp.10-17, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/IVL.1997.629715

N. Ben-haim, B. Babenko, and S. Belongie, Improving web-based image search via content based clustering, Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop CVPRW, pp.106-111, 2006.

T. Berk, L. Brownston, and A. Kaufman, A New Color-Namiing System for Graphics Languages, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.2, issue.3, pp.37-44, 1982.
DOI : 10.1109/MCG.1982.1674223

I. Biederman, Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding., Psychological Review, vol.94, issue.2, pp.115-147, 1987.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.115

R. Billen and E. Clementini, Etude des caract??ristiques projectives des objets spatiaux et de leurs relations, Revue internationale de g??omatique, vol.14, issue.2, pp.145-165, 2004.
DOI : 10.3166/rig.14.145-165
URL : http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/jspui/handle/2268/20972

D. Blei and M. Jordan, Modeling annotated data, Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval , SIGIR '03, pp.127-134, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/860435.860460
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.140.6686

D. Blei, A. Ng, and M. Jordan, Latent dirichlet allocation, Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol.3, pp.993-1022, 2003.

I. Bloch and A. Ralescu, Directional relative position between objects in image processing: a comparison between fuzzy approaches, Pattern Recognition, vol.36, issue.7, pp.1563-1582, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00263-7

A. Bosch, X. Muñoz, and J. Martí, Using appearance and context for outdoor scene object classification, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2005, pp.1218-1221, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.2005.1530281

A. Bosch, A. Zisserman, and X. Muñoz, Scene Classification Via pLSA, European Conference on Computer Vision, pp.517-530, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/11744085_40

A. Bosch, X. Muñoz, and R. Marti, Which is the best way to organize/classify images by content?, Image and Vision Computing, vol.25, issue.6, pp.778-791, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.imavis.2006.07.015

M. R. Boutell, Review of the state of the art in semantic scene classification, 2002.

D. Cai, X. He, Z. Li, W. Ma, and J. Wen, Hierarchical clustering of WWW image search results using visual, textual and link information, Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '04, pp.952-959, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/1027527.1027747

P. Carbonetto, N. Freitas, and K. Barnard, A Statistical Model for General Contextual Object Recognition, 8th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_27

G. Carneiro, A. B. Chan, P. J. Moreno, and N. Vasconcelos, Supervised Learning of Semantic Classes for Image Annotation and Retrieval, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.29, issue.3, pp.394-410, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.61

C. Chang and C. Lin, LIBSVM, ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, vol.2, issue.3, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/1961189.1961199

E. Chang, K. Goh, G. Sychay, and G. Wu, CBSA: content-based soft annotation for multimodal image retrieval using bayes point machines, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology Special Issue on Conceptual and Dynamic Aspects of Multimedia Content Description, pp.26-38, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TCSVT.2002.808079

Y. Cheng and S. Chen, Image classification using color, texture and regions, Image and Vision Computing, vol.21, issue.9, pp.759-776, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0262-8856(03)00069-6

P. Clark and R. Boswell, Rule induction with CN2: Some recent improvements, Proceedings of the Fifth European Working Session on Learning, pp.151-163, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BFb0017011

G. Csurka, C. R. Dance, L. Fan, J. Willamowski, and C. Bray, Visual categorization with bags of keypoints, Proceedings of ECCV International Workshop on Statistical Learning in Computer Vision, pp.59-74, 2004.

C. Cusano, G. Ciocca, and R. Schettini, Image annotation using svm, Proceedings of the SPIE, pp.330-338, 2003.
DOI : 10.1117/12.526746
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.3235

R. Datta, W. Ge, J. Li, and J. Z. Wang, Toward bridging the annotation-retrieval gap in image search by a generative modeling approach, Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '06, pp.977-986, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1180639.1180856

J. Daugman, Two-dimensional spectral analysis of cortical receptive field profiles, Vision Research, vol.20, issue.10, pp.847-856, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(80)90065-6

A. Dempster, N. M. Laird, and D. B. Rubin, Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the em algorithm, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, vol.39, issue.1, pp.1-38, 1977.

