-. G. , R. X. Varlet-a, and J. C. Verrier-e, Genetic variability in French dog breeds assessed by pedigree data, J

-. G. Verrier-e, M. J. , and R. X. , Analyses de la diversité génétique chez le chien : quels outils pour quelles questions ? Le chien : domestication, raciation, utilisations dans l'histoire, pp.87-94, 2006778.

-. L. Van-der-beek, . J. Ubbink-g, and . W. Knol-b, Population parameters to compare dog breeds: differences between five Dutch purebred populations, Vet. Quart, vol.23, pp.43-52, 2001.

H. M. Van, J. L. Van-den-broeck, and . W. Knol-b, The use of a genetic-counselling program by Dutch breeders for four hereditary health problems in boxer dogs, P rev, Vet. Med, vol.6, issue.3, pp.63-102, 2004.

D. Boichard, PEDIG: a fortran package for pedigree analysis suited for large populations, Proceedings of the 7th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, pp.19-23, 2002.

D. Boichard, L. Maignel, and E. Verrier, The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.29, issue.1, pp.5-23, 1997.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-29-1-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894153

J. M. Couille-beillon, Pathologie des chiens brachycéphales . Veterinarian thesis, Ecole Nationale Vé té rinaire d'Alfort, 1983.

K. Belkhir, P. Borsa, L. Chikhi, N. Raufaste, and F. Bonhomme, GENETIX, logiciel sous WindowsTM pour la génétique des populations, Laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions CNRS UMR 5000, 1996.

K. Belkhir, V. Castric, and F. Bonhomme, identix, a software to test for relatedness in a population using permutation methods, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.43, issue.4, pp.611-625, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01288.x

P. Bijma, Long-term genetic contributions: prediction of rates of inbreeding and genetic gain in selected populations, p.225, 2000.

S. Björnerfeldt, F. Hailer, M. Nord, and C. Vila, Assortative mating and fragmentation within dog breeds, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.10-1186, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-8-28

D. Boichard, L. Maignel, and E. Verrier, The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.29, issue.1, pp.5-23, 1997.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-29-1-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894153

D. Boichard, PEDIG: a fortran package for pedigree analysis suited for large populations, 7th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 2002.

A. Caballero and M. A. Toro, Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations, Genetical Research, vol.75, issue.3, pp.331-374, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016672399004449

R. Chakraborty and L. Jin, Determination of relatedness between individuals by DNA fingerprinting, Human Biology, vol.65, pp.875-95, 1993.

J. M. Pemberton, Performance of marker-based relatedness estimators in natural populations of outbred vertebrates, Genetics, vol.173, pp.2091-101, 2006.

H. Eding and T. Meuwissen, Marker-based estimates of between and within population kinships for the conservation of genetic diversity, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.107, issue.3, pp.141-59, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s001220050698

D. S. Falconer and T. F. Mackay, Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 1996.

J. Fernandez, B. Villanueva, R. Pong-wong, and M. A. Toro, Efficiency of the Use of Pedigree and Molecular Marker Information in Conservation Programs Genetics, 2005.

I. G?a?ewska, Genetic diversity in Polish hounds estimated by pedigree analysis, Livestock Science, vol.113, issue.2-3, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.012

J. P. Gutiérrez, L. J. Royo, I. Alvarez, and F. Goyache, MolKin v2.0: A Computer Program for Genetic Analysis of Populations Using Molecular Coancestry Information, Journal of Heredity, vol.96, issue.6, pp.718-739, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esi118

P. Jones, K. Chase, A. Martin, E. A. Ostrander, and K. G. Lark, SNP Based Association Mapping of Dog Stereotypes, Genetics, 2008.

G. Leroy, X. Rognon, A. Varlet, C. Joffrin, and E. Verrier, Genetic variability in French dog breeds assessed by pedigree data, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.75, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1439-0388.2002.00315.x

G. Leroy, E. Verrier, C. Wisner-bourgeois, and X. Rognon, Breeding goals and breeding practices of French dog breeders: results from a large survey, pp.496-503, 2007.

