.. Changement-de-phase-liquide-vapeur, 118 4.3.1 In ?uence de la présence des ions sur l'équilibre liquide-vapeur, p.118

.. Détermination-du-coe¢-cient-d-'activité-chimique-de-l-'eau, 119 4.3.2.1 Détermination de l'activité ionique en solution, p.123

T. Q. Nguyen, P. Dangla, V. Baroghel-bouny, I. Petre-lazar, and M. Thiery, Modélisation de la pénétration des chlorures dans le béton, 7emes Journées d'Etude sur Les Milieux Poreux, pp.128-129, 2005.

P. Henocq, Modeling Ionic Interactions on the Surface of Calcium Silicate Hydrates, 2005.

L. Tang and L. O. Nilsson, Chloride binding capacity and binding isotherms of OPC pastes and mortars, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.23, pp.247-253, 1993.

Y. Xu, The influence of sulphates on chloride binding and pore solution chemistry, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.27, issue.12, pp.1841-1850, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00196-8

T. Q. Nguyen, V. Baroghel-bouny, P. Dangla, and P. Belin, Numerical modelling of chloride ingress into saturated concrete, 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and Engineering, 2006.
DOI : 10.1617/2351580028.037

P. Longuet, L. Burglen, and A. Zelwer, La phase liquide du ciment hydraté, Tech. Rep, vol.219, 1974.

J. A. Larbi, A. L. Fraay, and J. M. Bijen, The chemistry of the pore fluid of silica fume-blended cement systems, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.20, issue.4, pp.506-516, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(90)90095-F

M. Regourd and H. Hornain, Applications de la microscopie électronique à balayage, Revue des matériaux de construction, pp.73-87, 1975.

T. C. Powers and T. L. Brownyard, Studies of the physical properties of hardened portland cement paste -part 3 : Theorical interpretation of adsorption data, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, pp.469-504, 1946.

R. F. Feldman and P. J. Sereda, A model for hydrated Portland cement paste as deduced from sorption-length change and mechanical properties, Mat??riaux et Constructions, vol.49, issue.6, pp.509-519, 1968.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02473639

P. Faucon, J. M. Delaye, J. Virlet, J. F. Jacquinot, and F. Adenot, Study of the structural properties of the C???S???H(I) BY molecular dynamics simulation, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.27, issue.10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00161-0

P. Brown and J. Bothe, The system CaO-Al2O3-CaCl2-H2O at 23??2 ??C and the mechanisms of chloride binding in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.34, issue.9, pp.1549-1553, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.011

T. Zhang and E. O. Gjorv, Effect of ionic interaction in migration testing of chloride diffusivity in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.25, issue.7, pp.1535-1542, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(95)00147-5

O. Francy, Modelisation de la Penetration Des Ions Chlorures Dans Les Mortiers Partiellement Satures En Eau, 1998.

J. Bigas, La di¤ usion des ions chlore dans les mortiers, 1994.

O. Truc, Multi-species stranport in satured cement based materials, 2nd International Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress Into Concrete, 2000.

T. Q. Nguyen, V. Baroghel-bouny, and P. Dangla, Prediction of chloride ingress into saturated concrete on the basis of a multi-species model by numerical calculations, Computers and Concrete, pp.401-422, 2006.
DOI : 10.12989/cac.2006.3.6.401
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00906116

H. Ushiyama and S. Goto, Di¤usion of various ions in hardened portland cement pastes, The VI International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, 1974.

F. Nugue, Recherche d'une méthode rapide de détermination du coe¢ cient de di¤ usion en milieu cimentaire saturé, 2002.

P. Belin and V. Baroghel-bouny, Mesure du coe¢ cient de di¤usion des ions chlorure par migration et di¤usion. partie 1 : Résultats obtenus sur le béton BO, Tech. Rep, 2004.

M. Castellote, C. Andrade, and C. Alonso, Chloride-binding isotherms in concrete submitted to non-steady-state migration experiments, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1799-1806, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00173-8

H. Y. Lin and L. S. Lee, Estimations of activity coefficients of constituent ions in aqueous electrolyte solutions with the two-ionic-parameter approach, Fluid Phase Equilibria, vol.237, issue.1-2, pp.1-8, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fluid.2005.08.005

M. K. Khoshkbarchi and H. H. Vera, Measurement and correlation of ion activity in aqueous single electrolyte solutions, AIChE Journal, vol.42, issue.1, pp.249-258, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690420121

G. Villain, V. Baroghel-bouny, C. Kounkou, and C. Hua, Mesure de la perm??abilit?? aux gaz en fonction du taux de saturation des b??tons, Revue française de génie civil, pp.251-268, 2001.
DOI : 10.1080/12795119.2001.9692306

K. Hong and R. D. Hooton, E¤ects of cyclic chloride exposure on penetration of concrete cover, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, issue.9, pp.1279-1386, 1999.

