Y. I. Abdel-aziz and H. M. Karara, Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates". American society of photogrammetry symposium on close-range photogrammetry, 1971.

H. N. Abdi and . Salkind, Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression. Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics, pp.740-744, 2007.

C. J. Adam, M. T. Izatt, J. R. Harvey, and G. N. Askin, Variability in Cobb Angle Measurements Using Reformatted Computerized Tomography Scans, Spine, vol.30, issue.14, pp.1664-1673, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.brs.0000169449.68870.f8

E. Amandjules and F. Ballara, Recalage 3 D rigide de vertèbres à partir d'une seule radiographie 2 D non calibrée, 1999.

C. E. Aubin, J. Dansereau, F. Parent, H. Labelle, and J. A. De-guise, Morphometric evaluations of personalised 3D reconstructions and geometric models of the human spine, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol.9, issue.6, pp.611-619, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02510968

C. E. Aubin, J. Dansereau, Y. Petit, F. Parent, J. A. De-guise et al., Three-dimensional measurement of wedged scoliotic vertebrae and intervertebral disks, European Spine Journal, vol.7, issue.1, pp.59-65, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s005860050029

C. M. Barsanti, A. Debari, and B. M. Covino, The Torsion Meter: A Critical Review, Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, vol.10, issue.4, pp.527-558, 1990.
DOI : 10.1097/01241398-199010040-00020

A. Baudoin, Analyse en pré et post opératoire de l'articulation de la hanche à l'aide de reconstructions 3D issues de radiographies biplanaires basse dose, Thèse de doctorat en BioMécanique, ENSAM, 2007.

S. Benameur, M. Mignotte, H. Labelle, and J. A. De-guise, A Hierarchical Statistical Modeling Approach for the Unsupervised 3-D Biplanar Reconstruction of the Scoliotic Spine, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol.52, issue.12, pp.2041-57, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TBME.2005.857665

S. Benameur, M. Mignotte, S. Parent, H. Labelle, W. Skalli et al., 3D/2D registration and segmentation of scoliotic vertebrae using statistical models, Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol.27, issue.5, pp.321-358, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0895-6111(03)00019-3

S. Bertrand, Modélisation Géométrique 3D In Vivo du Tronc Humain à partir de l'Imageur Basse Dose EOS, Thèse de doctorat en biomécanique, ENSAM, 2005.

P. J. Besl and N. D. Mckay, A method for registration of 3-D shapes, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.14, issue.2, pp.239-256, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/34.121791

W. Birkfellner, R. Seemann, M. Figl, J. Hummel, C. Ede et al., Fast DRR Generation for 2D/3D Registration, Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv Int Conf Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv, vol.8, issue.2, pp.960-967, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11566489_118

J. M. Bland and D. G. Altman, Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement, International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol.47, issue.8, pp.307-317, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.10.001

J. Canny, A Computational Approach to Edge Detection, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.8, issue.6, pp.679-698, 1986.

D. L. Carman, R. H. Browne, and J. G. Birch, Measurement of scoliosis and kyphosis radiographs. Intraobserver and interobserver variation., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.72, issue.3, pp.328-361, 1990.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199072030-00003

N. Champain, Recherche des facteurs biomécaniques dans l'aggravation des scolioses idiopathiques, Thèse de doctorat en biomécanique, ENSAM, 2004.

S. Champain, K. Benchikh, A. Nogier, C. Mazel, J. D. Guise et al., Validation of new clinical quantitative analysis software applicable in spine orthopaedic studies, European Spine Journal, vol.210, issue.1, pp.982-91, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00586-005-0927-1

F. Cheriet and J. Meunier, Self-calibration of a biplane X-ray imaging system for an optimal three dimensional reconstruction, Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, vol.23, issue.3, pp.133-174, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0895-6111(99)00006-3

J. Cheung, D. J. Wever, A. G. Veldhuizen, J. P. Klein, B. Verdonck et al., The reliability of quantitative analysis on digital images of the scoliotic spine, European Spine Journal, vol.11, issue.6, pp.535-577, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00586-001-0381-7

