J. Chirossel, G. Vanneuville, J. Passagia, J. Chazal, C. Coillard et al., Biomechanics and Classification of Traumatic Lesions of the Spine, Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, vol.22, pp.55-135, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-6898-1_2

K. J. Cho, S. I. Suk, S. R. Park, J. H. Kim, S. S. Kim et al., Complications in Posterior Fusion and Instrumentation for Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis, Spine, vol.32, issue.20, pp.2232-2237, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31814b2d3c

R. Cosentino, A. Suarez, S. Baccani, and R. Cosentino, Etude radiologique de la mobilité du rachis lombaire, Revue de Chirurgie orthopédique, vol.68, pp.91-95, 1982.

P. A. Cripton, G. M. Jain, R. H. Wittenberg, and L. P. Nolte, Load-Sharing Characteristics of Stabilized Lumbar Spine Segments, Spine, vol.25, issue.2, pp.170-179, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-200001150-00006

B. W. Cunningham, J. C. Sefter, Y. Shono, and P. C. Mcafee, Static and Cyclical Biomechanical Analysis of Pedicle Screw Spinal Constructs, Spine, vol.18, issue.12, pp.1677-1688, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199309000-00017

W. Dick, Internal fixation of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures, 1989.

A. Diop, Contribution à l'analyse du comportement mécanique de segments rachidiens dorsolombaires et lombo-sacrés sains et restaurés par matériel d'ostéosynthèse.LBM, 1992.

C. Dodd, C. Ferguson, M. Pearcy, and G. Houghton, Vertebral Motion Measured Using Biplanar Radiography Before and After Harrington Rod Removal for Unstable Thoracolumbar Fractures of the Spine, Spine, vol.11, issue.5, pp.452-455, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198606000-00011

R. Dumas, D. Mitton, S. Laporte, J. Dubousset, J. P. Steib et al., Explicit calibration method and specific device designed for stereoradiography, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.36, issue.6, pp.827-834, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(03)00016-2

J. Duparc, A. Shreiber, and O. Troisier, Instabilités vertébrales lombaires, Proceedings of the Exp, 1995.

. Dupont, Analyse biomécanique de la dégénérescence du rachis lombo-sacré, 2003.

G. Duval-beaupere, C. Schmidt, and P. Cosson, A barycentremetric study of the sagittal shape of spine and pelvis: The conditions required for an economic standing position, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.70, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.451-462, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02368136

M. Hambly and L. Wiltse, The transistion zone above a lumbosacral fusion: a 22.6 years follow-up, Proceedings of the ISSLS, 1993.

C. Hirsch and A. Nachemson, New Observations on the Mechanical Behavior of Lumbar Discs, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, vol.23, issue.4, pp.254-283, 1954.
DOI : 10.3109/17453675408991217

P. Kamina, Anatomie clinique, 2006.

M. Kanayama, K. Abumi, K. Kaneda, S. Tadano, and T. Ukai, Phase Lag of the Intersegmental Motion in Flexion-Extension of the Lumbar and Lumbosacral Spine, Spine, vol.21, issue.12, pp.1416-1422, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199606150-00004

F. Knutsson, The Instability Associated with Disk Degeneration in the Lumbar Spine, Acta Radiologica, vol.25, issue.5-6, pp.593-609, 1944.
DOI : 10.3109/00016924409136488

W. Koeller, W. Meier, and F. Hartmann, Biomechanical Properties of Human Intervertebral Discs Subjected to Axial Dynamic Compression, Spine, vol.9, issue.7, pp.725-733, 1984.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198410000-00013

W. Koubaa, Modélisation géométrique et mécanique par éléments finis du rachis thoracique. LBM, Paris, l'Ecole Nationale, 1995.

V. Lafage, Description of spine implant model parameters (Confidential), in Development of a tool based on new technologies for the design and evaluation of spine implants, 2004.

V. Lafage, N. Gangnet, J. Senegas, F. Lavaste, and W. Skalli, New Interspinous Implant Evaluation Using an In Vitro Biomechanical Study Combined With a Finite-Element Analysis, Spine, vol.32, issue.16, pp.1706-1713, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3180b9f429

V. Lafage, S. Laporte, J. Dubousset, F. Lavaste, and W. Skalli, Personalized finite element mesh of human body stucture using 3D reconstruction and kriging technique, juillet, Book of Abstracts, pp.8-13, 2001.

N. A. Langrana, J. R. Parsons, C. K. Lee, M. Vuono-hawkins, S. W. Yang et al., Materials and design concepts for an intervertebral disc spacer. I. Fiber-reinforced composite design, Journal of Applied Biomaterials, vol.16, issue.2, pp.125-132, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/jab.770050205

S. Laporte, Reconstruction 3D du squelette humain pour la biomécanique par radiographie biplane à dose minimale d'irradiation. LBM, 2002.

