A New Second-Order Turbulence Closure Scheme for the Planetary Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.54, issue.14, pp.1850-1867, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<1850:ANSOTC>2.0.CO;2
Simulation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Processes Using Local- and Nonlocal-Closure Schemes, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.214-233, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0214:SOABLP>2.0.CO;2
A Model of the Thermodynamic Structure of the Trade-Wind Boundary Layer: Part II. Applications, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.36, issue.1, pp.90-98, 1979. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<0090:AMOTTS>2.0.CO;2
Interaction of a Cumulus Cloud Ensemble with the Large-Scale Environment, Part I, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.31, issue.3, pp.674-701, 1974. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<0674:IOACCE>2.0.CO;2
Mesoscale shallow convection in the atmosphere, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.45, issue.D15, pp.403-431, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1029/96RG02623
An evaluation of neutral and convective planetary boundary-layer parameterizations relative to large eddy simulations, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.32, issue.C7, pp.131-175, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF00120078
An assessment of vegetation fire in Africa (1981-1991): Burned areas, burned biomass, and atmospheric emissions, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.101, issue.D19, pp.933-950, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1029/1999GB900042
The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.65, issue.11, pp.1170-1185, 1984. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(1984)065<1170:TERBE>2.0.CO;2
Evolution of the Vertical Mass Flux and Diagnosed Net Lateral Mixing in Isolated Convective Clouds, Monthly Weather Review, vol.124, issue.12, pp.2764-2784, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<2764:EOTVMF>2.0.CO;2
The simulation of the diurnal cycle of convective precipitation over land in a global model, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.54, issue.604, pp.3119-3137, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.103
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00268052
Modeling of Trade Wind Cumuli with a Low-Order Turbulence Model: Toward a Unified Description of Cu and Se Clouds in Meteorological Models, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.52, issue.4, pp.455-463, 1995. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0455:MOTWCW>2.0.CO;2
Characteristics of small tropical cumulus clouds and their impact on the environment, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.97, issue.D22, pp.28753-28767, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1029/98JD02579
Parameterization of Joint Frequency Distributions of Potential Temperature and Water Vapor Mixing Ratio in the Daytime Convective Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.61, issue.7, pp.813-828, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0813:POJFDO>2.0.CO;2
Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its parameterization, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.3, issue.419, pp.178-196, 1973. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49709941915
Parametric Interpretation of Trade-Wind Cumulus Budget Studies, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.32, issue.10, pp.1934-1945, 1975. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<1934:PIOTWC>2.0.CO;2
Modeling Subcloud Layer Structure and Interaction with a Shallow Cumulus Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.33, issue.12, pp.2363-2382, 1976. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<2363:MSLSAI>2.0.CO;2
The land surface-atmosphere interaction: A review based on observational and global modeling perspectives, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.8, issue.D3, pp.7209-7225, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1029/95JD02135
Entrainment in Cumulus Clouds, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.626-641, 1993. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0626:EICC>2.0.CO;2
A Study of the Source of Entrained Air in Montana Cumuli, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.45, issue.24, pp.3944-3964, 1988. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<3944:ASOTSO>2.0.CO;2
A study of thermals in cumulus clouds, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.37, issue.607, pp.1171-1190, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.180
How Well Do We Understand and Evaluate Climate Change Feedback Processes?, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.15, pp.3445-3482, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3819.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716782
On dynamic and thermodynamic components of cloud changes, Climate Dynamics, vol.22, issue.2-3, pp.71-86, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-003-0369-6
A Parameterization of the Cloudiness Associated with Cumulus Convection; Evaluation Using TOGA COARE Data, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.58, issue.21, pp.3158-3183, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<3158:APOTCA>2.0.CO;2
The Diurnal Cycle of the Marine Stratocumulus Layer: A Higher-Order Model Study, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.42, issue.24, pp.2826-2843, 1985. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2826:TDCOTM>2.0.CO;2