T. Deselaers, D. Keysers, and H. Ney, Features for Image Retrieval: A Quantitative Comparison, Proceedings of the 26th DAGM Symposium on Pattern Recognition, pp.228-236, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-28649-3_28

T. G. Dietterich and G. Bakiri, Solving multiclass learning problems via errorcorrecting output codes, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol.2, pp.263-286, 1995.

G. Dorko and C. Schmid, Object class recognition using discriminative local features, INRIA Rhone-Alpes, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00070510

S. T. Dumais, Improving the retrieval of information from external sources, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, vol.21, issue.2, pp.229-236, 1991.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03203370

S. T. Dumais, G. W. Furnas, T. K. Landauer, and S. Deerwester, Using latent semantic analysis to improve information retrieval, Proceedings of CHI'88 : Conference on Human Factors in Computing, pp.281-285

P. Duygulu, K. Barnard, J. De-freitas, and D. Forsyth, Object Recognition as Machine Translation: Learning a Lexicon for a Fixed Image Vocabulary, Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, ECCV, pp.97-112, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-47979-1_7

P. Duygulu, Translating images to words : A novel approach for object recognition, 2003.

J. P. Eakins, Towards intelligent image retrieval, Pattern Recognition, vol.35, issue.1, pp.3-14, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-3203(01)00038-3

P. Enser and C. Sandom, Towards a Comprehensive Survey of the Semantic Gap in Visual Image Retrieval, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval ; CIVR 2003, pp.291-299, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45113-7_29

J. Fan, Y. Gao, H. Luo, and G. Xu, Statistical modeling and conceptualization of natural images, Pattern Recognition, vol.38, issue.6, pp.865-885, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2004.07.011

J. Fauqueur, Contributions pour la recherche d'images par composantes visuelles, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007090

L. Fei-fei, R. Fergus, and P. Perona, Learning generative visual models from few training examples: An incremental Bayesian approach tested on 101 object categories, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Workshop on Generative- Model Based Vision (CVPRW), 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cviu.2005.09.012

L. Fei-fei and P. Perona, A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Learning Natural Scene Categories, 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05), pp.524-531, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2005.16

L. Fei-fei, R. Vanrullen, C. Koch, and P. Perona, Rapid natural scene categorization in the near absence of attention, pp.9596-9601, 2002.

C. Fellbaum, WordNet -An Electronic Lexical Database, Bradford books, 1998.

S. Feng, V. Lavrenko, and R. Manmatha, Multiple Bernoulli relevance models for image and video annotation, Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2004. CVPR 2004., pp.1002-1009, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2004.1315274

A. Ferencz, E. G. Learned-miller, and J. Malik, Building a classification cascade for visual identification from one example, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1, pp.286-293, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2005.52

R. Fergus, L. Fei-fei, P. Perona, and A. Zisserman, Learning object categories from Google's image search, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1, pp.1816-1823, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2005.142

R. Fergus, P. Perona, and A. Zisserman, Object class recognition by unsupervised scale-invariant learning, 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings., pp.264-271, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2003.1211479

R. Fergus, P. Perona, and A. Zisserman, A Visual Category Filter for Google Images, pp.242-256, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_19

J. Fournier, Indexation d'images par le contenu et recherche interactive dans les bases généralistes, 2002.

Y. Freund, Boosting a weak learning algorithm by majority, Proceedings of the Third Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, 1990.

J. Friedman, Another approach to polychotomous classification, 1996.

G. Furnas, T. Landauert, L. Gomez, and S. Dumais, The vocabulary problem in human-system communication, Communications of the ACM, vol.30, issue.11, pp.964-971, 1987.
DOI : 10.1145/32206.32212

N. García-pedrajas and D. Ortiz-boyer, Improving multiclass pattern recognition by the combination of two strategies, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.28, issue.6, pp.1001-1006, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2006.123

M. M. Gorkani and R. W. Picard, Texture orientation for sorting photos "at a glance", Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp.459-464, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPR.1994.576325

G. Grefenstette, The color of things : towards the automatic acquisition of information for a descriptive dictionary, Revue française de linguistique appliqué, pp.83-94, 2005.