D. Philip and R. Weyers, Chloride penetration and deterioration of concrete bridge decks, CCGDP, vol.5, issue.2, pp.81-87, 1983.

C. Alonso, C. Andrade, M. Castellote, and P. Castro, Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.7, pp.1047-1055, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00265-9

A. Neville, Chloride attack of reinforced concrete: an overview, Materials and Structures, vol.23, issue.2, pp.63-70, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02473172

J. O. Mejlhede, H. P. Freiesleben, A. M. Coats, and F. P. Glasser, Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, pp.1497-1504, 1999.

B. Johannesson, Transport and Sorption Phenomena in Concrete and Other Porous Media, 2000.

J. J. Beaudoin, V. S. Ramachandran, and R. F. Feldman, Interaction of chloride and C???S???H, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.20, issue.6, pp.875-883, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(90)90049-4

S. Rasheeduzzafar and S. S. Ehtesham-hussain, E¤ect of tricalcium aluminate content of cement on chloride binding and corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete, ACI Materials Journal, vol.89, issue.1, pp.3-12, 1992.

V. S. Ramachandran, R. C. Seeley, and G. M. Polomark, Free and comined chloride in hydrating cement and cement compounds, Materials and Structures, vol.19, pp.285-289, 1984.

V. S. Ramachandran, Possible states of chloride in the hydratation of tricalcium silicate in the presence of calcium chloride, Materials and Structures, vol.4, issue.19, pp.3-12, 1971.

P. Lambert, C. L. Page, and N. R. Short, Pore solution chemistry of the hydrated system tricalcium silicate/sodium chloride/water, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.15, issue.4, pp.675-687, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(85)90068-7

C. Arya, N. R. Buenfeld, and J. B. Newman, Factors in ?uencing chloride-binding in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.25, issue.2, pp.291-300, 1990.

E. M. Theissing, T. Mebius-van-de-larr, and G. De-wind, The combining of the sodium chloride and calcium chloride by the hardened portland cement compounds C3S, C3S, C3A and C4AF, Proc. 8th Int. Symposium on Chemistry of Cement, pp.823-828, 1986.

A. Suryavanshi and J. D. Scantlebury, Mechanism of Friedel's salt formation in cements rich in tri-calcium aluminate, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.26, issue.5, pp.717-727, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(96)85009-5

V. Baroghel-bouny, T. Chaussadent, and A. Rharinaivo, Experimental investigations on binding of chloride in cimentitious materials, Chloride Penetration Into Concrete, 1995.

L. Divet and R. Randriambololona, Reply to the discussion on the paper "delayed ettringite formation : The e¤ect of temperature and basicity on the interaction of sulphate and c-s-h phase, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.28, issue.12, pp.1839-1840, 1998.

O. Wowra and M. J. Setzer, Sorption of chlorides on hydrated cement and C3S pastesResistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing, Proc. Of Int. RILEM Workshop, pp.146-153, 1997.

H. Viallis-terrisse, Interaction Des Silicates de Calcium Hydratés, Principaux Constituants Du Cement, Avec Les Chlorures D'alcalins -Analogie Avec Les Argiles, 2000.

E. M. Theissing, T. Mebius-van-de-larr, and G. De-wind, The combining of sodium chloride and calcium chloride by a number of different hardened cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.8, issue.6, pp.683-692, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(78)90077-7

G. Blunk, P. Gunkel, and H. G. Smolczyk, The distribution of chloride between the hardening cement paste and pore solution, 8th Int. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, pp.85-90, 1986.

C. Arya, Y. Xu, C. L. Page, and O. Vennesland, E¤ect of cement type on chloride binding and corrosion steel in concrete Pore solution composition and chloride binding capacity of silica fume cement paste, Cement and Concrete Research, pp.291-300, 1983.

H. U. Jensen and P. L. Pratt, The binding of chloride ions by pozzolanic product in fly ash cement blends, Advances in Cement Research, vol.2, issue.7, pp.121-129, 1989.
DOI : 10.1680/adcr.1989.2.7.121

S. Rasheeduzzafar and S. S. Ehtesham-hussain, Effect of cement composition on chloride binding and corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.21, issue.5, pp.777-794, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(91)90173-F

S. Diamond, Chloride concentrations in concrete pore solution resulting from calcium and sodium chloride admixtures, Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, pp.97-102, 1986.