L. Lüpke and O. Distl, Microsatellite marker analysis of the genetic variability in Hanoverian Hounds, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.38, issue.2, pp.131-140, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00964.x

M. Lynch and K. Ritland, Estimation of pairwise relatedness with molecular markers, Genetics, vol.152, pp.1753-66, 1999.

K. Mäki, A. F. Groen, A. E. Liinamo, and M. Ojala, Abstract, Animal Science, vol.91, issue.02, pp.217-245, 2001.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-30-1-3

G. Malécot, Les mathématiques de l'hérédité, 1948.

E. Mathieu, M. Autem, M. Roux, and F. Bonhomme, Epreuves de validation dans l'analyse de structures génétiques multivariées: comment tester l'équilibre panmictique?, 1990.

S. Moureaux, E. Verrier, A. Ricard, and J. C. Mériaux, Genetic variability within French race and riding horse breeds from genealogical data and blood marker polymorphisms, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.28, issue.1, 1996.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-28-1-83

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894122

M. Nei, F. Tajima, and Y. Tateno, Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.18, issue.2, pp.153-70, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02300753

D. Parra, J. Méndez, J. Canon, and S. Dunner, Genetic differentiation in pointing dog breeds inferred from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequence, Animal Genetics, vol.132, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/2406450

S. Defrance, H. B. Ostrander, E. A. Kruglyak, and L. , Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog, Science, vol.304, pp.1160-1164, 2004.

D. F. Patterson, Understanding and controlling inherited diseases in dog and cat, 1993.

D. C. Queller and K. F. Goodnight, Estimating relatedness using molecular markers, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2409206

M. Raymond and F. Rousset, GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population Genetics Software for Exact Tests and Ecumenicism, Journal of Heredity, vol.86, issue.3, pp.248-257, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00186383

M. A. Toro, C. Barragán, C. Óvilo, J. Rodriganez, C. Rodriguez et al., Estimation of coancestry in Iberian pigs using molecular markers, Conservation Genetics, vol.3, issue.3, pp.309-20112, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019921131171

K. Belkhir, V. Castric, and F. Bonhomme, identix, a software to test for relatedness in a population using permutation methods, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.43, issue.4, pp.611-625, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01288.x

E. Verrier and X. Rognon, Using molecular markers and multivariate methods to study the genetic diverisy on local european and asian chickens breeds, Animal Genetics, 2007.

G. Bjørnstadt and K. H. Røed, Evaluation of factors affecting individual assignment precision using microsatellite data from horse breeds and simulated breed crosses, Animal Genetics, vol.38, issue.4, pp.264-270, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01255-X

D. Bryant and V. Moulton, Neighbor-Net: An Agglomerative Method for the Construction of Phylogenetic Networks, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.21, issue.2, pp.255-65, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msh018

A. Caballero and M. A. Toro, Analysis of genetic diversity for the management of conserved subdivided populations, Conservation Genetics, vol.3, issue.3, pp.289-99, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019956205473

J. Clutton-brock, ?? Natural History of Domesticated Mammals, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, vol.65, issue.1, 1999.
DOI : 10.1515/pz-1990-0115

G. Evanno, S. Regnaut, and J. Goudet, Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.2611-2620, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1600

E. Fabuel, L. Barragán, L. Silio, M. C. Rodriguez, and M. A. Toro, Analysis of genetic diversity and conservation priorities in Iberian pigs based on microsatellite markers, Heredity, vol.93, issue.1, pp.104-113, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800488

S. Garnier, P. Alibert, P. Audiot, B. Prieur, and J. Y. Rasplus, Isolation by distance and sharp discontinuities in gene frequencies: implications for the phylogeography of an alpine insect species, Carabus solieri, Molecular Ecology, vol.28, issue.7, pp.1883-1897, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02212.x

D. M. Hillis and J. J. Bull, An Empirical Test of Bootstrapping as a Method for Assessing Confidence in Phylogenetic Analysis, Systematic Biology, vol.42, issue.2, pp.182-192, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/sysbio/42.2.182

D. Huson and D. Bryant, Application of Phylogenetic Networks in Evolutionary Studies, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.23, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msj030

D. N. Irion, A. L. Schaffer, T. R. Famula, M. L. Eggleston, S. S. Hughes et al., Analysis of Genetic Variation in 28 Dog Breed Populations With 100 Microsatellite Markers, Journal of Heredity, vol.94, issue.1, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esg004

