A. , V. C. Krishnamurthi, V. Taylor, D. L. Et, L. et al., The actinbased nanomachine at the leading edge of migrating cells, Biophys J, vol.77, issue.3, pp.1721-1732, 1999.

A. , R. Pinyol, R. Reichenbach, N. Custer, L. Klingensmith et al., Cordon-bleu is an actin nucleation factor and controls neuronal morphology, Cell, issue.2, pp.131337-350, 2007.

M. Bathe, C. Heussinger, M. Claessens, A. R. Bausch, F. Et et al., Cytoskeletal Bundle Mechanics, Biophysical Journal, vol.94, issue.8, pp.942955-2964, 2008.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.107.119743

URL : http://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.119743

J. Berro, A. Michelot, L. Blanchoin, D. R. Kovar, M. Et et al., Attachment Conditions Control Actin Filament Buckling and the Production of Forces, Biophysical Journal, vol.92, issue.7, pp.922546-2558, 2007.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.106.094672

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00133802

B. , G. Quate, C. Et, G. , and C. , Atomic force microscope, Phys Rev Lett, vol.56, issue.9, pp.930-933, 1986.

B. , L. Et, P. , and T. D. , Hydrolysis of ATP by polymerized actin depends on the bound divalent cation but not profilin, Biochemistry, vol.41, issue.2, pp.597-602, 2002.

B. , L. D. Koepf, E. K. Grimes, J. Jones, E. Y. Stuart et al., The crystal structure of plasma gelsolin : implications for actin severing, capping, and nucleation, Cell, vol.90, issue.4, pp.661-670, 1997.

C. , L. A. Footer, M. J. Van, O. , A. Et et al., Motility of ActA protein-coated microspheres driven by actin polymerization, Proc Natl Acad Sci, issue.9, pp.964908-4913, 1999.

C. , M. F. Laurent, V. Santolini, J. Melki, R. Didry et al., Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF/cofilin) enhances the rate of filament turnover : implication in actin-based motility, J Cell Biol, vol.136, issue.6, pp.1307-1322, 1997.

C. , M. F. Et, P. , and D. , Direct evidence for adp-pi-f-actin as the major intermediate in atp-actin polymerization. rate of dissociation of pi from actin filaments, Biochemistry, issue.24, pp.257789-7792, 1986.

C. , M. F. Pantaloni, D. Et, K. , and E. D. , The mechanisms of ATP hydrolysis accompanying the polymerization of Mg-actin and Ca-actin, J Biol Chem, vol.262, issue.7, pp.3052-3059, 1987.

C. , M. Magdalena, J. Theriot, J. A. Et, G. et al., Functional analysis of a rickettsial OmpA homology domain of Shigella flexneri IcsA, J Bacteriol, vol.181, issue.3, pp.869-878, 1999.

C. , O. Parekh, S. H. Et, F. , and D. A. , Reversible stress softening of actin networks, Nature, issue.7125, pp.445295-298, 2007.

C. , M. Bathe, M. Frey, E. Et, B. et al., Actin-binding proteins sensitively mediate F-actin bundle stiffness, Nat Mater, vol.5, issue.9, pp.748-753, 2006.

C. , L. Bertrand, E. Baudry, J. Robic, C. Goubault et al., Measuring the kinetics of biomolecular recognition with magnetic colloids, Phys Rev Lett, vol.100, issue.10, p.108301, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00264504

C. , M. Et, K. , and E. D. , Interaction of plasma gelsolin with G-actin and F-actin in the presence and absence of calcium ions, J Biol Chem, issue.28, pp.26015033-15041, 1985.

C. , J. Et, G. , and D. , Microscopic measurement of the pair interaction potential of charge-stabilized colloid, Phys Rev Lett, vol.73, issue.2, pp.352-355, 1994.

C. , J. C. Et, G. , and D. G. , Methods of digital video microscopy for colloidal studies, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.179, issue.1, pp.298-310, 1996.

D. , G. A. Sanger, J. M. Portnoy, D. A. Et, S. et al., Listeria monocytogenes moves rapidly through the host-cell cytoplasm by inducing directional actin assembly, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.87, issue.16, pp.6068-6072, 1990.

D. , B. V. Et, L. , and L. , Theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and of the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solution of electrolytes, 1941.

D. , R. B. Et, P. , and D. L. , Clamped-filament elongation model for actinbased motors, Biophys J, vol.82, issue.2, pp.605-617, 2002.