A New Parameterization for Shallow Cumulus Convection and Its Application to Marine Subtropical Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers. Part I: Description and 1D Results, Monthly Weather Review, vol.132, issue.4, pp.864-882, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0864:ANPFSC>2.0.CO;2
Gravity Waves, Compensating Subsidence and Detrainment around Cumulus Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.46, issue.6, pp.740-759, 1989. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0740:GWCSAD>2.0.CO;2
Entrainment, detrainment and mixing in atmospheric convection The physics and parameterization of moist atmospheric convection, 1997. ,
Large-eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle of shallow cumulus convection over land, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.129, issue.582, pp.1075-1093, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1256/003590002320373210
Flux-pofiles relationships in the atmospheric surface layer, J. Atmos. Sci, issue.28, pp.181-189, 1971. ,
Fractal Statistics of Cloud Fields, Monthly Weather Review, vol.117, issue.2, pp.261-272, 1989. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0261:FSOCF>2.0.CO;2
Entrainment and Detrainment in Numerically Simulated Cumulus Congestus Clouds. Part I: General Results, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.55, issue.23, pp.3417-3432, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3417:EADINS>2.0.CO;2
The role of stability and moisture in the diurnal cycle of convection over land, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.54, issue.604, pp.3105-3117, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.132
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00268050
A two-stream model of the vertical transport of trace species in the convective boundary layer, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.105, issue.D11, pp.13263-13276, 1987. ,
DOI : 10.1029/JD092iD11p13263
A quantitative link between CO2 emissions from tropical vegetation fires and the daily tropospheric excess of CO2 seen by NOAA-10 (1987-1991). accepted for publication in the, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2007. ,
and Other Greenhouse Gases from Comparisons between NOAA TOVS Observations and Radiation Model Simulations, Journal of Climate, vol.15, issue.1, pp.95-116, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0095:SOAASV>2.0.CO;2
First global measurement of mid-tropospheric CO2 from NOAA polar satellites : the tropical zone, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.108, 2003. ,
retrieved from NOAA 10 satellite observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.93, issue.D23, p.11309, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2004JD005540
A Multiple Mass-Flux Parameterization for the Surface-Generated Convection. Part I: Dry Plumes, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.60, issue.18, pp.2313-2327, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2313:AMMPFT>2.0.CO;2
A Multiple Mass Flux Parameterization for the Surface-Generated Convection. Part II: Cloudy Cores, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.61, issue.10, pp.1093-1113, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1093:AMMFPF>2.0.CO;2
Parameterization developments and simulations using K. Emanuel convective scheme, 2000. ,
Assessment of Physical Parameterizations Using a Global Climate Model with Stretchable Grid and Nudging, Monthly Weather Review, vol.135, issue.4, pp.1474-1489, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1175/MWR3338.1
A comparison of climate feedbacks in general circulation models, Climate Dyn, vol.20, pp.865-873, 2003. ,
Variabilité de la vapeur d'eau de la couche limite convective continentale. thèse, 2005. ,
Water vapour variability within a convective boundary layer assessed by large eddy simulations and IHOP observations. Q, J. R, 2005. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00081313
Coincident Lidar and Aircraft Observations of Entrainment into Thermals and Mixed Layers, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.26, issue.7, pp.774-788, 1987. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026<0774:CLAAOO>2.0.CO;2
Analysis of ASTEX-stratocumulus observational data using a mass-flux approach, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.86, issue.1, pp.63-87, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1023/A:1000624004907
Simple parameterization for detrainment in shallow cumulus. GCSS Meeting, 2006. ,
The Counter-Gradient Heat Flux in the Lower Atmosphere and in the Laboratory, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.23, issue.5, pp.503-506, 1966. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0503:TCGHFI>2.0.CO;2
A three???dimensional numerical investigation of the idealized planetary boundary layer, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, vol.93, issue.3-4, pp.377-410, 1970. ,
DOI : 10.1080/03091927009365780
Theoretical expression for the countergradient vertical heat flux, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.28, issue.30, pp.5900-5904, 1972. ,
DOI : 10.1029/JC077i030p05900
Sensitivity of moist convection to environmental humidity, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.129, issue.604, pp.3055-3079, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.130
Contrasts in the effects on climate of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols between the 20th and the 21st century, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.8, issue.9, p.21703, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL023619