M. Jakobsson and N. Rosenberg, CLUMPP: a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure, Bioinformatics, vol.23, issue.14, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm233

M. T. Koskinen, Individual assignment using microsatellite DNA reveals unambiguous breed identification in the domestic dog, Animal Genetics, vol.38, issue.4, pp.297-301, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900386

J. A. Lenstra, Evolutionary and demographic history of sheep and goats suggested by nuclear, mtDNA and Y chromosome markers The role of biotechnology for the characterisation and conservation of crop, forestry, animal and fishery genetic resources, FAO, International Workshop, pp.97-100, 2005.

G. Leroy, E. Verrier, J. C. Meriaux, and X. Rognon, Genetic diversity of dog breeds: within-breed diversity comparing genealogical and molecular data, Animal Genetics, vol.3, issue.28, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01842.x

G. Leroy, L. Callèle, E. Verrier, J. C. Mériaux, A. Ricard et al., Genetic of a large set of horse breeds raised in France assessed by microsatellite polymorphism, Genetics Selection Evolution, 2008.

S. Dunner, C. Rodellar, A. Valentini, D. G. Bradley, I. Olsaker et al., Differentiation of European cattle by AFLP fingerprinting, Animal Genetics, vol.38, pp.60-66, 2007.

M. Nei, F. Tajima, and Y. Tateno, Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.18, issue.2, pp.153-70, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02300753

D. Paetkau, R. Slade, M. Burden, and A. Estoup, Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.55-65, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00496.x

H. B. Defrance, E. A. Ostrander, and L. Kruglyak, Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog, Science, vol.304, pp.1160-64, 2004.

H. G. Parker, A. V. Kukekova, D. T. Akey, O. Goldstein, E. F. Kirkness et al., Breed relationships facilitate fine-mapping studies: A 7.8-kb deletion cosegregates with Collie eye anomaly across multiple dog breeds, Genome Research, vol.17, issue.11, pp.1562-71, 2007.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.6772807

D. Posada and K. A. Crandall, Intraspecific gene genealogies: trees grafting into networks, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.16, issue.1, pp.37-45, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02026-7

J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, pp.945-59, 2000.

B. Rannala and J. L. Mountain, Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.17, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9197

S. B. Reist-marti, H. Simianer, O. Hanotte, and J. E. Rege, Weitzman's Approach and Conservation of Breed Diversity: an Application to African Cattle Breeds, Conservation Biology, vol.66, issue.5, pp.1299-1311, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00092-2

A. Maki-tanila, M. Tixier-boichard, A. Vignal, K. Wimmers, and S. Weigend, Empirical evaluation of genetic clustering methods using multilocus genotypes from 20 chicken breeds, 2001.

M. W. Feldman, Genetic structure of human populations, Science, vol.298, pp.2381-2386, 2002.

C. Schelling, C. Gaillard, and G. Dolf, Genetic variability of seven dog breeds based on microsatellite markers, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.276, issue.s1, pp.71-78, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900386

H. Simianer, S. B. Marti, J. Gibson, O. Hannotte, and J. E. Rege, An approach to the optimal allocation of conservation funds to minimize loss of genetic diversity between livestock breeds, Ecological Economics, vol.45, issue.3, pp.377-92, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00092-2

C. E. Veit-kensch, I. Medugorac, W. Jedrzejewski, A. N. Bunevich, and M. Foerster, A heuristic two-dimensional presentation of microsatellite-based data applied to dogs and wolves, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.39, issue.4, pp.447-63, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-39-4-447

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894571

M. L. Weitzman, On Diversity, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.107, issue.2, pp.363-405, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2118476

V. Altunok, E. Koban, L. Chichi, A. Schaffer, N. C. Pedersen et al., Genetic evidence for the distinctness of Kangal dogs, Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy, vol.49, pp.249-254, 2005.

. Ashmont, Kennel Secrets : How to breed, exhibit and manage dogs, 1893.