K. Byfors, Chloride binding in cement paste, Nordic Concrete Research, pp.27-38, 1986.

J. N. Enevoldsen, C. M. Hansson, and B. B. Hope, Binding of chloride in mortar containing admixed or penetrated chlorides, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.24, issue.8, pp.1525-1533, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(94)90167-8

C. Dehghanian and C. E. Locke, E¤ect of chloride ion type on corrosion of steel in concrete, 8th International Congress on Metallic Corrosion, 1981.

H. G. Midgley and J. M. Illston, The penetration of chlorides into hardened cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.14, issue.4, pp.546-558, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(84)90132-7

A. Delagrave, J. P. Marchand, S. Ollivier, K. Julien, and . Hazrati, Chloride binding capacity of various hydrated cement paste systems, Advanced Cement Based Materials, vol.6, issue.1, pp.28-37, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1065-7355(97)90003-1

M. A. Bérubé and A. Carles-gibergues, La durabilité des bétons face à l'alcalis réactions la durabilité des bétons, Presses des Ponts et Chaussée, pp.285-350, 1992.

A. Delagrave, Mécanismes de Pénétration Des Ions Chlore et de Dégradation Des Systèmes Cimentaires Normaux et À Haute Performance, 1996.

L. Tang, Chloride Transport in Concrete -Measurement and Prediction, 1996.

A. V. Saetta, R. V. Scotta, and R. V. Vitaliani, Analysis of chloride di¤usion into partially saturated concrete, ACI Mater J, vol.5, pp.441-451, 1993.

L. O. Nilsson, E. Poulsen, and P. Sandberg, Chloride Penetration Into Concrete, Stateof-the-Art , Transport Processes, Corrosion Initiation, Test Methods and Prediction Models The Road Directorate, 1996.

P. Mounanga, A. Khelidj, A. Loukili, and V. Baroghel-bouny, Predicting Ca(OH)2 content and chemical shrinkage of hydrating cement pastes using analytical approach, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.34, issue.2, pp.255-265, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.07.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01007190

F. Beltzung and F. H. Wittman, Dissolution of cement and early chemical shrinkage of cement paste, Eds. RILEM, pp.91-97, 2000.

F. M. Lea, The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 1970.

T. Chaussadent, V. Baroghel-bouny, H. Hornain, N. Rafaï, and A. Ammouche, E¤ect of water-cement ratio of cement pastes on microstructural characteristics related to carbonation process, International Conference on Durability of Concrete, pp.523-537

V. Papadakis, C. Vayenas, and M. Fardis, Physical and chemical characteristics a¤ecting the durability of concrete, ACI Materials Journal, vol.88, issue.2, pp.186-196, 1991.

M. Thiery, Modélisation de la Carbonatation Atmosphérique Des Matériaux Cimentaires, Prise En Compte Des E¤ ets Cinétiques et Des Modi?cations Microstructurales et Hydriques, 2005.

P. W. Brown, J. Pommersheim, and G. Frohnsdr¤, A kinetic model for the hydration of tricalcium silicate, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.15, issue.1, pp.35-41, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(85)90006-7

L. J. Parrott and D. C. Killoh, Prediction of cement hydration, Br. Ceram. Proc, vol.35, pp.41-53, 1984.

S. Diamond, E¤ect of silica fume on pore solution chemistry of cement pastes, Journal of American Ceramic Society, vol.66, issue.5, pp.82-84, 1983.

H. Hornain, Application de la Microscopie Aux Recherches sur Le Ciment et, 1993.

H. F. Taylor, A method for predicting alkazi ion concentrations in cement pore solutions, Advances in Cement Research, vol.1, issue.1, pp.5-16, 1987.
DOI : 10.1680/adcr.1987.1.1.5

S. Y. Hong and F. P. Glasser, Alkali binding in cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, issue.12, pp.1893-1903, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00187-8

H. J. Brouwers and R. J. Van-eijk, Alkali concentrations of pore solution in hydrating OPC, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.33, issue.2, pp.191-196, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01022-0

T. C. Powers and T. L. Brownyards, Studies of the physical properties of hardened cement paste, Bulletin, vol.22, 1948.

C. Vernet, Stabilité chimique des hydrates. mécanismes de défense du béton face aux agressions chimiques. durabilité des bétons, pp.129-169, 1992.