D. , M. Et, Y. , and B. , Measurement of the force-velocity relation for growing microtubules, Science, issue.5339, pp.278856-860, 1997.

E. , C. Loisel, T. P. Laurent, V. Li, R. Pantaloni et al., Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein promotes actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex and bacterial actin-based motility, J Cell Biol, issue.6, pp.1461319-1332, 1999.

F. , G. Johansson, C. Molteberg, A. Morup, S. Et et al., Characterisation of Dynabeads by magnetization measurements and Mossbauer spectroscopy, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.293, issue.1, pp.41-47, 2005.

F. , M. J. Kerssemakers, J. W. Theriot, J. A. Et, D. et al., Direct measurement of force generation by actin filament polymerization using an optical trap, 2007.

F. , F. Et, W. , and M. , Surfing pathogens and the lessons learned for actin polymerization, Trends Cell Biol, vol.11, issue.1, pp.30-38, 2001.

G. , M. L. Nakamura, F. Hartwig, J. Crocker, J. C. Stossel et al., Stress-dependent elasticity of composite actin networks as a model for cell behavior, Phys Rev Lett, issue.8, p.96088102, 2006.

G. , M. L. Shin, J. H. Mackintosh, F. C. Mahadevan, L. Matsudaira et al., Elastic behavior of cross-linked and bundled actin networks, Science, issue.5675, pp.3041301-1305, 2004.

G. , F. Chaikin, P. Rabin, Y. Et, P. et al., An elastic analysis of Listeria monocytogenes propulsion, Biophys J, vol.79, issue.5, pp.2259-2275, 2000.

G. , F. Mickey, B. Nettleton, J. Et, H. et al., Flexural rigidity of microtubules and actin filaments measured from thermal fluctuations in shape, J Cell Biol, vol.120, issue.4, pp.923-934, 1993.

G. , L. L. Hallatschek, O. Frey, E. Et, A. et al., Tracer studies on F-actin fluctuations, Phys Rev Lett, issue.25, p.89258101, 2002.

G. , C. Et, C. , and V. , Magnetic tweezers : micromanipulation and force measurement at the molecular level, Biophys J, vol.82, issue.6, pp.3314-3329, 2002.

G. , C. Leal-calderon, F. Viovy, J. Et, B. et al., Self-assembled magnetic nanowires made irreversible by polymer bridging, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.9, pp.3725-3729, 2005.

H. , R. A. Hayes, S. F. Peacock, M. G. Et, H. et al., Directional actin polymerization associated with spotted fever group Rickettsia infection of Vero cells, Infect Immun, issue.5, pp.611926-1935, 1993.

H. , C. Schaefer, B. Et, F. , and E. , Nonaffine rubber elasticity for stiff polymer networks, Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys, vol.76, issue.3, p.31906, 2007.

H. , J. Et, A. , and J. F. , Stiffness of sensory hair bundles in the sacculus of the frog, Hear Res, vol.23, issue.1, pp.93-104, 1986.

H. , A. J. Et, J. , and R. , Stereocilia mediate transduction in vertebrate hair cells (auditory system/cilium/vestibular system), Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.76, issue.3, pp.1506-1509, 1979.

I. , S. Et, T. , and L. G. , Acrosomal reaction of thyone sperm. i. changes in the sperm head visualized by high resolution video microscopy, J Cell Biol, vol.93, issue.3, pp.812-819, 1982.

I. , H. Venier, P. Maggs, A. C. Fattoum, A. Kassab et al., Flexibility of actin filaments derived from thermal fluctuations. Effect of bound nucleotide, phalloidin, and muscle regulatory proteins, J Biol Chem, issue.19, pp.27011437-11444, 1995.

J. , P. A. Hvidt, S. Lamb, J. Et, S. et al., Resemblance of actinbinding protein/actin gels to covalently crosslinked networks, Nature, issue.6270, pp.34589-92, 1990.

K. , W. Mannherz, H. G. Suck, D. Pai, E. F. Et et al., Atomic structure of the actin :DNase I complex, Nature, issue.6288, pp.34737-34781, 1990.

K. , J. H. Kwon, S. K. Et, K. , and C. O. , Adhesion of photosensitizer to ferrofluids for use in photodynamic therapy use in photodynamic therapy, Nanotechnology, vol.13, pp.610-614, 2002.

K. , C. Marchand, J. B. Gouin, E. D-'hauteville, H. Sansonetti et al., The unrelated surface proteins ActA of Listeria monocytogenes and IcsA of Shigella flexneri are sufficient to confer actin-based motility on Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli respectively, Mol Microbiol, vol.18, issue.3, pp.413-423, 1995.