A Scheme for Representing Cumulus Convection in Large-Scale Models, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.21, pp.2313-2335, 1991. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<2313:ASFRCC>2.0.CO;2
A Cumulus Representation Based on the Episodic Mixing Model: The Importance of Mixing and Microphysics in Predicting Humidity, pp.185-192, 1993. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-935704-13-3_19
Bulk Thermodynamic Effects and Properties of Small Tropical Cumuli, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.35, issue.5, pp.826-837, 1978. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<0826:BTEAPO>2.0.CO;2
Computations of solar heating of the Earth's atmosphere : A new parametrization, Contrib. Atmos. Phys, vol.53, pp.35-62, 1980. ,
Impact of including the plume rise of vegetation fires in numerical simulations of associated atmospheric pollutants, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.97, issue.D13, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2006GL026608
Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low resolution atmospheric transport models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol.6, issue.6, pp.11521-11559, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.5194/acpd-6-11521-2006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00303953
Monitoring the transport of biomass burning emissions in South America, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, vol.115, issue.D7, pp.135-167, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s10652-005-0243-7
Transport of forest fire smoke above the tropopause by supercell convection, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.222, issue.10, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2002GL016820
Characterization of the tropical diurnal fire cycle using VIRS and MODIS observations, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.108, issue.4, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.018
A multi-year active fire dataset for the tropics derived from the TRMM VIRS, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.59, issue.22, pp.4505-4525, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1080/014311600210173
Effect of environmental conditions on volcanic plume rise, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.53, issue.B12, pp.24309-24333, 1999. ,
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900498
A density current parameterization coupled to Emanuel convection scheme, 2007. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01116769
Improved mixing representation in Emanuel's convection scheme, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.60, issue.604, pp.3207-3222, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.144
Cloud-base fluxes in the cumulus-capped boundary layer, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.45, issue.572, pp.1913-1936, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712757209
Updraft and Downdraft Events in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.39, issue.8, pp.1803-1818, 1982. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<1803:UADEIT>2.0.CO;2
Estimation of entrainment rate in simple models of convective clouds, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.121, issue.571, pp.53-72, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712757104
Revision of convection, radiation and cloud schemes in the ECMWF integrated forecasting system, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.52, issue.566, pp.1685-1710, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712656607
Vertical Mass Flux Calculations in Hawaiian Trade Cumulus Clouds from Dual-Doppler Radar, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.53, issue.13, pp.1870-1886, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1870:VMFCIH>2.0.CO;2
Bivariate Conditional Sampling of Moisture Flux over a Tropical Ocean, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.41, issue.22, pp.3238-3253, 1984. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<3238:BCSOMF>2.0.CO;2
Moisture flux and mixing processes in the daytime continental convective boundary layer, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.42, issue.D12, pp.25665-25674, 1995. ,
DOI : 10.1029/95JD00853
Impact d'un ensemble de nuages sur l'environnement de plus grande échelle vu par un modèle de convection nuageuse explicite (cas GATE et TOGA-COARE). thèse, 1995. ,
Modelling the diurnal cycle of deep precipitating convection over land with cloud-resolving models and single-column models, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.107, issue.604, pp.3139-3172, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.145
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00268053
SIRTA, a ground-based atmospheric observatory for cloud and aerosol research, Annales Geophysicae, vol.23, issue.2, pp.253-275, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.5194/angeo-23-253-2005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329353
The effect of phase changes of water on the development of volcanic plumes, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.87, issue.1-4, pp.55-74, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00100-0
Local Versus Nonlocal Boundary-Layer Diffusion in a Global Climate Model, Journal of Climate, vol.6, issue.10, pp.1825-1842, 1993. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1825:LVNBLD>2.0.CO;2