D. Damidot, U. A. Birnin-yauri, and F. P. Glasser, Thermodynamic investigation of the CaO- Al2O3-CaCl2-H2O system at 25c and in ?uence of Na2O, Performance and Durability of Cementitous Materials, 10th ICCC, 1994.

S. Chatterji, Mechansim of CaCl2 attack on portland cement concrete, Cement and Concrete Reasearch, pp.461-468, 1978.

S. Monosi, I. Alver, and M. Collepardi, Chemical attack of calcium chlorure on the portland cement paste, IL Cemento, vol.82, issue.2, pp.97-104, 1989.

S. Chatterji, Colloid Electrochemistry of Saturated Cement Paste and Some Properties of Cement Based Materials, Advanced cement based material, pp.774-782, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1065-7355(97)00058-8

M. Masi, D. Colella, G. Radaelli, and L. Bertolini, Simulation of chloride penetration in cement-based materials, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.27, issue.10, pp.1591-1601, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00200-7

E. Samson, J. Marchand, and J. J. Beaudoin, Modeling the influence of chemical reactions on the mechanisms of ionic transport in porous materials, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.12, pp.1895-1902, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00458-0

T. Q. Nguyen, P. Dangla, V. Baroghel-bouny, and P. Belin, An approach for the physicochemical modelling of chloride ingress into cementitious materials, 12th Int. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, 2007.

L. O. Nilsson, E. Poulsen, P. Sandberg, H. E. Sorensen, and O. Klingho¤er, Chloride Penetration Into Concrete-State of the Art, The Danish Road Directorale, 1996.

E. P. Nielsen, D. Herfort, M. R. Geiker, F. Barberon, V. Baroghel-bouny et al., Binding of chloride and alkalis in Portland cement systems, Magnetic resonance Imaging, pp.117-123, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.026

C. Abate and B. E. Scheetz, Aqueous Phase Equilibria in the System CaO-Al2O3-CaCl2-H2O: The Significance and Stability of Friedel's Salt, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.281, issue.4, pp.939-944, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/j100621a026

D. Damidot, U. A. Birmin-yauri, and F. P. Glasser, Thermodynamic investigation of the CaO-Al2O3-CaCl2-H2O system at 25o c and the in ?uence of Na2O, Il cemento, vol.4, pp.243-254, 1994.

R. Cartron and T. Chaussadent, In ?uence de la teneur en C3A du ciment sur le piégeage des ions chlorure, Tech. Rep., Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, 1999.

C. A. Appelo, Multicomponent ion exchange and chromatography in natural systems, Reviews in Mineralogy -Reactive Transport in porous Media, pp.193-227, 1996.

B. Gerard, Contribution Des Couplages Mécanique-Chimie-Transport Dans la Tenue À Long Terme Des Ouvrages de Stockage de Déchets Radioactifs, 1996.

M. Mainguy, Modélisation Des Transferts Hydriques Isothermes En Milieu Poreux : Application Au Séchage Des Matériaux À Base de Ciment, 1999.

E. Samson and J. Marchand, Numerical Solution of the Extended Nernst???Planck Model, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.215, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jcis.1999.6145

O. Truc, J. P. Ollivier, and L. O. Nilsson, Numerical simulation of multi-species transport through saturated concrete during a migration test ??? MsDiff code, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.10, pp.1581-1592, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00305-7

L. Y. Li and C. L. Page, Modelling of electrochemical chloride extraction from concrete : In ?uence of ionic activity coe¢ cients, Computational Materials Science, vol.9, issue.9 3, pp.3-4, 1998.

T. Q. Nguyen, V. Baroghel-bouny, P. Dangla, and P. Belin, Multi-level modelling of chloride ingress into saturated concrete, Proc. Of Int. RILEM Workshop : Performance Based Evaluation and Indicator for Concrete Durability, 2006.

J. Marchand, Modeling the behavior of unsaturated cement systems exposed to aggressive chemical environments, Materials and Structures, vol.27, issue.1, pp.195-200, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02480588

J. Marchand, E. Samson, Y. Maltais, R. J. Lee, and S. Sahu, Predicting the performance of concrete structures exposed to chemically aggressive environment -?eld validation, Materials and Structures, vol.35, pp.623-631, 2002.

E. Guillon, Durabilité Des Matériaux Cimentaires -Modélisation de L'in ?uence Des Équilibres Physico-Chimiques sur la Microstructure et Les Propriétés Mécaniques Résiduelles, 2004.

T. Q. Nguyen, V. Baroghel-bouny, and P. Dangla, Physical and chemical modelling of concrete exposed to seawater, Computer and Concrete, p.p. soumises, 2006.