G. Griffin, A. Holub, and P. Perona, Caltech-256 object category dataset, California Institute of Technology, 2007.

M. Grubinger, P. Clough, H. Müller, and T. Deselaers, The IAPR TC-12 benchmark : a new evaluation resource for visual information systems, International Workshop OntoImage'2006 Language Resources for Content-Based Image Retrieval, 2006.

A. Hanbury and . Tu-wien, Review of image annotation for the evaluation of computer vision algorithms, 2006.

T. Hastie and R. Tibshirani, Classification by pairwise coupling, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS, 1998.
DOI : 10.1214/aos/1028144844
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.309.4720

R. Herbrich, T. Graepel, and C. Campbell, Bayes point machines, Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol.1, pp.245-279, 2001.

L. Hollink, G. Schreiber, and B. Wielinga, Query expansion for image content search, 2006.

P. Howarth and S. Rüger, Evaluation of Texture Features for Content-Based Image Retrieval, Proceedings of the International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR, pp.326-334, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-27814-6_40

C. Hsu and C. Lin, A comparison of methods for multi-class support vector machines, 2001.

C. Hudelot, Towards a cognitive vision platform for semantic image interpretation ; application to the recognition of biological organisms, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00328034

J. Jeon, V. Lavrenko, and R. Manmatha, Automatic image annotation and retrieval using cross-media relevance models, Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval , SIGIR '03, pp.119-126, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/860435.860459

Y. Jin, L. Khan, L. Wang, and M. Awad, Image annotations by combining multiple evidence & wordNet, Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '05, pp.706-715, 2005.
DOI : 10.1145/1101149.1101305

T. Kadir and M. Brady, Saliency, scale and image description, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.45, issue.2, pp.83-105, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1012460413855

S. Knerr, L. Personnaz, and G. Dreyfus, Single-layer learning revisited: a stepwise procedure for building and training a neural network, Neurocomputing : Algorithms, Architectures, and Applications, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-76153-9_5

E. Kong and T. Diettrich, Why error-correcting output coding works with decision trees, 1995.

V. Lavrenko, R. Manmatha, and J. Jeon, A model for learning the semantics of pictures, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 16, 2004.

S. Lazebnik, C. Schmid, and J. Ponce, Beyond Bags of Features: Spatial Pyramid Matching for Recognizing Natural Scene Categories, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Volume 2 (CVPR'06), pp.2169-2178, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2006.68
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00548585

J. Li and J. Z. Wang, Automatic linguistic indexing of pictures by a statistical modeling approach, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.25, issue.9, pp.1075-1088, 2003.

J. Li and J. Z. Wang, Real-time computerized annotation of pictures, Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia , MULTIMEDIA '06, pp.911-920, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1180639.1180841

Y. Li, L. G. Shapiro, and J. A. Bilmes, A generative/discriminative learning algorithm for image classification, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), pp.1605-1612, 2005.

S. Liapis, E. Sifakis, and G. Tziritas, Colour and texture segmentation using wavelet frame analysis, deterministic relaxation, and fast marching algorithms, Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, vol.15, issue.1, pp.676-686, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1047-3203(03)00025-7

R. Lienhart and A. Hartmann, Classifying images on the web automatically, Journal of Electronic Imaging, vol.11, issue.4, pp.445-454, 2002.
DOI : 10.1117/1.1502259

R. Lienhart, A. Kuranov, and V. Pisarevsky, Empirical Analysis of Detection Cascades of Boosted Classifiers for Rapid Object Detection, DAGM-Symposium, pp.297-304, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-45243-0_39

J. Lim and J. S. Jin, Discovering Recurrent Image Semantics from Class Discrimination, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2006.
DOI : 10.1155/ASP/2006/76093

W. Lin, R. Jin, and A. Hauptmann, Web image retrieval re-ranking with relevance model, Proceedings IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2003), pp.242-248, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/WI.2003.1241200

Y. Liu, D. Zhang, G. Lu, and W. Ma, A survey of content-based image retrieval with high-level semantics, Pattern Recognition, vol.40, issue.1, pp.262-282, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2006.04.045

D. Lowe, Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.60, issue.2, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94

J. Luo and A. Savakis, Indoor vs outdoor classification of consumer photographs using low-level and semantic cues, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2001.