Eddy Diffusivity and Countergradient Transport in the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.14, pp.1690-1698, 1991. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1690:EDACTI>2.0.CO;2
Représentation du transport direct et inverse dans les modèles globaux de climat et étude des couplages entre composition et dynamique atmosphérique sur Titan, 2005. ,
Parameterization of the Dry Convective Boundary Layer Based on a Mass Flux Representation of Thermals, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.59, issue.6, pp.1105-1123, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1105:POTDCB>2.0.CO;2
The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection, Climate Dynamics, vol.19, issue.16, pp.787-813, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-006-0158-0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00113202
Observations of cumulus cloud entrainment, Atmospheric Research, vol.25, issue.1-3, pp.105-127, 1990. ,
DOI : 10.1016/0169-8095(90)90008-Z
In-situ observations of mid-latitude forest fire plumes deep in the stratosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.288, issue.5464, p.31, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002581
The MODIS fire products, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.83, issue.1-2, pp.244-262, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00076-7
Satellite remote sensing of fires during the SAFARI campaign using NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.253, issue.D19, pp.23851-23874, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1029/95JD00623
A One-Dimensional Entraining/Detraining Plume Model and Its Application in Convective Parameterization, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.47, issue.23, pp.2784-2802, 1990. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2784:AODEPM>2.0.CO;2
High-Resolution Simulation of Shallow-to-Deep Convection Transition over Land, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.63, issue.12, pp.3421-3436, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAS3810.1
Cloud Resolving Modeling of the ARM Summer 1997 IOP: Model Formulation, Results, Uncertainties, and Sensitivities, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.60, issue.4, pp.607-625, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0607:CRMOTA>2.0.CO;2
Influence of timing and spatial extent of savanna fires in southern Africa on atmospheric emissions, Journal of Arid Environments, vol.54, issue.2, pp.395-404, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1006/jare.2002.1098
A Mass-Flux Scheme View of a High-Resolution Simulation of a Transition from Shallow to Deep Cumulus Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.63, issue.7, pp.1895-1909, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAS3723.1
Injection height of biomass burning aerosols as seen from a spaceborne lidar, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.26, issue.19, p.11806, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2007GL029311
The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulations, Annales Geophysicae, vol.16, issue.1, pp.90-109, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00585-997-0090-6
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329074
Toward a Unified Parameterization of the Boundary Layer and Moist Convection. Part I: A New Type of Mass-Flux Model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.58, issue.15, pp.2021-2036, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2021:TAUPOT>2.0.CO;2
Toward a Unified Parameterization of the Boundary Layer and Moist Convection. Part II: Lateral Mass Exchanges and Subplume-Scale Fluxes, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.58, issue.15, pp.2037-2051, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2037:TAUPOT>2.0.CO;2
Toward a Unified Parameterization of the Boundary Layer and Moist Convection. Part III: Simulations of Clear and Cloudy Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.58, issue.15, pp.2052-2072, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2052:TAUPOT>2.0.CO;2
A one-dimensional plume predictor and cloud model for fire and smoke managers. General technical report INT-GTR-314, 1994. ,
Modeling of carbonaceous particles emitted by boreal and temperate wildfires at northern latitudes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.69, issue.1, pp.26871-26890, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900180
Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes : Feedback effects associated with the simulation of cloud optical properties, Climate Dynamics, vol.5, pp.175-187, 1991. ,
The Structure and Dynamics of Horizontal Roll Vortices in the Planetary Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1077-1091, 1973. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<1077:TSADOH>2.0.CO;2
The Relationship of Trade Wind Cumulus Distribution to Subcloud Layer Fluxes and Structure, Monthly Weather Review, vol.104, issue.5, pp.524-539, 1976. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<0524:TROTWC>2.0.CO;2
The diurnal cycle of shallow cumulus clouds over land: A single-column model intercomparison study, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.59, issue.604, pp.3339-3364, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.122
The role of thermals in the convective boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.35, issue.4, pp.509-532, 1980. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF00122351
Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.23, issue.401, pp.292-309, 1968. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49709440106