N. Chockalingam, P. H. Dangerfield, G. Giakas, T. Cochrane, and J. C. Dorgan, Computer-assisted Cobb measurement of scoliosis, European Spine Journal, vol.11, issue.4, pp.353-360, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00586-002-0386-x

T. F. Cootes, C. J. Taylor, D. H. Cooper, and J. Graham, Active Shape Models-Their Training and Application, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.61, issue.1, pp.38-59, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/cviu.1995.1004

J. Dansereau and I. A. Stokes, Measurements of the three-dimensional shape of the rib cage, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.21, issue.11, pp.893-901, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(88)90127-3

S. P. Datir and S. R. Mitra, Morphometric Study of the Thoracic Vertebral Pedicle in an Indian Population, Spine, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1174-81, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-200406010-00004

J. A. De-guise and Y. Martel, 3D-biomedical modeling: merging image processing and computer aided design, Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94590

S. Delorme, Application du krigeage pour l'habillage et la personnalisation de modèle géométrique de la scoliose, 1996.

S. Delorme, Y. Petit, J. A. De-guise, H. Labelle, C. E. Aubin et al., Assessment of the 3-d reconstruction and high-resolution geometrical modeling of the human skeletal trunk from 2-d radiographic images, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol.50, issue.8, pp.989-98, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TBME.2003.814525

R. Deriche, Using Canny's criteria to derive a recursively implemented optimal edge detector, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.1, issue.2, pp.167-187, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00123164

P. Després, Évaluation d'un détecteur gazeux à micropistes pour la radiologie et applications en imagerie multi-énergie, Thèse de doctorat en physique, 2004.

A. Dieudonne, P. Zhang, P. Vannoorenberghe, and I. Gardin, Semiautomated Thoracic and Abdominal Computed Tomography Segmentation Using the Belief Functions Theory: Application to 3D Internal Dosimetry, Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals, vol.22, issue.2, pp.275-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/cbr.2006.318

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00467287

J. Dubousset, Importance of the three-dimensional concept in the treatment of scoliotic deformitiesLa scoliose idiopathique est originaire d'un désordre du système nerveux Three-dimensional analysis of the scoliotic deformity. The Pediatric Spine: Principles and Practice, Proceedings of VIIth International Symposium on 3-D Scoliotic Deformities Internalional Symposium on 3D Scoliotic Deformities, 1992.

J. Dubousset, G. Charpak, I. Dorion, W. Skalli, F. Lavaste et al., [A new 2D and 3D imaging approach to musculoskeletal physiology and pathology with low-dose radiation and the standing position: the EOS system], Bull Acad Natl Med, vol.189, issue.2, pp.287-97, 2005.

R. Dumas, Analyse biomécanique de la correction des scolioses par la technique du modelage in situ, Thèse de doctorat en biomécanique, ENSAM, 2002.

R. Dumas, B. Blanchard, R. Carlier, C. G. De-loubresse, L. Huec et al., A semi-automated method using interpolation and optimisation for the 3D reconstruction of the spine from bi-planar radiography: a precision and accuracy study, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol.26, issue.Suppl, pp.85-92, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11517-007-0253-3

R. Dumas, L. Bras, A. Champain, N. Savidan, M. Mitton et al., Validation of the relative 3D orientation of vertebrae reconstructed by bi-planar radiography, Medical Engineering & Physics, vol.26, issue.5, pp.415-437, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medengphy.2004.02.004

R. Dumas, D. Mitton, S. Laporte, J. Dubousset, J. P. Steib et al., Explicit calibration method and specific device designed for stereoradiography, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.36, issue.6, pp.827-861, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00016-2

W. T. Edwards, Y. Zheng, L. A. Ferrara, and H. A. Yuan, Structural Features and Thickness of the Vertebral Cortex in the Thoracolumbar Spine, Spine, vol.26, issue.2, pp.218-243, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-200101150-00019