J. Luo, A. E. Savakis, and A. Singhal, A Bayesian network-based framework for semantic image understanding, Pattern Recognition, vol.38, issue.6, pp.919-934, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2004.11.001

J. Luo, A. Singhal, S. P. Etz, and R. T. Gray, A computational approach to determination of main subject regions in photographic images, Image and Vision Computing, vol.22, issue.3, pp.227-241, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.imavis.2003.09.012

N. Maillot, Ontology based object learning and recognition, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00327542

J. Mao and A. K. Jain, Texture classification and segmentation using multiresolution simultaneous autoregressive models, Pattern Recognition, vol.25, issue.2, pp.173-188, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-3203(92)90099-5

B. Marcotegui and S. Beucher, Fast Implementation of Waterfall Based on Graphs, Mathematical morphology : 40 years on of Computational Imaging and Vision, pp.177-186, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-3443-1_16

R. Marée, Classification automatique d'images par arbres de décision, 2005.

O. Maron and T. Lozano-perez, A framework for multiple-instance learning, Proceedings of Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS, pp.570-576, 1997.

J. Martínez-otzeta, B. Sierra, E. Lazkano, and A. Astigarraga, Classifier hierarchy learning by means of genetic algorithms, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.27, issue.16, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patrec.2006.06.001

P. Matsakis, Relations spatiales structurelles et interprétation d'images, 1998.

P. Matsakis and S. Andrefouet, The fuzzy line between among and surround, 2002 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence. 2002 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems. FUZZ-IEEE'02. Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37291), pp.1596-1601, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/FUZZ.2002.1006745

D. Metzler and R. Manmatha, An Inference Network Approach to Image Retrieval, Proceedings of the International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR, pp.42-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-27814-6_9

V. Mezaris, I. Kompatsiaris, and M. Strintzis, An ontology approach to object-based image retrieval, Proceedings 2003 International Conference on Image Processing (Cat. No.03CH37429), pp.511-514, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.2003.1246729

G. A. Miller, WordNet: a lexical database for English, Communications of the ACM, vol.38, issue.11, pp.39-41, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/219717.219748

C. Millet, I. Bloch, and A. Popescu, Using the knowledge of object colors to segment images and improve web image search, Proceedings of Recherche d'Information Assistée par Ordinateur, RIAO, 2007.

C. Millet, G. Grefenstette, I. Bloch, P. Moëllic, and P. , Automatically populating an image ontology and semantic color filtering, International Workshop Ontoimage'2006 Language Resources for Content-Based Image Retrieval, pp.34-39, 2006.

K. Miyajima and A. Ralescu, Spatial organization in 2d segmented images : representation and recognition of primitive spatial relations " , Fuzzy Sets and Systems : Special issue on fuzzy methods for computer vision and pattern recognition, pp.225-236, 1994.

P. Moëllic, P. H-`-ede, G. Grefenstette, and C. Millet, Evaluating content based image retrieval techniques with the one million images clic testbed, Proceedings of the Second World Enformatika Congress, WEC'05, pp.171-174, 2005.

A. Mojsilovic, J. Gomes, and B. Rogowitz, Isee : perceptual features for image library navigation, Proceedings SPIE Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, pp.266-277, 2002.

Y. Mori, H. Takahashi, and R. Oka, Image-to-word transformation based on dividing and vector quantizing images with words, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Multimedia Intelligent Storage and Retrieval Management, MISRM'99, 1999.