The stratospheric version of LMDz: dynamical climatologies, arctic oscillation, and impact on the surface climate, Climate Dynamics, vol.117, issue.D4, pp.851-868, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-005-0064-x
A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.4, issue.537, pp.101-128, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712353704
A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.93, issue.2, pp.187-202, 1979. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF00117978
Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part II): sensitivity studies, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.6, issue.12, pp.5261-5277, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.5194/acp-6-5261-2006
Mixed Layer Moisture structure, Monthly Weather Review, vol.104, issue.11, pp.1403-1407, 1976. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1976)104<1403:MLMS>2.0.CO;2
Penetrative convection and an application to hurricane cumulonimbus towers. Cumulus Dynamics, 1960. ,
Convective Inhibition, Subgrid-Scale Triggering Energy, and Stratiform Instability in a Toy Tropical Wave Model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.57, issue.10, pp.1515-1535, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1515:CISSTE>2.0.CO;2
Analyse synoptique de la couche limite atmosphérique marine pendant la campagne semaphore. thèse, 2000. ,
A Hierarchy of Turbulence Closure Models for Planetary Boundary Layers, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.31, issue.7, pp.1791-1806, 1974. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1791:AHOTCM>2.0.CO;2
Measurements and modelling of atmospheric pollution over the Paris area: an overview of the ESQUIF Project, Annales Geophysicae, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1467-1481, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1007/s00585-000-1467-y
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329170
Large eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layers. Clear and Cloudy Boundary layers, Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen, pp.372-67, 1998. ,
A Comparison of Shear- and Buoyancy-Driven Planetary Boundary Layer Flows, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.51, issue.7, pp.999-1022, 1994. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0999:ACOSAB>2.0.CO;2
Pressure and temperature dependence of the absorption in longwave radiation parametrizations, Contrib. Atmos. Phys, vol.59, issue.4, pp.455-469, 1986. ,
A dual mass flux framework for boundary layer convection, 2007. ,
Size Statistics of Cumulus Cloud Populations in Large-Eddy Simulations, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.60, issue.8, pp.1060-1074, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1060:SSOCCP>2.0.CO;2
A dual mass flux framework for boundary layer convection, 2007. ,
Impact Mechanisms of Shallow Cumulus Convection on Tropical Climate Dynamics*, Journal of Climate, vol.20, issue.11, pp.2623-2642, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI4079.1
An Evaluation of Mass Flux Closures for Diurnal Cycles of Shallow Cumulus, Monthly Weather Review, vol.132, issue.11, pp.2525-2538, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1175/MWR2776.1
A Multiparcel Model for Shallow Cumulus Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.59, issue.10, pp.1655-1668, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1655:AMMFSC>2.0.CO;2
Variance scaling in shallow cumulus topped mixed layers. accepted for publication in the Q, J. Roy. Met. Soc, 2007. ,
Observational Determination of Cloud Mass Flux Distributions, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.32, issue.1, pp.73-91, 1975. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0073:ODOCMF>2.0.CO;2
Heat and Moisture Budget Analyses Using BOMEX Data, Monthly Weather Review, vol.102, issue.1, pp.17-28, 1974. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1974)102<0017:HAMBAU>2.0.CO;2
Volcanic plume simulation on large scales, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.87, issue.1-4, pp.29-53, 1998. ,
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00099-7
The Entrainment Mechanism in Colorado Cumuli, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.36, issue.12, pp.2467-2478, 1979. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<2467:TEMICC>2.0.CO;2
Diurnal Cycle of Shallow and Deep Convection for a Tropical Land and an Ocean Environment and Its Relationship to Synoptic Wind Regimes, Monthly Weather Review, vol.134, issue.10, pp.2688-2701, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1175/MWR3181.1
A non-local closure model for vertical mixing in the convective boundary layer, Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, vol.26, issue.6, pp.965-981, 1992. ,
DOI : 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90028-J
An overview of GEOS-8 diurnal fire and smoke results for SCAR-B and 1995 fire season in South America, J. Geophys. Res, vol.103835, pp.31821-31852, 1998. ,
Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and the Laboratoire de M??t??orologie Dynamique???Zoom (LMDZ) general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.104, issue.D22, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD004317
Entrainment and Detrainment in a Simple Cumulus Cloud Model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.39, issue.12, pp.2793-2806, 1982. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2793:EADIAS>2.0.CO;2
A Second-Order Bulk Boundary-Layer Model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.49, issue.20, pp.1903-1923, 1992. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1903:ASOBBL>2.0.CO;2