A. Audiot, Races d'hier pour l'élevage de demain, 1995.

D. L. Bannasch, M. J. Bannasch, J. R. Ryun, T. R. Famula, and N. C. Pedersen, Y chromosome haplotype analysis in purebred dogs, Mammalian Genome, vol.276, issue.Suppl, pp.273-280, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00335-004-2435-8

F. Balloux, EASYPOP (Version 1.7): A Computer Program for Population Genetics Simulations, Journal of Heredity, vol.92, issue.3, pp.301-302, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/92.3.301

F. Balloux, W. Amos, and T. Coulson, Does heterozygosity estimate inbreeding in real populations?, Molecular Ecology, vol.24, issue.10, pp.3021-3031, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02318.x

R. Baumung and J. Sölkner, Pedigree and marker information requirements to monitor genetic variability, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.35, issue.5, pp.369-383, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-35-5-369

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894452

R. Baumung, H. Simianer, and I. Hoffmann, Genetic diversity studies in farm animals - a survey, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.35, issue.6, pp.361-373, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00505.x

K. Belkhir, V. Castric, and F. Bonhomme, identix, a software to test for relatedness in a population using permutation methods, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.43, issue.4, pp.611-614, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01288.x

D. K. Belyaev, Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication, Journal of Heredity, vol.70, issue.5, pp.301-308, 1978.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109263

L. B. Bennett, M. D. Shriver, and A. M. Bowcock, Markers and Methods for Reconstructing Modern Human History, DNA Sequence, vol.24, issue.5, pp.329-341, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/354204a0

C. Berthouly, B. Bed-'hom, M. Tixier-boichard, C. F. Chen, Y. P. Lee et al., Using molecular markers and multivariate methods to study the genetic diverisy on local European and Asian chickens breeds, Anim. Genet, 2008.

S. Björnerfeldt, F. Hailer, M. Nord, and C. Vila, Assortative mating and fragmentation within dog breeds, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.8, issue.1, p.28, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2148-8-28

D. Boichard, L. Maignel, and E. Verrier, The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.29, issue.1, pp.5-23, 1997.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-29-1-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894153

D. Boichard, P. Leroy, H. Levéziel, and J. M. Elsen, Utilisation des marqueurs moléculaires en génétique animale, INRA Prod. Anim, vol.11, pp.67-80, 1998.

D. Boichard, PEDIG: a fortran package for pedigree analysis suited for large populations, 7th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, 2002.

D. Botstein, R. L. White, M. Skolonick, and R. W. Davies, Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms, Am. j. hum. genet, vol.32, issue.3, pp.314-331, 1980.

M. Brooks and D. R. Sargan, Genetic aspects of disease in dogs., pp.191-265, 2001.
DOI : 10.1079/9780851995205.0191

J. A. Brouillette and P. J. Venta, Within-breed heterozygosity of canine single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by across-breed comparison, Animal Genetics, vol.58, issue.6, pp.464-467, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00669.x

W. M. Brown, M. George, and A. C. Wilson, Rapid Evolution of, Animal Mitochondrial DNA PNAS, vol.76, pp.1967-1971, 1979.

A. Caballero and M. A. Toro, Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations, Genetical Research, vol.75, issue.3, pp.331-374, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016672399004449

A. Caballero and M. A. Toro, Analysis of genetic diversity for the management of conserved subdivided populations, Conservation Genetics, vol.3, issue.3, pp.289-299, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019956205473

L. Cavalli-sforza and A. W. Edwards, Phylogenetic Analysis: Models and Estimation Procedures, Evolution, vol.21, issue.3, pp.233-257, 1967.
DOI : 10.2307/2406616

J. Clutton-brock, ?? Natural History of Domesticated Mammals, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, vol.65, issue.1, 1999.
DOI : 10.1515/pz-1990-0115

J. B. Cole, Population structure and genetics of longevity in a colony of dog guides, 2003.

R. Coppinger and L. Coppinger, Dogs : a new understanding of canine origin, behaviour and evolution, 2001.

J. M. Cornuet, S. Piry, G. Luikart, A. Estoup, and M. Solignac, New methods employing multilocus genotypes to select or exclude populations as origins of individuals, Genetics, vol.153, 1989.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00295518

S. J. Crockford, Dog evolution: a role for thyroid hormone physiology in domestication changes, In: Dogs Through Time: An Archaeological Perspective, 2000.