H. Müller, S. Marchand-maillet, and T. Pun, The Truth about Corel - Evaluation in Image Retrieval, Proceedings of The Challenge of Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR, pp.38-49, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45479-9_5

T. Ojala, M. Pietikäinen, and T. Mäenpää, Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.24, issue.7, pp.971-987, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1017623

A. Oliva and A. B. Torralba, Modeling the shape of the scene : a holistic representation of the spatial envelope, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.42, issue.3, pp.145-175, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011139631724

A. Oliva and A. B. Torralba, Scene-centered representation from spatial envelope descriptors, Proceedings of Biologically Motivated Computer Vision, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-36181-2_26

J. Omhover and M. Detyniecki, Fast gradual matching measure for image retrieval based on visual similarity and spatial relations, International Journal of Intelligent Systems, vol.7, issue.7, pp.711-723, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/int.20156
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01172313

S. Paek and S. Chang, A knowledge engineering approach for image classification based on probabilistic reasoning systems, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp.1133-1136, 2000.

P. J. Phillips, P. J. Rauss, and S. Z. Der, Feret recognition algorithm development and test results, 1996.

G. Pitel, C. Millet, and G. Grefenstette, Deriving a Priori Co-occurrence Probability Estimates for Object Recognition from Social Networks and Text Processing, 3rd International Symposium on Visual Computing (ISVC07), 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-76856-2_50

J. Platt, N. Cristianini, and J. Shawe-taylor, Large margin dags for multiclass classification, pp.547-553, 2000.

A. Popescu, Image retrieval using a multilingual ontology, Proceedings of Recherche d'Information Assistée par Ordinateur, RIAO, 2007.

A. Quattoni, M. Collins, and T. , Conditional random fields for object recognition, pp.1097-1104, 2004.

A. Quattoni, M. Collins, and T. , Incorporating Semantic Constraints into a Discriminative Categorization and Labelling Model., Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCVW'05), pp.1877-1877, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2005.256

P. Quelhas, F. Monay, J. Odobez, D. Gatica-perez, T. Tuytelaars et al., Modeling scenes with local descriptors and latent aspects, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1, pp.883-890, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2005.152
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.3832

F. Rossant and I. Bloch, A fuzzy model for optical recognition of musical scores " , Fuzzy sets and systems, pp.165-201, 2004.

B. C. Russel, A. A. Efros, J. Sivic, W. T. Freeman, and A. Zisserman, Using Multiple Segmentations to Discover Objects and their Extent in Image Collections, 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Volume 2 (CVPR'06), pp.1605-1614, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2006.326

R. Schapire, Strength of weak learnability, Journal of Machine Learning, vol.5, pp.197-227, 1990.

R. Schettini, C. Brambilla, C. Cusano, and G. Ciocca, AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHS BASED ON DECISION FORESTS, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol.18, issue.05, pp.819-845, 2004.
DOI : 10.1142/S0218001404003435

N. Serrano, A. Savakis, and J. Luo, A computationally efficient approach to indoor/outdoor scene classification, Object recognition supported by user interaction for service robots, pp.40-46, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPR.2002.1047420

N. Serrano, A. E. Savakis, and J. Luo, Improved scene classification using efficient low-level features and semantic cues, Pattern Recognition, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1773-1784, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2004.03.003
URL : http://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1949&context=article

J. Sivic, Efficient visual search of images and videos, 2006.

J. Sivic, B. Russell, A. A. Efros, A. Zisserman, and B. Freeman, Discovering objects and their location in images, Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1, pp.370-377, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2005.77

A. W. Smeulders, M. Worring, S. Santini, A. Gupta, and R. Jain, Content-based image retrieval at the end of the early years, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.22, issue.12, pp.1349-1380, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/34.895972

P. Stanchev, D. G. Jr, and B. Dimitrov, High level color similarity retrieval, International Journal of Information Theorie Applications, vol.10, issue.3, pp.363-369, 2003.

