S. D. Casler and A. Et-rafiqui, Evaluating fuel tax equity: direct and indirect distributional effects, National Tax Journal, vol.46, pp.197-205, 1993.

A. Clark and C. Et-senik, La croissance rend-elle heureux ?, in « 27 questions d'économie contemporaine », sous la direction, 2008.

D. Cohen, La prospérité du vice ? Une introduction (inquiète) à l'économie, 2009.

E. Combet, F. Ghersi, and J. C. Hourcade, Taxe carbone, une mesure socialement régressive ? ? Vrais problèmes et faux débats, pp.12-2009, 2009.

C. ?-croutte, P. Diaz-pedregal, V. Hatchuel, and G. , Pollution atmosphérique, déchets ménagers et consommation de produits verts : pratiques et représentations au début, 2003.

R. Darbéra, Effets redistributifs et allocatifs d'une modification de la TIPP sur les carburants automobiles, Recherche Transport Sécurité, vol.72, pp.37-55, 2001.

D. Borger, B. Mayeres, and I. , Optimal taxation of car ownership, car use and public transport: Insights derived from a discrete choice numerical optimization model, European Economic Review, vol.51, issue.5, pp.1177-1204, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.08.004

D. Palma, A. Kilani, and M. , Regulation in the automobile industry, Regulation in the automobile industry, pp.150-167, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.10.008

J. Eliasson and L. G. Mattsson, Equity effects of congestion pricing, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.40, issue.7, pp.602-622, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tra.2005.11.002

A. W. Evans, Road congestion pricing: When is it a good policy?, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.26, pp.213-243, 1992.

B. Guerrien, Dictionnaire d'analyse économique, 2002.

D. Kalinowska and K. W. Steiniger, Distributional impacts of car road pricing: Settlement structures determine divergence across countries, Ecological Economics, vol.68, issue.12, pp.2890-2896, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.004

F. Knight, Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.38, issue.4, pp.582-606, 1924.
DOI : 10.2307/1884592

K. A. Small and T. V. Verhoef, The economics of urban transportation, 2007.

K. W. Steininger, B. Friedl, and B. Gebetsroither, Sustainability impacts of car road pricing: A computable general equilibrium analysis for Austria, Ecological Economics, vol.63, issue.1, pp.59-69, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.09.021

R. H. Strotz, Urban transportation parables, Resources for the Future, pp.127-69, 1965.

H. R. Varian, Intermediate Microeconomics ? A Modern Approach, 5 th Ed, Pricing in urban and suburban transport Papers and Proceedings, pp.452-465, 1963.

W. S. Vickrey, Congestion theory and transport investment, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, vol.59, pp.251-60, 1969.

A. A. Walters, The Theory and Measurement of Private and Social Cost of Highway Congestion, Econometrica, vol.29, issue.4, pp.676-99, 1961.
DOI : 10.2307/1911814

S. E. West, Equity Implications of Vehicle Emissions Taxes, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.39, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2005.

S. E. West, Distributional effects of alternative vehicle pollution control policies, Journal of Public Economics, vol.88, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00186-X

J. K. Dagsvik and A. Karlström, Compensating Variation and Hicksian Choice Probabilities in Random Utility Models that are Nonlinear in Income, Review of Economic Studies, vol.72, issue.1, pp.57-76, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/0034-6527.00324

J. Eliasson and L. G. Mattsson, Equity effects of congestion pricing, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.40, issue.7, pp.602-622, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tra.2005.11.002

J. P. Franklin, The Equity Effects of Roadway Tolls: An Application of Hicksian Welfare Measures with Income Effects, paper presented at the 11th, International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, 2006.

S. R. Jara-díaz and J. Videla, Detection of income effect in mode choice: Theory and application, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, vol.23, issue.6, pp.393-400, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0191-2615(89)90040-4

D. Mcfadden, Computing Willingness-to-Pay in Random Utility Models, Theory and Econometrics: Essays in Honour of John S. Chipman, 1999.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203074206.ch15

T. Maruyama and A. Sumalee, Efficiency and equity comparison of cordon- and area-based road pricing schemes using a trip-chain equilibrium model, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.41, issue.7, pp.655-671, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tra.2006.06.002

C. Raux and M. Souche, The acceptability of urban road pricing, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.38, issue.2, pp.191-216, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00067812

E. Safirova, W. Harrington, P. Nelson, I. W. Parry, K. Gillingham et al., Welfare and Distributional Effects of Road Pricing Schemes for Metropolitan Washington DC, Research in Transportation Economics, vol.9, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0739-8859(04)09008-0

. Finally, we rely on a basic traffic model ? a simple speed-flow relationship ? to calculate the time savings induced by the carbon tax