A Stochastic Mixing Model for Nonprecipitating Cumulus Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.43, issue.22, pp.2708-2718, 1986. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<2708:ASMMFN>2.0.CO;2
A Stochastic Mixing Model for Nonprecipitating Cumulus Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.43, issue.22, pp.2708-2718, 1986. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<2708:ASMMFN>2.0.CO;2
Flow and Mixing in New Mexico Mountain Cumuli, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.39, issue.10, pp.2211-2228, 1982. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2211:FAMINM>2.0.CO;2
Introduction des nuages dans une paramétrisation des structures méso-échelles de la couche limite atmosphérique convective, 2004. ,
Mise en oeuvre d'une paramétrisation de courant de densité dans le modèle de circulation générale LMDZ, 2007. ,
January and July performance of the LMD general circulation model, New perspectives in Climate Modeling, pp.173-197, 1984. ,
Plume Fluxes in Clear and Cloudy Convective Boundary Layers, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.15, pp.1746-1770, 1991. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1746:PFICAC>2.0.CO;2
Evaluation of Parametric Assumptions for Shallow Cumulus Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.52, issue.6, pp.650-666, 1995. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<0650:EOPAFS>2.0.CO;2
Model Impacts of Entrainment and Detrainment Rates in Shallow Cumulus Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.53, issue.16, pp.2354-2364, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<2354:MIOEAD>2.0.CO;2
A Combined Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Approach for the Convective Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.64, issue.4, 2007. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAS3888.1
An advection-diffusion scheme for the convective boundary layer, description and 1D results, Proceedings of 14th AMS Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, 2000. ,
Shallow cumulus convection Buoyant convection in Geophysical Flow, pp.441-486, 1998. ,
A Large Eddy Simulation Intercomparison Study of Shallow Cumulus Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.60, issue.10, pp.1201-1219, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)60<1201:ALESIS>2.0.CO;2
Experimental cumulus dynamics, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.85, issue.2, pp.387-431, 1965. ,
DOI : 10.1029/RG003i003p00387
MODELS OF PRECIPITATING CUMULUS TOWERS, Monthly Weather Review, vol.97, issue.7, pp.471-489, 1969. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0471:MOPCT>2.3.CO;2
An eddy-diffusivity/mass-flux parametrization for dry and shallow cumulus convection, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.30, issue.604, pp.3365-3383, 2004. ,
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.223
An Assessment of Climate Feedbacks in Coupled Ocean???Atmosphere Models, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.14, pp.3354-3360, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3799.1
Three-Dimensional Simulation of Turbulent Processes in an Undisturbed Trade Wind Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.33, issue.2, pp.216-241, 1976. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0216:TDSOTP>2.0.CO;2
Penetrative downdraughts in cumuli, Tellus, vol.10, pp.381-389, 1958. ,
On the growth of layers of non-precipitating cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci, 2006. ,
Simulations of Trade Wind Cumuli under a Strong Inversion, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.58, issue.14, pp.1870-1891, 2001. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1870:SOTWCU>2.0.CO;2
Observations of Cloud-Top Entrainment in Cumuli, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.49, issue.15, pp.1334-1347, 1992. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<1334:OOCTEI>2.0.CO;2
Fuels and fire behavior dynamics on large-scale savanna fires in Kruger National Park, South Africa, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.11, issue.D19, pp.23541-23550, 1996. ,
DOI : 10.1029/95JD01734
ENTRAINMENT OF AIR INTO A CUMULUS CLOUD, Journal of Meteorology, vol.4, issue.3, pp.91-95, 1947. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004<0091:EOAIAC>2.0.CO;2
Transilient Turbulence Theory. Part I: The Concept of Eddy-Mixing across Finite Distances, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.41, issue.23, pp.3351-3367, 1984. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<3351:TTTPIT>2.0.CO;2
An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, 1988. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8
The Parameterization Of the Planetary Boundary Layer in the UCLA General Circulation Model: Formulation and Results, Monthly Weather Review, vol.111, issue.11, pp.2224-2243, 1983. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<2224:TPOTPB>2.0.CO;2
Entrainment and Detrainment in Cumulus Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.1, pp.112-121, 1991. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0112:EADICC>2.0.CO;2
A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Large-Scale Models, Monthly Weather Review, vol.117, issue.8, pp.1179-1800, 1989. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1779:ACMFSF>2.0.CO;2
Simulation of a biomass-burning plume: Comparison of model results with observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.55, issue.D2, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD000410
Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part I): reference simulation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.6, issue.12, pp.5247-5260, 2006. ,
DOI : 10.5194/acp-6-5247-2006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327965
A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; sensitivity to surface evaporation, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.105, issue.1-2, pp.129-148, 1986. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF00122760
Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, Global Change Biology, vol.101, issue.4, pp.547-562, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1038/35106547
Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.6, issue.11, pp.3423-3441, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296006
Parameterization of the Bulk Effects of Lateral and Cloud-Top Entrainment in Transient Shallow Cumulus Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.59, issue.8, pp.1405-1430, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1405:POTBEO>2.0.CO;2
A Mean-Gradient Model of the Dry Convective Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.47, issue.1, pp.126-126, 1990. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<0126:AMGMOT>2.0.CO;2
Top-Hat Representation of Turbulence Statistics in Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers: A Large Eddy Simulation Study, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.57, issue.3, pp.423-441, 2000. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0423:THROTS>2.0.CO;2
On Steady-State One-Dimensional Models of Cumulus Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.27, issue.7, pp.1035-1040, 1970. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1970)027<1035:OSSODM>2.0.CO;2
Horizontal Convective Rolls: Determining the Environmental Conditions Supporting their Existence and Characteristics, Monthly Weather Review, vol.125, issue.4, pp.505-526, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0505:HCRDTE>2.0.CO;2
The LCL Zone and Cumulus Onset, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.24, issue.7, pp.640-657, 1985. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0640:TLZACO>2.0.CO;2
The composite shape and structure of coherent eddies in the convective boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.213-245, 1992. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF02042933
Interactions between coherent eddies in the lower convective boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.45, issue.1-2, pp.55-74, 1993. ,
DOI : 10.1007/BF00705662
Global Precipitation: A 17-Year Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Outputs, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.78, issue.11, pp.2539-2558, 1997. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539:GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2
Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parametrizations under summertime midlatitude continental conditions, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.129, issue.582, pp.1095-1135, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1256/003590002320373229
An intercomparison of cloud-resolving models with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement summer 1997 Intensive Observation Period data, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.129, issue.580, pp.593-624, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1256/003590002321042117
Turbulence Closure Model, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.40, issue.1, pp.91-106, 1983. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<0091:SONDFB>2.0.CO;2
Determination of Bulk Properties of Tropical Cloud Clusters from Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.30, issue.4, pp.611-627, 1973. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0611:DOBPOT>2.0.CO;2
Perturbation Pressure and Cumulus Convection, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.36, issue.4, pp.690-694, 1979. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<0690:PPACC>2.0.CO;2
Turbulence Structure of the Convective Boundary Layer. Part II. Phonenix 78 Aircraft Observations of Thermals and Their Environment, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.45, issue.4, pp.727-735, 1988. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0727:TSOTCB>2.0.CO;2
Rolls, Streets, Waves, and More: A Review of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Structures in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.83, issue.7, pp.997-1001, 2002. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0997:RSWAMA>2.3.CO;2
Comparing clouds and their seasonal variations in 10 atmospheric general circulation models with satellite measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, issue.D24, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1029/2004JD005021
Episodic Mixing and Buoyancy-Sorting Representations of Shallow Convection: A Diagnostic Study, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.60, issue.7, pp.892-912, 2003. ,
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0892:EMABSR>2.0.CO;2
Life Cycle of Numerically Simulated Shallow Cumulus Clouds. Part II: Mixing Dynamics, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.62, issue.5, pp.1291-1310, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAS3415.1
Life Cycle of Numerically Simulated Shallow Cumulus Clouds. Part I: Transport, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.62, issue.5, pp.1269-1290, 2005. ,
DOI : 10.1175/JAS3414.1