B. Lassale and P. Garçon, Résultats cliniques des sténoses opérées, Revue de Chirurgie orthopédique, vol.74, pp.60-65, 1990.

F. Lavaste, Contribution à l'étude du comportement biomécanique du rachis lombaire, 1990.

F. Lavaste, A. Asselineau, A. Diop, J. L. Grandjean, J. M. Laurain et al., Experimental procedure for mechanical evaluation of dorso-lumbar segments and osteosynthesis devices, pp.435-446, 1990.

F. Lavaste, A. Diop, and W. Skalli, Fiabilité de l'évaluation expérimentale des implants rachidiens, pp.273-278, 1993.

F. Lavaste, W. Skalli, R. S. Roy-camille, R. Mazel, and C. , Three-dimensional geometrical and mechanical modelling of the lumbar spine, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.25, issue.10, pp.1153-1164, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(92)90071-8

L. Huec, J. C. Liu, M. Skalli, W. Josse, and L. , Lumbar lateral interbody cage with plate augmentation: in vitro biomechanical analysis, European Spine Journal, vol.11, issue.2, pp.130-136, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s005860100316

S. W. Lee, K. W. Wong, M. K. Chan, H. M. Yeung, J. L. Chiu et al., Development and Validation of a New Technique for Assessing Lumbar Spine Motion, Spine, vol.27, issue.8, pp.215-220, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-200204150-00022

J. P. Lemaire, W. Skalli, F. Lavaste, A. Templier, F. Mendes et al., Intervertebral Disc Prosthesis: Results and Prospects for the Year 2000, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.337, pp.64-76, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00003086-199704000-00009

J. Leong, S. Chun, W. Grange, and D. Fang, Long-Term Results of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Prolapse, Spine, vol.8, issue.7, pp.793-799, 1983.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198310000-00018

R. Louis, Reconstitution isthmique des spondylolyses par plaques vissées et greffes sans arthrodèse. A propos de 78 cas, Revue de Chirurgie orthopédique, vol.74, pp.549-557, 1988.

K. Luk, D. Chow, J. Evans, and J. Leong, Lumbar Spinal Mobility After Short Anterior Interbody Fusion, Spine, vol.20, issue.7, pp.813-818, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199504000-00015

K. L. Markolf, Deformation of the Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Joints in Response to External Loads, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.54, issue.3, pp.511-533, 1972.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-197254030-00005

N. Maurel, Modélisation géométrique et mécanique par éléments finis du rachis cervical inférieur. LBM, Paris, l'Ecole Nationale, 1993.

C. Mazel, Lumbar and lumbo-sacral fusion using Twinflex devices in 114 cases with minimal follow-up of 1 year, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, vol.47, issue.4, pp.271-277, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02716536

D. Mccord, B. Cunningham, Y. Shono, J. Myers, and P. Mcafee, Biomechanical Analysis of Lumbosacral Fixation, Spine, vol.17, pp.235-243, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199208001-00004

D. Mitton, C. Landry, S. Veron, W. Skalli, F. Lavaste et al., 3D reconstruction method from biplanar radiography using non-stereocorresponding points and elastic deformable meshes, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol.9, issue.2, pp.133-139, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02344767

A. Mitulescu, Contribution à la reconstruction tridimensionnelle du rachis et du bassin à partir de la stéréoradiographie conventionnelle et basse dose (Charpak) Laboratoire de BioMécanique, 2001.

F. P. Morgan and T. King, Primary instability of lumbar vertebrae as a common cause of low back pain, J Bone Joint Surg Br, vol.39, pp.6-22, 1957.

J. Morris, . Lucas, . Db, and B. Bresler, Role of the Trunk in Stability of the Spine, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.43, issue.3, pp.433-327, 1961.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-196143030-00001

A. Nachemson, Nachemson A, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavia, 1960.

A. Nachemson, The load on lumbar discs in different positions of the body, Clinical Orthopaedics, vol.45, pp.107-122, 1966.

A. Nachemson and J. Morris, In Vivo Measurements of Intradiscal Pressure, The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, vol.46, issue.5, pp.1077-1092, 1964.
DOI : 10.2106/00004623-196446050-00012

R. J. Nasca, J. M. Hollis, J. E. Lemons, and T. A. Cool, Cyclic Axial Loading of Spinal Implants, Spine, vol.10, issue.9, pp.792-798, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198511000-00002

J. Rogez, E. Bord, and A. Hamel, Anatomie et instrumentations rachidiennes, 1996.

A. Rohlmann, G. Bergmann, and F. Graichen, A spinal fixation device for in vivo load measurement, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.27, issue.7, pp.961-967, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(94)90268-2

R. Roy-camille, History of spine surgery, 2000.

R. Roy-camille, C. Mazel, and G. Saillant, Fractures et luxations du rachis dorsal et lombaire de l'adulte. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale, 1985.