A. M. Bento, L. H. Goulder, E. Henry, M. R. Jacobsen, and R. H. Von-haefen, Distributional and Efficiency Impacts of Gasoline Taxes: An Econometrically Based Multi-market Study, American Economic Review, vol.95, issue.2, pp.95-282, 2005.
DOI : 10.1257/000282805774670536
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01020761

M. K. Berkowitz, N. T. Gallini, E. J. Miller, and R. A. Wolfe, Disaggregate Analysis of the Demand for Gasoline, Disaggregate Analysis of the Demand for Gasoline, pp.253-275, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/135603

A. Berri, Dynamiques de la motorisation et des dépenses de transport des ménages -Analyses sur données individuelles et semi-agrégées, 2005.

L. Blow and I. Crawford, The Distributional Effects of Taxes on Private Motoring The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Commentary N°, vol.65, 1997.

B. Bureau and M. Glachant, Distributional effects of road pricing: Assessment of nine scenarios for Paris, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.42, issue.7, pp.994-1008, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tra.2008.02.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00437759

. Delft, Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector - Produced within the study Internalisation Measures and Policies for All external Cost of Transport (IMPACT), Version 1, 2008.

D. Palma, A. Fontan, and C. , Choix modal et valeurs du temps en ??le-de-FranceModal choice and values of time in the Paris Region, Recherche - Transports - S??curit??, vol.71, pp.24-46, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0761-8980(01)80003-0

J. A. Dubin and D. L. Mcfadden, An Econometric Analysis of Residential Electric Appliance Holdings and Consumption, Econometrica, vol.52, issue.2, pp.345-362, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/1911493

K. Train, Qualitative Choice Analysis: Theory, Econometrics, and an Application to Automobile Demand, 1986.

S. E. West, Distributional effects of alternative vehicle pollution control policies, Journal of Public Economics, vol.88, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00186-X

J. M. Wooldridge, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, 2002.

J. Asensio, A. Matas, R. , and J. L. , Redistributive effects of subsidies to urban public transport in Spain, Transport Reviews, vol.23, issue.4, pp.433-452, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/01441647.2002.10823176

A. Berri, Dynamiques de la motorisation et des dépenses de transport des ménages -Analyses sur données individuelles et semi-agrégées, 2005.

L. Blow and I. Crawford, The Distributional Effects of Taxes on Private Motoring The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Commentary N°, vol.65, 1997.

B. Bureau, Distributional effects of a carbon tax on car fuels in France, Energy Economics, vol.33, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eneco.2010.07.011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530054

J. M. Dargay and M. Hanly, The Demand for Local Bus Services in England, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.36, issue.1, pp.73-91, 2002.

J. Eliasson and L. G. Mattsson, Equity effects of congestion pricing, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.40, issue.7, pp.602-622, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tra.2005.11.002

P. B. Goodwin, A review of new demand elasticities with special reference to short and long run effects of price changes, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.26, issue.1, pp.155-169, 1992.

A. Karlström and J. P. Franklin, Behavioral adjustments and equity effects of congestion pricing: Analysis of morning commutes during the Stockholm Trial, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.43, issue.3, pp.283-296, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tra.2008.09.008

T. Maruyama and A. Sumalee, Efficiency and equity comparison of cordonand area-based road pricing schemes using a trip-chain equilibrium model, Transportation Research Part A, vol.41, pp.655-671, 2007.

A. Matas, Demand and Revenue Implications of an Integrated Public Transport Policy: The Case of Madrid, Transport Reviews, vol.15, issue.2, pp.195-217, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0967-070X(95)00022-I

I. W. Parry, M. Walls, and W. Harrington, Automobile Externalities and Policies, Automobile Externalities and Policies, pp.373-399, 2007.
DOI : 10.1257/jel.45.2.373

D. Pearce, Conceptual framework for analysing the distributive impacts of environmental policies, Prepared for the OECD Environment Directorate Workshop On The Distribution of Benefits and Costs of Environmental Policies, 2003.

J. M. Poterba, Is the Gasoline Tax Regressive?, Tax Policy and the Economy, vol.5, issue.5, pp.145-164, 1991.
DOI : 10.1086/tpe.5.20061803

A. J. Purwanto, Dynamique des inégalités entre les Franciliens face aux Transports, Thèse de Doctorat, 2004.

C. Raux and M. Souche, The acceptability of urban road pricing, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.38, issue.2, pp.191-216, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00067812

R. Larsen and E. , Distributional effects of environmental taxes on transportation: evidence from Engel curves in the United States, Journal of Consumer Policy, vol.36, issue.4, pp.301-318, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10603-006-9009-y

K. A. Small and T. V. Verhoef, The economics of urban transportation, 2007.

S. E. West, Distributional effects of alternative vehicle pollution control policies, Journal of Public Economics, vol.88, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00186-X

D. R. Bowes and K. R. Ihlanfeldt, Identifying the Impacts of Rail Transit Stations on Residential Property Values, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.50, issue.1, pp.1-25, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/juec.2001.2214

S. Chattopadhyay, Estimating the Demand for Air Quality: New Evidence Based on the Chicago Housing Market, Land Economics, vol.75, issue.1, pp.22-38, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/3146991

R. S. Guttery, The effects of subdivision design on housing values: the case of alleyways, Journal of Real Estate Research, vol.23, issue.3, pp.265-274, 2002.