K. , A. Hébraud, P. Gosse, C. Dreyfus, R. Baudry et al., Magnetic force probe for nanoscale biomolecules, Phys Rev Lett, issue.12, p.95128301, 2005.

K. , D. R. Kuhn, J. R. Tichy, A. L. Et, P. et al., The fission yeast cytokinesis formin Cdc12p is a barbed end actin filament capping protein gated by profilin, 2003.

K. , D. R. Et, P. , and T. D. , Insertional assembly of actin filament barbed ends in association with formins produces piconewton forces, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.101, issue.41, pp.14725-14730, 2004.

L. , L. D. Et, L. , and E. M. , Theory of elasticity, 1986.

C. Leal, F. Stora, T. Monval, O. M. Poulain, P. Et et al., Direct measurement of colloidal forces, Phys Rev Lett, vol.72, pp.2959-2962, 1994.

L. , M. Ohayon, H. Braun, L. Mengaud, J. Et et al., Internalin of Listeria monocytogenes with an intact leucine-rich repeat region is sufficient to promote internalization, Infect Immun, issue.12, pp.655309-5319, 1997.

L. , L. Klee, S. K. Evangelista, M. Boone, C. Et et al., Control of mitotic spindle position by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae formin Bni1p, J Cell Biol, vol.144, issue.5, pp.947-961, 1999.

L. , J. K. Kuehn, A. Schleich, S. Rutter, G. Hohenberg et al., Entry of the two infectious forms of vaccinia virus at the plasma membane is signaling-dependent for the IMV but not the EEV, Mol Biol Cell, issue.7, pp.112497-2511, 2000.

L. , T. P. Boujemaa, R. Pantaloni, D. Et, C. et al., Reconstitution of actin-based motility of Listeria and Shigella using pure proteins, Nature, issue.6753, pp.401613-616, 1999.

M. , Y. Prost, J. Carlier, M. Et, S. et al., Forces generated during actin-based propulsion : a direct measurement by micromanipulation, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.101, issue.16, pp.5992-5997, 2004.

M. , P. Bozovic, D. Choe, Y. Et, H. et al., Spontaneous oscillation by hair bundles of the bullfrog's sacculus, J Neurosci, vol.23, issue.11, pp.4533-4548, 2003.

M. , J. Ohayon, H. Gounon, P. , R. et al., E-cadherin is the receptor for internalin, a surface protein required for entry of L. monocytogenes into epithelial cells, Cell, vol.84, issue.6, pp.923-932, 1996.

M. , I. C. Et, W. , and D. R. , Steric interaction of an incoming particle with BIBLIOGRAPHIE grafted rods : exact solutions and unusual force profiles, Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics, issue.5, pp.61-4706, 2000.

O. Mogilner, The polymerization ratchet model explains the force-velocity relation for growing microtubules, European Biophysics Journal, vol.28, issue.3, pp.235-242, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002490050204

M. Espert, . Omarjee, . Bibette, and P. Leal-calderon, Polymer-induced repulsive forces : exponential scaling, Phys Rev Lett, vol.80, issue.23, pp.1778-1781, 1998.

M. , P. B. Huxley, H. E. Et, D. , and D. J. , Three-dimensional reconstruction of F-actin, thin filaments and decorated thin filaments, J Mol Biol, vol.50, issue.2, pp.279-295, 1970.

M. , V. Frischknecht, F. Reckmann, I. Vincentelli, R. Rabut et al., A complex of N-WASP and WIP integrates signalling cascades that lead to actin polymerization, Nat Cell Biol, vol.2, issue.7, pp.441-448, 2000.

N. , H. Et, A. , and S. , Dark-field light microscopic study of the flexibility of F-actin complexes, J Mol Biol, vol.136, issue.2, pp.169-182, 1980.

N. , V. Golsteyn, R. M. Friederich, E. Prost, J. Antony et al., Growing an actin gel on spherical surfaces, Biophys J, issue.3, pp.78-1643, 2000.

M. Ott and . Simon, Measurement of the persistence length of polymerized actin using fluorescence microscopy, Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics, vol.48, issue.3, pp.1642-1645, 1993.

P. , Q. A. Connolly, J. Jones, S. K. Et, D. et al., Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedecine, Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics, vol.36, pp.167-181, 2003.