R. Roy-camille, G. Saillant, T. Boucher, V. Salgado, and H. Suarez, Sponylolisthésis. Cahier d'enseignement de la SOFCOT, pp.89-101, 1986.

H. Sariali-el, J. P. Lemaire, H. Pascal-mousselard, H. Carrier, and W. Skalli, In vivo study of the kinematics in axial rotation of the lumbar spine after total intervertebral disc replacement: long-term results: a 10???14??years follow up evaluation, European Spine Journal, vol.3, issue.4, pp.1501-1510, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00586-005-0016-5

A. Schultz, G. Anderson, K. Haderspeck, and A. Nachemson, Loads on the lumbar spine, Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, pp.64-713, 1982.

J. V. Seligman, S. D. Gertzbein, M. Tile, and A. Kapasouri, Computer Analysis of Spinal Segment Motion in Degenerative Disc Disease With and Without Axial Loading, Spine, vol.9, issue.6, pp.566-573, 1984.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198409000-00006

I. Semaan, W. Skalli, S. Veron, A. Templier, J. P. Lassau et al., Quantitative 3D anatomy of the lumbar spine, Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, vol.87, pp.340-353, 2001.

J. Senegas, J. Vital, J. Guerin, P. Bernard, M. Barek et al., Stabilisation lombaire souple, Instabilités vertébrales lombaires". Exp. Scient. Française, pp.122-132, 1995.

M. Shea, T. Y. Takeuchi, R. H. Wittenberg, A. A. White, and W. C. Hayes, A Comparison of the Effects of Automated Percutaneous Diskectomy and Conventional Diskectomy on Intradiscal Pressure, Disk Geometry, and Stiffness, Journal of Spinal Disorders, vol.7, issue.4, pp.317-325, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00002517-199408000-00005

A. Shirazi-adl, Finite-Element Evaluation of Contact Loads on Facets of an L2-L3 Lumbar Segment in Complex Loads, Spine, vol.16, issue.5, pp.533-541, 1991.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199105000-00009

A. Shirazi-adl, A. M. Ahmed, and S. C. Shrivastava, A finite element study of a lumbar motion segment subjected to pure sagittal plane moments, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.331-350, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(86)90009-6

A. Shirazi-adl, Mechanical Response of a Lumbar Motion Segment in Axial Torque Alone and Combined with Compression, Spine, vol.11, issue.9, pp.914-927, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198611000-00012

A. Shirazi-adl and G. Drouin, Load-bearing role of facets in a lumbar segment under sagittal plane loadings, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.20, issue.6, pp.601-613, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90281-8

S. A. Shirazi-adl, S. C. Shrivastava, and A. M. Ahmed, Stress Analysis of the Lumbar Disc-Body Unit in Compression A Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Study, Spine, vol.9, issue.2, pp.120-134, 1984.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198403000-00003

W. Skalli, S. Champain, and T. Mosnier, Biomecanique du rachis. Cahiers d'enseignement de la SOFCOT, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/b978-2-84299-844-8.50002-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01510192

W. Skalli, S. Robin, F. Lavaste, and J. Dubousset, A Biomechanical Analysis of Short Segment Spinal Fixation Using a Three-Dimensional Geometric and Mechanical Model, Spine, vol.18, issue.5, pp.536-545, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199304000-00004

J. E. Smeathers and D. N. Joanes, Dynamic compressive properties of human lumbar intervertebral joints: A comparison between fresh and thawed specimens, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.21, issue.5, pp.425-433, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9290(88)90148-0

R. E. Stanford, A. H. Loefler, P. M. Stanford, and W. R. Walsh, Multiaxial Pedicle Screw Designs: Static and Dynamic Mechanical Testing, Spine, vol.29, issue.4, pp.367-375, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.BRS.0000092369.50397.85

H. Tanz, Motion of the lumbar spine. Roentgenologic study, Am. Journal of Roentgenology, vol.69, pp.399-410, 1953.

A. Templier, Paramètres et Méthodes d'évaluation des implants rachidiens lombaires, 1998.

A. Templier, L. Denninger, C. Mazel, and W. Skalli, Lumbar spinal fixation: The influence of flexural stiffness on anchor loading, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.31, p.139, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)80280-7