J. F. Crow and M. Kimura, An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory, 1970.

K. Csillery, T. Johnson, D. Beraldi, T. Clutton-brock, D. Coltman et al., Performance of Marker-Based Relatedness Estimators in Natural Populations of Outbred Vertebrates, Genetics, vol.173, issue.4, pp.2091-2101, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.106.057331

J. De-grossi-mazzorin and A. T. , Morphologicaland osteological changes in the dog from the Neolithic to the Roman period in Italy, In: Dogs Through Time: An Archaeological Perspective, 2000.

D. Singly and F. , L'enquête et ses méthodes -Le questionnaire, 2005.

B. Denis, Génétique et Sélection chez le Chien, 1997.

B. Denis and J. F. Courreau, Regard scientifique sur le nombre de races chez le chien : Combien y a-t-il de véritables races, pp.105-110, 2006.

S. Derban, J. L. Foulley, and L. Ollivier, WEITZPRO: a software for analysing genetic diversity, 2002.

J. P. Digard, Les Français et leurs animaux, 1999.

J. P. Digard, Essai d'ethno-archéologie chez le chien, Ethnozootechnie, vol.78, pp.33-40, 2006.

S. Dunner, M. L. Checa, J. P. Gutierrez, J. P. Martin, and N. J. Canon, Genetic analysis and management in small populations: the Asturcon pony as an example, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.30, issue.4, pp.397-405, 1998.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-30-4-397

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894218

F. Durand and J. F. Chary, Rapport sur la Gestion des races de l'espèce canine. COPERCI, Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'alimentation, 2005.

H. Eding and T. Meuwissen, Marker-based estimates of between and within population kinships for the conservation of genetic diversity, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.107, issue.3, pp.141-159, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s001220050698

A. Egenvall, B. N. Bonnett, P. Olson, and A. Hedhammar, Gender, age and breed pattern of diagnoses for veterinary care in insured dogs in Sweden during 1996, Veterinary Record, vol.146, issue.19, pp.551-557, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/vr.146.19.551

E. Mousadik, A. Petit, and R. J. , High level of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among populations argan tree, 1996.

G. Evanno, S. Regnaut, and J. Goudet, Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.2611-2620, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1600

D. S. Falconer, Introduction à la génétique quantitative, 1974.

J. Fernandez, B. Villanueva, R. Pong-wong, and M. A. Toro, Efficiency of the Use of Pedigree and Molecular Marker Information in Conservation Programs, Genetics, vol.170, issue.3, pp.1313-1321, 2005.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.104.037325

I. J. Fondon and H. R. Garner, Molecular origins of rapid and continuous morphological evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.52, pp.18058-18063, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0408118101

J. L. Foulley and L. Ollivier, Estimating allelic richness and its diversity, Livestock Science, vol.101, issue.1-3, pp.150-158, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.021

I. G?a?ewska, Genetic diversity in Polish hounds estimated by pedigree analysis, Livestock Science, vol.113, issue.2-3, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.012

W. G. Hill and B. S. Weir, Prediction of multi-locus inbreeding coefficients and relation to linkage disequilibrium in random mating populations, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.72, issue.2, pp.179-185, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tpb.2006.05.006

K. A. Houpt and M. B. Willis, Genetics of Behaviour In: The genetics of the dog, pp.371-400, 2001.

D. N. Irion, A. L. Schaffer, T. R. Famula, M. L. Eggleston, S. S. Hughes et al., Analysis of Genetic Variation in 28 Dog Breed Populations With 100 Microsatellite Markers, Journal of Heredity, vol.94, issue.1, pp.81-87, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esg004

J. W. James, Computation of genetic contributions from pedigrees, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.42, pp.272-273, 1972.

P. Jones, A. Martin, A. Vratimos, H. G. Parker, L. Kruglyak et al., Comparison of 120 dog breeds from the US and UK by SNP genotyping identifies breed and geographic gene pool differences, 3rd International Conference on Canine and Feline Genomics, 2006.