M. Collepardi, A. Marcialis, and R. Turriziani, The kinetics of chloride ions penetration in concrete, II Cemento, vol.67, pp.157-164, 1970.

A. S. Osterdal, H. Madsen, and B. F. Nielsen, A non-parametric methode for estimation of the di¤usion coe¢ cient of chloride in concrete, International RILEM Workshop, Saint Rémy-les, pp.171-181, 1995.

I. Petre-lazar, Evaluation Du Comportement En Service Des Ouvrages En Béton Armé Soumis À la Corrosion Des Aciers, 2001.

P. N. Gospodinov, R. F. Kazandjiev, T. A. Partalin, and M. K. Mironova, Diffusion of sulfate ions into cement stone regarding simultaneous chemical reactions and resulting effects, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, issue.10, pp.1591-1596, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00138-6

B. Martin-perez and Z. Lounis, Numerical modelling of service life of reinforced concrete structures, 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Life Prediction and Aging Management of Concrete Structures, 2003.
DOI : 10.1617/2912143780.007

G. T. Yeh and V. S. Tripatri, A critical evaluation of recent developments in hydrogeochemical transport models of reactive multichemical components, Water Resources Research, vol.67, issue.44, pp.93-108, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/WR025i001p00093

E. Samson, J. Marchand, and J. J. Beaudoin, Describing ion diffusion mechanisms in cement-based materials using the homogenization technique, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, issue.8, pp.1341-1345, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00101-5

A. Atkinson and A. K. Nickerson, The diffusion of ions through water-saturated cement, Journal of Materials Science, vol.11, issue.9, pp.3068-3078, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01026986

S. Goto and D. M. Roy, Diffusion of ions through hardened cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.11, issue.5-6, pp.751-757, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(81)90033-8

C. Moyne and M. A. Murad, Electro-chemo-mechanical couplings in swelling clays derived from a micro/macro-homogenization procedure, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.39, issue.25, pp.6159-6190, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00461-4

M. Buil and J. P. Ollivier, Conception des bétons : La structure poreuse, la durabilité des béton, pp.57-106, 1992.

R. Barbarulo, J. Marchand, K. A. Snyder, and S. Prené, Dimensional analysis of ionic transport problems in hydrated cement systems, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.12, pp.1955-1960, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00383-5

M. Mainguy and O. Coussy, Propagation Fronts during Calcium Leaching and Chloride Penetration, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.126, issue.3, pp.250-257, 2000.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:3(250)
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00586621

W. Morris, A. Vico, and M. Vázquez, Chloride induced corrosion of reinforcing steel evaluated by concrete resistivity measurements, Electrochimica Acta, vol.49, issue.25, pp.4447-4453, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.05.001

J. Van-der-lee and L. Windt, Present state and future directions of modeling of geochemistry in hydrogeological systems, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, vol.47, issue.2-4, pp.265-282, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00155-8

D. P. Bentz, O. M. Jensen, A. M. Coats, and F. P. Glasser, Influence of silica fume on diffusivity in cement-based materials, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.6, pp.953-962, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00264-7

R. Eymard, T. Gallouet, and R. Herbin, Handbook of Numerical Analysis, The Finite Volume Method, P. G. Ciarlet and J. L. Lions, 2000.

J. Z. Zhang and N. R. Buenfeld, Membrance potential and its in ?uence on chloride transport in cimentitious materials, 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress Into Concrete, 2000.

E. C. Thomas, The Determination of Qv From Membrane Potential Measurements on Shaly Sands, Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol.28, issue.09, pp.1087-1096, 1976.
DOI : 10.2118/5505-PA

A. Muurinen, H. P. Penttilä, and K. Uusheimo, Di¤usion of chloride and uranium in compacted sodium bentonite Anion di¤usion pathways in bentonite clay compacted to di¤erent dry densities, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, pp.743-748, 1989.

R. J. Hunter, Zeta Potential in Colloid Science : Principles and Applications, 1981.

O. Francy, Measuring chloride diffusion coefficients from non-steady state diffusion tests, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.28, issue.7, pp.947-953, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00070-2

S. Chatterji, Evidence of variable diffusivity of ions in saturated cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, issue.4, pp.595-598, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00193-8

O. Coussy and R. Eymard, Non-linear binding and the di¤usion-migration test, Transport in Porous Media, pp.51-74, 2003.

E. Samson, G. Lemaire, J. Marchand, and J. J. Beaudoin, Modeling chemical activity effects in strong ionic solutions, Computational Materials Science, vol.15, issue.3, pp.285-294, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-0256(99)00017-8

L. Tang, Electrically accelerated methods for determining chloride di¤usivity in concrete current development, Magazine of concrete research, pp.173-179, 1996.