A. F. Tencer, A. M. Ahmed, and D. L. Burke, Some Static Mechanical Properties of the Lumbar Intervertebral Joint, Intact and Injured, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.104, issue.3, pp.193-201, 1982.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3138348

C. Tournier, S. Aunoble, L. Huec, J. C. Lemaire, J. P. Tropiano et al., Total disc arthroplasty: consequences for sagittal balance and lumbar spine movement, European Spine Journal, vol.16, issue.suppl 2, pp.411-421, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00586-006-0208-7

H. Van-mameren, S. H. Beursgens, J. Drukker, and J. , Cervical Spine Motion in the Sagittal Plane II, Spine, vol.17, issue.5, pp.467-474, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199205000-00001

S. Veron, Modélisation géométrique et mécanique par éléments finis du rachis cervical supérieur. LBM, Paris, l'Ecole Nationale, 1997.

E. Viguier, Evaluation biomécanique du rachis chez l'animal, Mise au point de modèles expérimentaux". LBM, 1996.

F. T. Wetzel, M. Brustein, F. M. Phillips, and S. Trott, Hardware Failure in an Unconstrained Lumbar Pedicle Screw System, Spine, vol.24, issue.11, pp.1138-1143, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199906010-00014

A. White and M. Panjabi, The Basic Kinematics of the Human Spine, Spine, vol.3, issue.1, pp.12-20, 1978.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-197803000-00003

H. Wilke, S. Wolf, L. Claes, M. Arand, and A. Wiesend, Stability Increase of the Lumbar Spine With Different Muscle Groups, Spine, vol.20, issue.2, pp.192-198, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199501150-00011

H. J. Wilke, P. Neef, M. Caimi, T. Hoogland, and L. E. Claes, New In Vivo Measurements of Pressures in the Intervertebral Disc in Daily Life, Spine, vol.24, issue.8, pp.755-762, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-199904150-00005

H. J. Wilke, K. Wenger, and L. Claes, Testing criteria for spinal implants: recommendations for the standardization of in vitro stability testing of spinal implants, European Spine Journal, vol.7, issue.2, pp.148-154, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s005860050045

K. W. Wong, J. C. Leong, M. K. Chan, K. D. Luk, and W. W. Lu, The Flexion???Extension Profile of Lumbar Spine in 100 Healthy Volunteers, Spine, vol.29, issue.15, pp.1636-1641, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.BRS.0000132320.39297.6C

K. W. Wong, K. D. Luk, J. C. Leong, S. F. Wong, and K. K. Wong, Continuous Dynamic Spinal Motion Analysis, Spine, vol.31, issue.4, pp.414-419, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.brs.0000199955.87517.82

M. Wybier, Examens d'imagerie dans la pathologie lombaire dégénérative. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale, 1994.

I. Yamamoto, . Panjabi, . Mm, T. Crisco, and T. Oxland, Three-Dimensional Movements of the Whole Lumbar Spine and Lumbosacral Joint, Spine, vol.14, issue.11, pp.1256-1260, 1989.
DOI : 10.1097/00007632-198911000-00020

C. Communications, I. Avec, S. De, M. Parent, R. Phd et al., Wafa Skalli MD Biomechanical Analysis of lumbosacral fixation techniques in a human cadaveric model: a study of five different fixation techniques, The 13 th International Meeting on Advanced Spine Techniques Greece Biomechanical Analysis of Lumbosacral Fixation Techniques in a Human Cadaveric Model: A Study of Five Different Techniques, Belgium Functional evaluation of implantable spinal devices, 2004.

T. Fagerström, . Hedlund, . Dupont, . Mosnier, W. Picard et al., In Vitro biomechanical behavior of instrumented cervical spine: comparison of three constructs of vertex implant, EuroSpine, 2005.

V. Lafage, J. Steib, . Mosnier, . Lavaste, and . Skalli, In vitro and finite element biomechanical analysis of a new unconstrained total disc prosthesis, Poster, The International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine), p.2006, 2006.

T. Mosnier, V. Lafage, L. Rillardon, M. Irujo, J. Pratt et al., Finite element simulation as a predictive tool for lumbar spine surgery, The International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine), p.14, 2006.

T. Mosnier, V. Lafage, L. Rillardon, M. Irujo, J. Pratt et al., Finite Element Simulation for the prediction of mechanical failure in the lumbar spine surgery Antibes (France), 24 th Clinical biomechanics of the spine Some mechanical tests on lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs, International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical engineering) J. Bone Joint Surg. J. Orthop. Res, vol.39, issue.54, pp.1135-63, 1957.