N. L. Fazzalari, I. H. Parkinson, Q. A. Fogg, and P. Sutton-smith, Antero???postero differences in??cortical thickness and??cortical porosity of??T12 to??L5 vertebral bodies, Joint Bone Spine, vol.73, issue.3, pp.293-300, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.03.023

M. Fleute, Shape Reconstruction for Computer Assisted Surgery based on Non-Rigid Registration of Statistical Models with Intra-Operative Point Data and X-ray Images, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005365

J. M. Gauch and S. M. Pizer, Multiresolution analysis of ridges and valleys in grey-scale images, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.15, issue.6, pp.635-646, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/34.216734

S. Laporte, Reconstruction 3D du squelette humain pour la biomécanique par radiographie biplane à dose minimale d'irradiation, Thèse de doctorat en mécanique, ENSAM, 2002.

S. Laporte, D. Mitton, B. Ismael, M. De-fouchecour, J. P. Lassau et al., Etude morphom??trique quantitative de la colonne thoracique. Analyse statistique pr??liminaire des param??tres, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.12, issue.No 1, pp.85-91, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02803102

S. Laporte, W. Skalli, J. A. De-guise, F. Lavaste, and D. Mitton, A Biplanar Reconstruction Method Based on 2D and 3D Contours: Application to the Distal Femur, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol.17, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2607(98)00107-2

L. Bras and A. , Exploration des potentialités du système EOS pour la caractérisation mécanique des structures osseuses: application à l'extrémité supérieure du fémur, Thèse de doctorat en mécanique, ENSAM, 2004.

L. Bras, A. Laporte, S. Mitton, D. De-guise, J. A. Skalli et al., Three-dimensional (3D) detailed reconstruction of human vertebrae from low-dose digital stereoradiography, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.57-62, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00590-003-0074-5

J. Legaye, G. Duval-beaupere, J. Hecquet, and C. Marty, Pelvic incidence: a fundamental pelvic parameter for three-dimensional regulation of spinal sagittal curves, European Spine Journal, vol.7, issue.2, pp.99-103, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s005860050038

K. M. Liau, M. I. Yusof, M. S. Abdullah, S. Abdullah, and A. H. Yusof, Computed Tomographic Morphometry of Thoracic Pedicles, Spine, vol.31, issue.16, pp.31-545, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.brs.0000225978.97652.e0

W. E. Lorensen and H. E. Cline, Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, vol.21, issue.4, pp.163-169, 1987.
DOI : 10.1145/37402.37422

M. Machida, I. Murai, Y. Miyashita, J. Dubousset, T. Yamada et al., Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Scoliosis, Spine, vol.24, issue.19, pp.1985-1994, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199910010-00004

M. Mahfouz, A. Badawi, E. Elhak, M. Kuhn, and B. Merkl, Reconstruction of 3D Patient-Specific Bone Models From Biplanar Xray Images Utilizing Morphometric Measurements, The 2006 World Congress in Computer Science Computer Engineering and Applied Computing, 2006.

J. B. Maintz and M. A. Viergever, A survey of medical image registration, Medical Image Analysis, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1-36, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1361-8415(01)80026-8

S. R. Mitra, S. P. Datir, and S. O. Jadhav, Morphometric Study of the Lumbar Pedicle in the Indian Population as Related to Pedicular Screw Fixation, Spine, vol.27, issue.5, pp.453-462, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-200203010-00004

D. Mitton, S. Deschenes, S. Laporte, B. Godbout, S. Bertrand et al., 3D reconstruction of the pelvis from bi-planar radiography, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, vol.212, issue.1, pp.1-5, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01206346

D. Mitton, C. Landry, S. Veron, W. Skalli, F. Lavaste et al., 3D reconstruction method from biplanar radiography using non-stereocorresponding points and elastic deformable meshes, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol.9, issue.2, pp.133-142, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02344767

A. Mitulescu, Contribution à la reconstruction tridimensionnelle du rachis et du bassin à partir de la stéréoradiographie conventionnelle et basse dose (Charpack), Thèse de doctorat en mécanique, ENSAM, 2001.