L. Karjalainen and M. Ojala, Generation intervals and inbreeding coefficients in the Finnish Hound and the Finnish Spitz, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.56, issue.1-6, pp.33-41, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1997.tb00489.x

K. Bsava, Purebred Dog Health Survey, 2004.

M. T. Koskinen and P. Bredbacka, Assessment of the population structure of five Finnish dog breeds with microsatellites, Animal Genetics, vol.38, issue.5, pp.310-317, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900386

M. T. Koskinen, Individual assignment using microsatellite DNA reveals unambiguous breed identification in the domestic dog, Animal Genetics, vol.38, issue.4, pp.297-301, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900386

J. Laidlaw, Y. Gelfand, K. W. Ng, H. R. Garner, R. Ranganathan et al., Elevated Basal Slippage Mutation Rates among the Canidae, Journal of Heredity, vol.98, issue.5, pp.452-460, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esm017

B. Langlois, A review on the methods of parentage and inbreeding analysis with molecular markers In: Conservation genetics of endangered horse breeds, pp.35-54, 2005.

G. Laval, M. Sancristobal, and C. Chevalet, Measuring genetic distances between breeds: use of some distances in various short term evolution models, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.34, issue.4, pp.481-507, 2002.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-34-4-481

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894423

G. Leroy, Propositions et mise en place d'aides à la gestion génétique des races de chiens en France, Mémoire de stage, 2004.

G. Leroy, J. C. Meriaux, E. Verrier, and X. Rognon, Genetic diversity and gene flows of five pointing dog breeds analyzed by microsatellite data, 3rd International Conference on Canine and Feline Genomics, 2006.

G. Leroy, J. C. Meriaux, E. Verrier, and X. Rognon, Genetic diversity of two French dog breeds analyzed by microsatellite and pedigree data, 30th Conference of the International Society of Animal Genetics, 2006.

G. Leroy, J. C. Meriaux, E. Verrier, and X. Rognon, Analyses de la diversité génétique chez le chien: Quels outils pour quelles questions ? Ethnozootechnie, pp.87-94, 2006.

G. Leroy, E. Verrier, L. Callèle, J. C. Mériaux, A. Ricard et al., Genetic of a large set of horse breeds raised in France assessed by microsatellite polymorphism, 2008.

C. C. Li, D. E. Weeks, and A. Chakrabarti, Similarity of DNA Fingerprints Due to Chance and Relatedness, Human Heredity, vol.43, issue.1, pp.45-52, 1993.
DOI : 10.1159/000154113

M. H. Li, K. Sternbauer, P. T. Haahr, and J. Kantanen, Genetic components in contemporary Faroe Islands Cattle as revealed by microsatellite analysis, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.19, issue.5, pp.309-326, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00685.x

S. Licari, Eléments d'émergence des principaux types de chiens à la lumière des témoignage iconographiques, Ethnozootechnie, vol.78, pp.47-66, 2006.

L. Lüpke and O. Distl, Microsatellite marker analysis of the genetic variability in Hanoverian Hounds, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.38, issue.2, pp.131-139, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00964.x

M. Lynch and K. Ritland, Estimation of pairwise relatedness with molecular markers, Genetics, vol.152, pp.1753-1766, 1999.

K. Mäki, A. F. Groen, A. E. Liinamo, and M. Ojala, Abstract, Animal Science, vol.91, issue.02, pp.217-228, 2001.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-30-1-3

G. Malécot, Les mathématiques de l'hérédité, 1948.

P. Megnin, Le chien, Histoire, Hygiène, Médecine, Vade-mecum de l'éleveur et de l'amateur de chiens, 1883.

V. N. Meyers-wallen, Ethics and Genetic Selection in Purebred Dogs, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, vol.291, issue.1, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1439-0531.2003.00384.x

K. Moazami-goudarzi and D. Laloë, Is a Multivariate Consensus Representation of Genetic Relationships Among Populations Always Meaningful?, Genetics, vol.162, pp.473-484, 2002.

D. A. Morrison, Networks in phylogenetic analysis: new tools for population biology, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.35, issue.5, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.02.007

M. Mussi and M. R. Palombo, Human/carnivore interaction in the middle Pleistocene of Latium (central Italy): an open question. The World of Elephants, 2001.