E. Samson and J. Marchand, Calculation of ionic diffusion coefficients on the basis of migration test results, Materials and Structures, vol.11, issue.3, pp.156-165, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02479554

P. F. Mcgrath and R. D. Hooton, In ?uence of voltage on chloride di¤usion coe¢ cient form the migration tests, Cem. Concr. Res, vol.23, pp.1329-1244, 1996.

E. Samson, J. Marchand, and K. A. Snyder, Calculation of ionic di¤usion coe¢ cients on the basis of migration test results, Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, pp.156-165, 2003.

L. Tang and L. O. Nilsson, Rapid determination of the chloride di¤usivity in concrete by applying an electrical ?eld, Materials and Structures, pp.49-53, 1992.

F. Schmidt and F. S. Rostasy, A method for the calculation of the chemical composition of the concrete pore solution, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.23, issue.5, pp.1159-1168, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(93)90176-A

V. Baroghel-bouny, P. Belin, M. Maultzsch, and D. Henry, AgNO3 spray tests -advantages, weaknesses, and various applications to quantify chloride ingress into concrete in laboratory and ?eld conditions chloride ingress into concrete. results and experiences from applying colorimetric methods, 2006.

T. Maruya, K. Uji, and Y. Matsuoka, Formulation of an equation for surface chloride content of concrete due to penetration of chloride, Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete, pp.258-267, 1990.

H. Saito, Y. Tsuji, and H. Kataoka, A model for predicting degradation due to dissolution of cement hydrate, Trans. Jan. Con. Ins, vol.22, pp.119-130, 2000.

O. Truc, Predictiong of Chloride Penetration Into Saturated Concrete-Multi-Species Approach, 2000.

J. F. Daïan, Transferts dans les bétons et durabilité des ouvrages. transport couplé d'humidité et de chlorures en milieu non stauré. II. données expérimentales et analyse des phénomènes de di¤usion de chlorures, Tech. Rep., LCPC, 2000.

J. F. Daïan and N. Madjoudj, Di¤usion de sels dans les matériaux humides -analyse des processus couplés et étude expérimentale, Revue française de génie civil, pp.331-355, 2001.

L. O. Nilsson and L. Tang, Transport Mechanism in Porous Media, 1996.

B. Johannesson, Modelling of Transport Processes Involved in Service Life Prediction of Concrete, 1998.

B. F. Johannesson, Prestudy on diffusion and transient condensation of water vapor in cement mortar, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.32, issue.6, pp.955-962, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00736-6

B. F. Johannesson, A theoretical model describing diffusion of a mixture of different types of ions in pore solution of concrete coupled to moisture transport, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.33, issue.4, pp.481-488, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00993-6

E. Samson, J. Marchand, K. A. Snyder, and J. J. Beaudoin, Modeling ion and fluid transport in unsaturated cement systems in isothermal conditions, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.35, issue.1, pp.141-153, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.016

A. Buchwald, Determination of the ion di¤usion coe¢ cient in moisture and salt loaded masonry materials by impedance spectroscopy, 3rd Int. Symposium, Vienna, pp.475-482, 2000.

D. Benavente, M. A. Garcia-del-cura, and S. Ordornez, Salt influence on evaporation from porous building rocks, Construction and Building Materials, vol.17, issue.2, pp.113-122, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00100-9

D. R. Scotter, Salt and water movement in relatively dry soil, Australian Journal of Soil Research, vol.12, issue.1, pp.27-35, 1974.
DOI : 10.1071/SR9740027

I. N. Nassar, R. Horton, and A. M. Globus, Simultaneous Transfer of Heat, Water, and Solute in Porous Media: II. Experiment and Analysis, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.56, issue.5, pp.1357-1365, 1992.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600050005x

V. Baroghel-bouny, T. Chaussadent, and A. Raharinaivo, Etude expérimentale des e¤ets couplés des transferts d'humidité et d'ions chlorures dans le béton jeune, Bulletin des laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, vol.206, pp.75-83, 1996.

S. Kelly and J. S. Selker, Osmotically Driven Water Vapor Transport in Unsaturated Soils, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.65, issue.6, pp.1634-1641, 2001.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj2001.1634

V. Baroghel-bouny, T. Chaussadent, and A. Raharinaivo, Experimental investigations on binding of chloride and combined e¤ects of moisture and chloride in cementitious materials, Proc. Of Int. RILEM Workshop : Chloride Penetration Into Concrete, pp.290-301, 1997.