A. Mitulescu, J. A. De-guise, J. Dubousset, H. Labelle, C. Adamsbaum et al., Validation of the NSCP technique on scoliotic vertebrae, Stud Health Technol Inform, vol.88, pp.167-71, 2002.

A. Mitulescu, I. Semaan, J. A. De-guise, P. Leborgne, C. Adamsbaum et al., Validation of the non-stereo corresponding points stereoradiographic 3D reconstruction technique, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol.109, issue.2, pp.152-160, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02344797

A. Mitulescu, W. Skalli, D. Mitton, and J. A. De-guise, Three-dimensional surface rendering reconstruction of scoliotic vertebrae using a non stereo-corresponding points technique, European Spine Journal, vol.11, issue.4, pp.344-52, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00586-002-0432-8

R. T. Morrissy, G. S. Goldsmith, E. C. Hall, D. Kehl, and G. H. Cowie, Measurement of the Cobb angle on radiographs of patients who have scoliosis. Evaluation of intrinsic error., The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.72, issue.3, pp.320-327, 1990.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-199072030-00002

C. L. Nash, . Jr, and J. H. Moe, A Study of Vertebral Rotation, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.51, issue.2, pp.223-232, 1969.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-196951020-00002

M. Oda, S. Rauh, P. B. Gregory, F. N. Silverman, and E. E. Bleck, The Significance of Roentgenographic Measurement in Scoliosis, Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, vol.2, issue.4, pp.378-82, 1982.
DOI : 10.1097/01241398-198210000-00005

M. M. Panjabi, N. C. Chen, E. K. Shin, and J. L. Wang, The Cortical Shell Architecture of Human Cervical Vertebral Bodies, Spine, vol.26, issue.22, pp.2478-84, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-200111150-00016

S. Parent, H. Labelle, A. Mitulescu, B. Latimer, W. Skalli et al., Morphometric analysis of one anatomic scoliotic specimen, Stud Health Technol Inform, vol.88, pp.387-92, 2002.

M. J. Pearcy, Stereo radiography of lumbar spine motion, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, vol.23, issue.sup212, pp.1-45, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198107000-00010

G. P. Penney, G. P. Penney, J. Weese, J. A. Little, P. A. Desmedt et al., A comparison of similarity measures for use in 2-D-3-D medical image registration, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.17, issue.4, p.586, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/42.730403

R. Perdriolle, La scoliose, son étude tridimensionnelle, 1979.

R. Perdriolle and J. Vidal, Thoracic Idiopathic Scoliosis Curve Evolution and Prognosis, Spine, vol.10, issue.9, pp.785-91, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198511000-00001

R. Perdriolle and J. Vidal, Morphology of scoliosis: three-dimensional evolution, Orthopedics, vol.10, issue.6, pp.909-924, 1987.

T. A. Perini, G. L. De-oliveira, J. S. Ornellas, and F. P. De-oliveira, Technical error of measurement in anthropometry, Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, vol.11, issue.1, pp.1517-8692, 2005.

D. W. Polly, . Jr, F. X. Kilkelly, K. A. Mchale, L. M. Asplund et al., Measurement of Lumbar Lordosis, Spine, vol.21, issue.13, pp.1530-1535, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199607010-00008

V. Pomero, S. Deschênes, D. Branchaud, D. Mitton, S. Laporte et al., Fast semiautomatic stereoradiographic reconstruction of scoliotic spines using multi-scale image processing and statistical geometric models, International Congress Series, vol.1256, pp.207-213, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0531-5131(03)00395-9

V. Pomero, D. Mitton, S. Laporte, J. A. De-guise, and W. Skalli, Fast accurate stereoradiographic 3D-reconstruction of the spine using a combined geometric and statistic model, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.19, issue.3, pp.19-240, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2003.11.014

J. Rainaut, Les scolioses, 1994.

B. S. Richards, Measurement Error in Assessment of Vertebral Rotation Using the Perdriolle Torsionmeter, Spine, vol.17, issue.5, pp.513-520, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199205000-00008