B. Pantaloni, D. Boujemaa, R. Didry, D. Gounon, P. Et et al., The Arp2/3 complex branches filament barbed ends : functional antagonism with capping proteins, Nat Cell Biol, vol.2, issue.7, pp.385-391, 2000.

P. , D. Et, C. , and M. F. , How profilin promotes actin filament assembly in the presence of thymosin beta 4, Cell, issue.5, pp.751007-1014, 1993.

P. , S. H. Chaudhuri, O. Theriot, J. A. Et, F. et al., Loading history determines the velocity of actin-network growth, Nat Cell Biol, vol.7, issue.12, pp.1219-1223, 2005.

P. , J. Wallar, B. J. Flanders, A. Swiatek, P. J. Et et al., Disruption of the Diaphanous-related formin Drf1 gene encoding mDia1 reveals a role for Drf3 as an effector for Cdc42, Curr Biol, issue.7, pp.13534-545, 2003.

P. , C. S. Odell, G. M. Et, O. , and G. F. , Cellular motions and thermal fluctuations : the brownian ratchet, Biophys J, vol.65, issue.1, pp.316-324, 1993.

P. , T. D. Blanchoin, L. Et, M. , and R. D. , Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells, Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct, vol.29, pp.545-576, 2000.

P. , T. D. Et, B. , and G. G. , Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments, Cell, vol.112, issue.4, pp.453-465, 2003.

P. , T. D. Et, M. , and M. S. , Direct measurement of actin polymerization rate constants by electron microscopy of actin filaments nucleated by isolated microvillus cores, J Cell Biol, vol.88, issue.3, pp.654-659, 1981.

P. , T. D. Et, W. , and A. G. , The rate constant for ATP hydrolysis by polymerized actin, FEBS Lett, vol.170, issue.1, pp.94-98, 1984.

P. , D. Evangelista, M. , Y. , C. Bi et al., Role of formins in actin assembly : nucleation and barbed-end association, Science, issue.5581, pp.297612-615, 2002.

Q. , M. E. Heuser, J. E. Kerkhoff, E. Et, M. et al., Drosophila spire is an actin nucleation factor, Nature, issue.7024, pp.433382-388, 2005.

R. , L. Bugyi, B. Et, C. , and M. , Spire and cordon-bleu : multifunctional regulators of actin dynamics, Trends Cell Biol, 2008.

R. , S. Clainche, C. L. Didry, D. Egile, C. Pantaloni et al., Formin is a processive motor that requires profilin to accelerate actin assembly and associated ATP hydrolysis, Cell, vol.119, issue.3, pp.419-429, 2004.

R. , S. Didry, D. Larquet, E. Boisset, N. Pantaloni et al., How ATP hydrolysis controls filament assembly from profilin-actin : implication for formin processivity, J Biol Chem, issue.11, pp.2828435-8445, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00134081

S. , I. Rodal, A. A. Moseley, J. Goode, B. L. Et et al., An actin nucleation mechanism mediated by Bni1 and profilin, Nat Cell Biol, vol.4, issue.8, pp.626-631, 2002.

S. , S. Meister, J. Et, V. , and A. B. , Analysis of actin filament network organization in lamellipodia by comparing experimental and simulated images, J Cell Sci, vol.120, pp.1491-1500, 2007.

S. , W. F. Lavigne, P. M. Bortolussi, R. A. Allen, A. C. Haldane et al., Epidemic listeriosis?evidence for transmission by food, N Engl J Med, vol.308, issue.4, pp.203-206, 1983.

S. , S. S. Siegel, A. C. Westervelt, R. M. Prentiss, M. G. White-sides et al., The force acting on a superparamagnetic bead due to an applied magnetic field, Lab Chip, vol.7, issue.10, pp.1294-1302, 2007.

S. , J. V. Et, R. , and G. P. , The comings and goings of actin : coupling protrusion and retraction in cell motility, Curr Opin Cell Biol, vol.17, issue.5, pp.517-523, 2005.

S. and L. Zhang, Thermal vibration and melting from a local perspective, Phys Rev B Condens Matter, vol.43, issue.11, pp.8850-8860, 1991.

S. , C. Pastore, J. J. Mackintosh, F. C. Lubensky, T. C. Et et al., Nonlinear elasticity in biological gels, Nature, issue.7039, pp.435191-194, 2005.

S. , T. R. Allemand, J. F. Bensimon, D. Bensimon, A. Et et al., The elasticity of a single supercoiled DNA molecule, Science, issue.5257, pp.2711835-1837, 1996.