R. O. Stehling, M. A. Nascimento, and A. X. Falcão, A compact and efficient image retrieval approach based on border/interior pixel classification, Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on Information and knowledge management , CIKM '02, pp.102-109, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/584792.584812

J. Sunderland, Image collections: librarians, users and their needs, Art Libraries Journal, vol.7, issue.02, pp.41-49, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/S0307472200002935

C. Swain and T. Chen, Defocus-based image segmentation, 1995 International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp.2403-2406, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.1995.479977

M. J. Swain, C. Frankel, and V. Athitsos, Webseer : An image search engine for the world wide web, 1996.

M. Szummer and R. W. Picard, Indoor-outdoor image classification, Proceedings 1998 IEEE International Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Database, pp.42-51, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/CAIVD.1998.646032
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.150.6011

H. Tamura, Textural Features Corresponding to Visual Perception, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.8, issue.6, pp.460-473, 1978.
DOI : 10.1109/TSMC.1978.4309999

S. Thorpe, D. Fize, and C. Marlot, Speed of processing in the human visual system, Nature, vol.381, issue.6582, pp.520-522, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/381520a0

S. Tollari, Indexation et recherche d'images par fusion d'informations textuelles et visuelles, 2006.

A. Torralba, Contextual priming for object detection, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.53, issue.2, pp.169-191, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1023052124951

A. Torralba and A. Oliva, Semantic organization of scenes using discriminant structural templates, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp.1253-1258, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.1999.790424

A. M. Treisman and G. Gelade, A feature-integration theory of attention, Cognitive Psychology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.97-136, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5

A. Vailaya, M. Figueiredo, A. Jain, and H. Zhang, A bayesian framework for semantic classification of outdoor vacation images, Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Electronic Imaging, pp.415-426, 1999.

A. Vailaya, M. A. Figueiredo, A. K. Jain, and H. Zhang, Content-based hierarchical classification of vacation images, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp.518-523, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/MMCS.1999.779255

A. Vailaya, M. A. Figueiredo, A. K. Jain, and H. Zhang, Image classification for content-based indexing, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol.10, issue.1, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/83.892448

A. Vailaya, A. K. Jain, and H. Zhang, On image classification: city vs. landscape, Proceedings. IEEE Workshop on Content-Based Access of Image and Video Libraries (Cat. No.98EX173), pp.31-1921, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/IVL.1998.694464

V. Vapnik, The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory, 1995.

P. Viola and M. Jones, Robust real-time object detection, International Journal of Computer Vision, ICVR, 2002.

J. Vogel, Semantic scene modeling and retrieval, 2004.

J. Vogel and B. Schiele, Natural Scene Retrieval Based on a Semantic Modeling Step, Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR, pp.207-215, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-27814-6_27

L. Von-ahn and L. Dabbish, Labeling images with a computer game, Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '04, pp.319-326, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/985692.985733

K. Vézina, Survol du monde de l'indexation des images, Cursus, vol.4, issue.1, 1998.

J. Z. Wang, J. Li, and G. Wiederhold, SIMPLIcity: semantics-sensitive integrated matching for picture libraries, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.23, issue.9, pp.947-963, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/34.955109

T. Windeatt and R. Ghaderi, Coding and decoding strategies for multi-class learning problems, Information Fusion, vol.4, issue.1, pp.11-21, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1566-2535(02)00101-X

C. Yang, M. Dong, and F. Fotouhi, Region based image annotation through multipleinstance learning, Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Multimedia, pp.435-438, 2005.

A. Yavlinsky, Behold : a content based image search engine for the world wide web, 2006.

A. Yavlinsky, E. Schofield, and S. M. Rüger, Automated image annotation using global features and robust non-parametric density estimation, International Conference on Image and Video Retrieval, CIVR, pp.507-517, 2005.

E. Yiu, Image classification using color cues and texture orientation, 1996.

D. Zhang, A. Wong, M. Indrawan, and G. Lu, Using gabor texture features, Proceedings of the Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia, pp.392-395, 2000.

S. Zinger, C. Millet, B. Mathieu, G. Grefenstette, P. H-`-ede et al., Clustering and semantically filtering web images to create a large-scale image ontology, Internet Imaging VII, pp.89-97, 2006.
DOI : 10.1117/12.642406