H. Ritzel, M. Amling, M. Posl, M. Hahn, and G. Delling, The Thickness of Human Vertebral Cortical Bone and its Changes in Aging and Osteoporosis: A Histomorphometric Analysis of the Complete Spinal Column from Thirty-Seven Autopsy Specimens, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol.215, issue.Suppl 1, pp.89-95, 1997.
DOI : 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.1.89

O. Sadowsky, G. Chintalapani, and R. H. Taylor, Deformable 2D-3D Registration of the Pelvis with a Limited Field of View, Using Shape Statistics, Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv Int Conf Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv, vol.10, issue.2, pp.519-545, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-75759-7_63

I. Semaan, W. Skalli, S. Veron, A. Templier, J. P. Lassau et al., [Quantitative 3D anatomy of the lumbar spine], Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, vol.87, issue.4, pp.340-53, 2001.

K. G. Shea, P. M. Stevens, M. Nelson, J. T. Smith, K. S. Masters et al., A Comparison of Manual Versus Computer-Assisted Radiographic Measurement, Spine, vol.23, issue.5, pp.551-556, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199803010-00007

M. J. Silva, C. Wang, T. M. Keaveny, and W. C. Hayes, Direct and computed tomography thickness measurements of the human, lumbar vertebral shell and endplate, Bone, vol.15, issue.4, pp.409-423, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/8756-3282(94)90817-6

W. Skalli, F. Lavaste, and J. L. Descrimes, Quantification of Three-Dimensional Vertebral Rotations in Scoliosis: What Are the True Values?, Spine, vol.20, issue.5, pp.546-53, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199503010-00008

J. Spoerk, H. Bergmann, F. Wanschitz, S. Dong, and W. Birkfellner, Fast DRR splat rendering using common consumer graphics hardware, Medical Physics, vol.52, issue.11, pp.4302-4310, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/52/8/008

J. Staal, B. Van-ginneken, and M. A. Viergever, Automatic rib segmentation and labeling in computed tomography scans using a general framework for detection, recognition and segmentation of objects in volumetric data, Medical Image Analysis, vol.11, issue.1, pp.35-46, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.media.2006.10.001

J. P. Steib, R. Dumas, D. Mitton, and W. Skalli, Surgical Correction of Scoliosis by In Situ Contouring, Spine, vol.29, issue.2, pp.193-202, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.BRS.0000107233.99835.A4

I. A. Stokes, Three-Dimensional Terminology of Spinal Deformity, Spine, vol.19, issue.Supplement, pp.236-284, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199401001-00020

I. A. Stokes, L. C. Bigalow, and M. S. Moreland, Measurement of Axial Rotation of Vertebrae in Scoliosis, Spine, vol.11, issue.3, pp.213-221, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198604000-00006

I. A. Stokes, D. G. Wilder, J. W. Frymoyer, and M. H. Pope, Assessment of Patients With Low-Back Pain by Biplanar Radiographic Measurement of Intervertebral Motion, Spine, vol.6, issue.3, pp.233-273, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198105000-00005

T. T. Tran and A. Lux, Extraction de Caractéristiques Locales: Crêtes et Pics, Première Conférence Internationale RIVF'03 Rencontres en Informatique Vietnam-France, RIVF'03, 2003.

F. Trochu, A contouring program based on dual kriging interpolation, Engineering with Computers, vol.79, issue.2, pp.160-177, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01206346

S. Veron, . Ensam, F. Paris, and H. R. Weiss, Modélisation géométrique et mécanique tridimensionnelle par éléments finis du rachis cervical supérieurMeasurement of vertebral rotation: Perdriolle versus Raimondi, Eur Spine J, vol.4, issue.1, pp.34-42, 1995.

M. Yazici, E. R. Acaroglu, A. Alanay, V. Deviren, A. Cila et al., Measurement of Vertebral Rotation in Standing Versus Supine Position in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, vol.21, issue.2, pp.252-258, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/01241398-200103000-00025