M. Nei, Genetic Distance between Populations, The American Naturalist, vol.106, issue.949, pp.283-291, 1972.
DOI : 10.1086/282771

M. Nei, F. Tajima, and Y. Tateno, Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.18, issue.2, pp.153-170, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02300753

M. Nei, Molecular evolutionary genetics, 1987.

A. L. Nielen, S. Van-der-beek, G. J. Ubbink, and B. W. Knol, Epidemiology: Population parameters to compare dog breeds: Differences between five dutch purebred populations, Veterinary Quarterly, vol.210, issue.1, pp.43-49, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/279872

H. Nunes and C. Degueurce, Les races de chiens dans la litterature naturaliste française du XVIIIème siècle, Bull. soc. fr. hist. méd. sci. vét, vol.4, pp.75-94, 2005.

P. A. Oliehoek, G. J. Ubbink, and R. F. Hoekstra, Cluster analysis of kinship in the Iceland Dog as a small pedigreed population, 2004.

S. J. Olsen and J. W. Olsen, The Chinese Wolf, Ancestor of New World Dogs, Science, vol.197, issue.4303, 0197.
DOI : 10.1126/science.197.4303.533

D. Paetkau, W. Calvert, I. Stirling, and C. Strobeck, Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears, Molecular Ecology, vol.44, issue.3, pp.347-354, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0888-7543(05)80126-0

D. Paetkau, R. Slade, M. Burden, and A. Estoup, Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.55-65, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00496.x

H. G. Parker, L. V. Kim, N. B. Sutter, S. Carlson, T. D. Lorentzen et al., Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog, Science, vol.304, issue.5674, pp.1160-1164, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1097406

H. G. Parker, A. V. Kukekova, D. T. Akey, O. Goldstein, E. F. Kirkness et al., Breed relationships facilitate fine-mapping studies: A 7.8-kb deletion cosegregates with Collie eye anomaly across multiple dog breeds, Genome Research, vol.17, issue.11, pp.1562-1571, 2007.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.6772807

D. Parra, J. Méndez, J. Canon, and S. Dunner, Genetic differentiation in pointing dog breeds inferred from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequence, Animal Genetics, vol.132, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/2406450

D. F. Patterson, Understanding and controlling inherited diseases in dog and cat, Tidjschr. Diergeneeskd, vol.118, pp.23-27, 1993.

R. J. Petit, A. Mousadik, and O. Pons, Identifying Populations for Conservation on the Basis of Genetic Markers, Conservation Biology, vol.55, issue.suppl 1, pp.844-855, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96489.x

A. E. Pires, L. Ouragh, M. Kalboussi, J. Matos, F. Petrucci-fonseca et al., Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in Portuguese Native Dog Breeds: Diversity and Phylogenetic Affinities, Journal of Heredity, vol.97, issue.4, pp.318-348, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esl006

D. Posada and K. A. Crandall, Intraspecific gene genealogies: trees grafting into networks, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.16, issue.1, pp.37-45, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02026-7

J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, pp.945-959, 2000.

D. C. Queller and K. F. Goodnight, Estimating Relatedness Using Genetic Markers, Evolution, vol.43, issue.2, pp.258-274, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2409206

M. Raisor, Determining the Antiquity of Dog Origins: Canine domestication as a model for the consilience between molecular genetics and archaeology, 2004.

B. Rannala and J. L. Mountain, Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.17, pp.9197-9201, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9197

J. Reynolds, B. S. Weir, and C. C. Cockerham, Estimation of the Coancestry Coefficient: Basis for a Short-Term Genetic Distance, Genetics, vol.105, pp.767-779, 1983.

N. Russell, Like engend'ring like, Heredity and animal breeding in early modern England, 1986.

A. Sacy and A. Lenepveu, Evaluation des âges à la reproduction de chiens de race, à partir de deux types de données différentes, 2008.