S. B. Nasrallah, O. Damak, H. B. Dhia, and G. Arnaud, Transfert de solut?? au cours du s??chage convectif, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.34, issue.4-5, pp.911-917, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0017-9310(91)90002-V

J. Bear and A. Gilman, Migration of salts in the unsaturated zone caused by heating, Letters in Mathematical physics, pp.139-156, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00626663

I. Nassar and R. Horton, Heat, water and solute transfert in unsaturated porous media. i -theory development and transport coe¢ cient evaluation, Transport in porous media, pp.17-38, 1997.

O. Coussy, Mechanics of Porous Continua, 1995.

T. Q. Nguyen, P. Dangla, and J. Petkovic, Transferts hydriques et ioniques dans des matériaux poreux de construction, Journées Des Sciences de l'Ingénier, 2006.

L. Mercury and Y. Tardy, Pression n??gative et propri??t??s thermodynamiques de l'eau capillaire, Comptes Rendus de l'Acad??mie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science, vol.324, issue.11, pp.863-873, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1251-8050(97)82499-8

P. Bamforth, The relationship between permeability coe¢ cients for concrete obtained using liquid and gaz, Magazine of Concrete Research, pp.3-11, 1987.

L. J. Klinkenberg, The permeability of porous media to liquids and gases, drilling and production practice, American Petroleum Institute, pp.200-207, 1941.

M. Thiery, V. Baroghel-bouny, N. Bourneton, G. Villain, and C. Stefani, Une nouvelle approche de la modélisation des transferts hydriques dans les bétons

M. T. Van-genuchenten, A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.44, issue.5, pp.892-898, 1980.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x

D. A. De, A. J. Vries, and . Kruger, On the value of the di¤usion coe¢ cient of water vapour in air, Proc. Of Colloque Int, pp.61-72, 1966.

D. P. Bentz, E. J. Garboczi, and E. S. Lagergren, Multi-scale microstructural modelling of concrete di¤usivity : Identi?cation of signi?cant variables, Cem. Concr. Aggre, vol.20, pp.129-139, 1998.

V. Baroghel-bouny, M. Mainguy, T. Lassabatere, and O. Coussy, Characterization and identification of equilibrium and transfer moisture properties for ordinary and high-performance cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.29, issue.8, pp.1225-1238, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00102-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00586623

E. J. Reardon, Activity coe¢ cients of dissolved constituents Departement of earth sciences, Tech. Rep. Canada Aqueous Chemistry, 1994.

P. Debye and E. Hückel, Zur theorie der elektrolyte i : Gefrierpunktserniedrigung und verwandte erscheinungen, Phys. Z, vol.24, issue.9, pp.185-207, 1923.

A. W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.124, issue.5, 1976.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2133374

K. S. Pitzer, Theory : Ion interaction approach -activity coe¢ cients in electrolyte solutions, pp.157-208, 1979.

C. L. Lin and L. S. Lee, A two-ionic-parameter approach for ion activity coefficients of aqueous electrolyte solutions, Fluid Phase Equilibria, vol.205, issue.1, pp.69-88, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-3812(02)00275-3

S. Bonnet and B. Perrin, Chloride influence on equilibrium properties of mortars, Materials and Structures, vol.30, issue.200, pp.492-499, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02481633
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01404082

P. Dangla, Introduction À la Mécanique Des Milieux Poreux, 2001.

D. Perraton, La Perméabilité Aux Gaz Des Bétons Hydrauliques, 1992.

Y. Mualem, A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resources Research, vol.12, issue.4, pp.513-522, 1976.
DOI : 10.1029/WR012i003p00513

B. M. Savage and D. J. Janssen, Soil physics principles validated for use in predicting unsaturated moisture movement in portland cement concrete, ACI Mat. Journ, vol.94, pp.63-70, 1997.

J. C. Parker, J. Lenhard, and T. Kuppusamy, A parametric model for constitutive properties governing multiphase flow in porous media, Water Resources Research, vol.3, issue.4, pp.618-624, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/WR023i004p00618

N. Monlouis-bonnaire, J. Verdier, and B. Perrin, Prediction of the relative permeability to gas flow of cement-based materials, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.34, issue.5, pp.737-744, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00071-1

R. J. Millington and R. C. Shearer, DIFFUSION IN AGGREGATED POROUS MEDIA, Soil Science, vol.3, issue.6, pp.372-378, 1970.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-197103060-00007

R. Millington, Gas Diffusion in Porous Media, Science, vol.130, issue.3367, pp.100-102, 1959.
DOI : 10.1126/science.130.3367.100-a

S. Chatterji, On the non-applicability of unmodi?ed ?ck's law to ion transport through cement based materials, 1st Proc. Int. RILEM : Chloride Penetration Into Concrete, pp.64-73, 1997.