S. , T. M. Verkhovsky, A. B. Mcquade, K. M. Et, B. et al., Analysis of the actin-myosin ii system in fish epidermal keratocytes : mechanism of cell body translocation, J Cell Biol, vol.139, issue.2, pp.397-415, 1997.

T. , D. Et, W. , and R. H. , Surface forces : direct measurement of normal and retarded van der Waals forces, Nature, issue.5159, pp.2191120-1121, 1968.

T. , T. Morita, Y. Et, O. , and F. , Electron microscopic investigation of the flexibility of F-actin, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.492, issue.2, pp.357-363, 1977.

B. Theriot and J. A. , The Polymerization Motor, Traffic, vol.145, issue.1, pp.19-28, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2000.010104.x

T. , J. A. Et, M. , and T. J. , Actin microfilament dynamics in locomoting cells, Nature, vol.352, issue.6331, pp.126-131, 1991.

T. , J. A. Mitchison, T. J. Tilney, L. G. Et, P. et al., The rate of actin-based motility of intracellular Listeria monocytogenes equals the rate of actin polymerization, Nature, issue.6375, pp.357257-260, 1992.

T. , L. G. Hatano, S. Ishikawa, H. Et, M. et al., The polymerization of actin : its role in the generation of the acrosomal process of certain echinoderm sperm, J Cell Biol, vol.59, issue.1, pp.109-126, 1973.

T. , L. G. Et, P. , and D. A. , Actin filaments and the growth, movement, and spread of the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes, J Cell Biol, vol.109, issue.4, 1989.

T. , J. Julicher, F. Et, M. , and P. , Unifying the various incarnations of active hair-bundle motility by the vertebrate hair cell, Biophys J, issue.11, pp.934053-4067, 2007.

U. , J. Hansen, F. Shinkai, M. Et, L. et al., Emulsion polymerization of styrene with sodium hexadecylsulfate/hexadecanol mixtures as emulsifiers -initiation in monomer droplets, Makkromol. Chem, vol.175, issue.2, p.507, 1974.

U. , J. Et, M. , and P. , Swelling of oligomer-polymer particles. New methods of preparation of emulsion and polymer dispersions, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.13, p.101, 1980.

U. , J. Stenstad, P. Kilaas, L. Prestvik, W. S. Herje et al., Monodisperse magnetic polymer particles. New biochemical and biomedical applications, Blood Purif, issue.6, pp.11349-369, 1993.

V. , C. Et, C. , and M. F. , Role of ATP-bound divalent metal ion in the conformation and function of actin. Comparison of Mg-ATP, Ca-ATP, and metal ion-free ATP-actin, J Biol Chem, issue.12, pp.2667668-7675, 1991.

D. Van, G. S. Tanase, C. Mulder, B. M. Et, D. et al., On the stall force for growing microtubules, Eur Biophys J, vol.29, issue.1, pp.2-6, 2000.

O. Van, K. Et, N. , and J. H. , Confined brownian motion of individual magnetic nanoparticules on a chip : characterization of magnetic susceptibility, p.142511, 2006.

V. , J. W. Et, O. , and J. T. , Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids, 1948.

W. , D. H. Schwarz, W. H. Et, P. , and T. D. , Cross-linker dynamics determine the mechanical properties of actin gels, Biophys J, vol.66, issue.3, pp.801-809, 1994.

W. , M. D. Iwamatsu, A. Et, M. , and T. J. , Actin polymerization is induced by Arp2/3 protein complex at the surface of Listeria monocytogenes, Nature, issue.6613, pp.385265-269, 1997.

W. , B. Et, S. , and D. A. , Cordon-bleu : a new taste in actin nucleation, Cell, vol.131, issue.2, pp.236-238, 2007.

X. , J. Tseng, Y. Et, W. , and D. , Strain hardening of actin filament networks. regu- BIBLIOGRAPHIE lation by the dynamic cross-linking protein alpha-actinin, J Biol Chem, issue.46, pp.27535886-35892, 2000.

Y. , T. Nakase, M. Nishiyama, K. Et, O. et al., Direct observation of motion of single F-actin filaments in the presence of myosin, Nature, issue.5946, pp.30758-60, 1984.

Y. , H. L. Et, S. , and T. P. , Control of cytoplasmic actin gel-sol transformation by gelsolin, a calcium-dependent regulatory protein, Nature, issue.5732, pp.281583-586, 1979.

W. Zhang, Field-induced forces in colloidal particle chains, Physical Review E, vol.51, issue.3, pp.2099-2103, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.51.2099