N. Saitou and M. Nei, The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.4, pp.406-425, 1987.

D. R. Sargan, J. Sampson, and M. M. Binn, Molecular genetics of the dog., pp.139-158, 2001.
DOI : 10.1079/9780851995205.0139

P. Savolainen, Y. P. Zhang, J. Luo, J. Lundeberg, and T. Leitner, Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs, Science, vol.298, issue.5598, pp.1610-1613, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1073906

C. Schelling, C. Gaillard, and G. Dolf, Genetic variability of seven dog breeds based on microsatellite markers, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.276, issue.s1, pp.71-77, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900386

A. D. Short, L. J. Kennedy, A. Barnes, N. Fretwell, C. Jones et al., Hardy Weinberg Expectations in Canine Breeds: Implications for Genetic Studies, Journal of Heredity, vol.98, issue.5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esm020

J. Slate, P. David, K. G. Dodds, B. A. Veenvliet, B. C. Glass et al., Understanding the relationship between the inbreeding coefficient and multilocus heterozygosity: theoretical expectations and empirical data, Heredity, vol.93, issue.3, pp.255-265, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800485

G. G. Sokal and C. D. Michener, A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull, vol.28, pp.1409-1438, 1958.

A. K. Sundqvist, S. Björnerfeldt, J. A. Leonard, F. Hailer, A. Hedhammar et al., Unequal Contribution of Sexes in the Origin of Dog Breeds, Genetics, vol.172, issue.2, pp.1121-1128, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.105.042358

N. Takezaki and M. Nei, Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA, Genetics, vol.144, pp.389-399, 1996.

M. A. Toro, C. Barragán, C. Óvilo, J. Rodriganez, C. Rodriguez et al., Estimation of coancestry in Iberian pigs using molecular markers, Conservation Genetics, vol.3, issue.3, pp.309-320, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019921131171

M. A. Toro and A. Caballero, Characterisation and conservation of genetic diversity between breeds, 2004.

R. Triquet, Dictionnaire encyclopédique des termes canins, 1999.

G. J. Ubbink, B. W. Knol, and J. Bouw, The relationship between homozygosity and the occurrence of specific diseases in Bouvier Belge des Flandres dogs in the Netherlands, Veterinary Quarterly, vol.31, issue.4, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/279872

S. Van-der-beek, A. L. Nielen, Y. H. Schukken, and E. W. Brascamp, Evaluation of genetic, common-litter, and within-litter effects on preweaning mortality in a birth cohort of puppies, Am. J. Vet. Res, vol.60, pp.1106-1110, 1999.

L. Vawter and W. M. Brown, Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation in the molecular clock, Science, vol.234, issue.4773, pp.194-196, 1986.
DOI : 10.1126/science.3018931

C. E. Veit-kensch, I. Medugorac, W. Jedrzejewski, A. N. Bunevich, and M. Foerster, A heuristic two-dimensional presentation of microsatellite-based data applied to dogs and wolves, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.39, issue.4, pp.447-463, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-39-4-447

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894571

F. Verginelli, C. Capelli, V. Coia, M. Musiani, M. Falchetti et al., Mitochondrial DNA from Prehistoric Canids Highlights Relationships Between Dogs and South-East European Wolves, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.22, issue.12, pp.2541-2551, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msi248

E. Verrier, S. Moureaux, T. Tribout, I. Delaunay, I. Palhière et al., Overview of the genetic variability in French selected livestock populations and management approaches. Options and strategies for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Agropolis international workshop, 2005.

C. Vilà, P. Savolainen, J. E. Maldonado, I. R. Amorim, J. E. Rice et al., Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog, Science, vol.276, issue.5319, pp.1687-1689, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5319.1687

R. K. Wayne, Molecular evolution of the dog family, Trends in Genetics, vol.9, issue.6, pp.218-224, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-X

R. K. Wayne, Consequences of Domestication: Morphological Diversity of the Dog In: The genetics of the dog, pp.43-60, 2001.

B. S. Weir, Genetic Data Analysis II., Biometrics, vol.53, issue.1, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2533134

M. L. Weitzman, On Diversity, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.107, issue.2, pp.363-405, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2118476

S. Wright, Coefficients of Inbreeding and Relationship, The American Naturalist, vol.56, issue.645, pp.330-338, 1922.
DOI : 10.1086/279872

S. Wright, Evolution and the genetics of populations, 1968.

I. Zajc, C. S. Mellersh, and J. Sampson, Variability of canine microsatellites within and between different dog breeds, Mammalian Genome, vol.135, issue.3, pp.182-185, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900386