H. R. Thomas and M. R. Sansom, Fully Coupled Analysis of Heat, Moisture, and Air Transfer in Unsaturated Soil, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.121, issue.3, pp.392-405, 1995.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:3(392)

Y. Marcus, The standard partial molar volumes of ions in solution, Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol.118, issue.1-3, pp.3-8, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molliq.2004.07.002

J. Petkovic, H. P. Huinink, L. Pel, K. Kopinga, and R. P. Van-hees, Salt transport in plaster/substrate layers, Materials and Structures, vol.18, issue.5
DOI : 10.1617/s11527-006-9151-7

H. Christopher and D. H. William, Water Transport in Brick, Stone and Concrete, 2002.

H. J. Brocken, M. E. Spiekman, L. Pel, K. Kopinga, and J. A. Larbi, Water extraction out of mortar during brick laying: A NMR study, Materials and Structures, vol.10, issue.1, pp.49-57, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02486414

B. Martin-pérez, Service-Lifemodeling of R.C. Highway Structures Exposed to Chlorides, 1998.

L. O. Nilsson, A numerical model for combined di¤usion and convection of chloride in nonsaturated concrete, 2nd International Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress Into Concrete, 2000.

Y. Wang, L. Li, and C. L. Page, Modelling of chloride ingress into concrete from a saline environment, Building and Environment, vol.40, issue.12, pp.1573-1582, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.02.001

T. Q. Nguyen, V. Baroghel-bouny, and P. Dangla, A physical model for estimating the coupled transport of moisture and chloride ions in concrete, 5th Int. Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions Environment and Loading, F. Toutlemonde, pp.331-343, 2007.

C. K. Larsen, Chloride Binding in Concrete, E¤ ect of Surrounding Environment and Concrete Composition, 1998.

T. Chaussadent, V. Baroghel-bouny, and G. Platret, In ?uence du chlorure de sodium sur le comportement hydrique du béton au jeune âge, Transferts Dans Les Bétons et Durabilité Des Ouvrages, pp.125-141, 2000.

]. S. Caré, C. Richet, and P. Lovera, Essais de di¤usion des ions chlorure : Comparaison régime permanent -régime transistoire, Transferts Dans Les Bétons et Durabilité Des Ouvrages, V. Baroghel-Bouny, pp.185-188, 2000.

V. Baroghel-bouny, M. Thiery, F. Barberon, O. Coussy, and G. Villain, Assessment of transport properties of cementitious materials, Revue Europ??enne de G??nie Civil, vol.5, issue.5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/17747120.2007.9692951

R. Cerny, Z. Pavlik, and P. Rovnanikova, Experimental analysis of coupled water and chloride transport in cement mortar, Cement and Concrete Composites, pp.705-715, 2004.

W. Mccarter, H. Ezirim, and M. Emerson, Absorption of water and chloride into concrete, Magazine of Concrete Research, pp.31-37, 1992.
DOI : 10.1680/macr.1992.44.158.31

N. D. Buenfeld, M. T. Shurafa-daoudi, and I. M. Mcloughlin, Chloride transport due to wick action in concrete, RILEM International Workshop on Chloride Penetration Into Concrete, 1995.

S. R. Yeomans, Performance of Black, Galvanized, and Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steels in Chloride-Contaminated Concrete, CORROSION, vol.50, issue.1, pp.72-81, 1994.
DOI : 10.5006/1.3293496

B. R. Polder and H. A. Peelen, Characterisation of chloride transport and reinforcement corrosion in concrete under cyclic wetting and drying by electrical resistivity, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol.24, issue.5, pp.427-435, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00074-9

A. Andersen and L. O. Nilsson, Salt and moisture transport in reinforced concrete exposed to de-icing salt The Danish Road Directorate, Tech. Rep, vol.82, 1996.

M. Saito, Chloride permeability of concrete under static and repeated compressive loading, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.25, issue.4, pp.803-808, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(95)00070-S

T. Sugiyama, Determination of chloride diffusion coefficient and gas permeability of concrete and their relationship, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.26, issue.5, pp.781-790, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(96)85015-0

C. Lim, Microcracking and chlorid permeability of concrete under uniaxial compression, concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, pp.353-360, 2000.