D. Iaurif-nguyen-luong, Contribution au projet SIMAURIF : Recueil et analyse de données de prix de l'immobilier résidentiel en Ile-de-France, 2006.

K. R. Ihlanfeldt, The effect of land use regulation on housing and land prices, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.61, issue.3, pp.420-435, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jue.2006.09.003

E. Maurin, Le ghetto français ? Enquête sur le séparatisme social, 2004.

D. P. Mcmillen and J. F. Mcdonald, Land Values in a Newly Zoned City, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.84, issue.1, pp.62-72, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/141856

N. Netusil, The Effect of Environmental Zoning and Amenities on Property Values: Portland, Oregon, Land Economics, vol.81, issue.2, pp.227-246, 2005.
DOI : 10.3368/le.81.2.227

J. M. Quigley, L. A. Rosenthal, and L. A. , The effects of land use regulation on the price of housing: What do we know? What can we learn?, Cityscape, vol.8, issue.1, pp.69-137, 2005.

Y. Song and G. Knapp, New urbanism and housing values: a disaggregate assessment, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.54, issue.2, pp.218-238, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00059-7

C. Tu and M. Eppli, Valuing New Urbanism: The Case of Kentlands, Real Estate Economics, vol.63, issue.1, pp.425-451, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/260169

J. M. Wooldridge, Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, 2006.

W. Parry, avancent que les dépenses de consommation sont un meilleur indicateur car elles reflètent davantage le revenu permanent des ménages. A l'opposé, Barthold, 373) critique l'utilisation du revenu permanent en raison des contraintes de liquidités qui pèsent sur la capacité des ménages à lisser effectivement leur consommation dans le temps, 1993.

. Dans-la-pratique, le choix de tel ou tel indicateur est largement dicté par les données disponibles. Par exemple, dans cette thèse nous avons retenu le revenu annuel car il est disponible dans l'Enquête Globale Transport

. Bento, distribution des variations de bien-être en fonction d'autres caractéristiques. Citons par exemple qui examinent les effets distributifs en du Versement Transport est donc de permettre une meilleure adéquation entre les emplois et les qualifications, et, par là, 1990.

. Prenons-ensuite-l-'exemple-de-la-taxe, Elle dépend de la valeur locative cadastrale du logement, censée refléter le prix de l'immobilier. On sait cependant que les prix de référence pour le calcul des valeurs locatives ont été établis en Le marché de l'immobilier a énormément évolué depuis cette date, 1960.

T. Barthold, How Should We Measure Distribution?, National Tax Journal, vol.46, issue.3, pp.291-99, 1993.

A. Berri, Dynamiques de la motorisation et des dépenses de transport des ménages -Analyses sur données individuelles et semi-agrégées, 2005.

L. Blow and I. Crawford, The Distributional Effects of Taxes on Private Motoring The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Commentary N°, vol.65, 1997.

B. Bureau and M. Glachant, Distributional effects of urban public transport policies in the Paris Region, 2009.

C. Pitaval and N. , Bilan du financement des transports collectifs urbains en France Centre d'études sur les réseaux, les transports, 2004.

E. Combet, F. Ghersi, and J. C. Hourcade, Taxe carbone, une mesure socialement régressive ? ? Vrais problèmes et faux débats, pp.12-2009, 2009.

R. Darbéra, Effets redistributifs et allocatifs d'une modification de la TIPP sur les carburants automobiles, Recherche Transport Sécurité, vol.72, pp.37-55, 2001.

R. Darbéra, Pourquoi il faut aussi penser du mal du Versement Transport, Transports, pp.301-306, 1990.

J. A. Dubin and D. L. Mcfadden, An Econometric Analysis of Residential Electric Appliance Holdings and Consumption, Econometrica, vol.52, issue.2, pp.345-362, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/1911493

J. Eliasson and L. G. Mattsson, Equity effects of congestion pricing, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol.40, issue.7, pp.602-622, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tra.2005.11.002

P. K. Goldberg, The Effects of the Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency Standards in the US, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.46, issue.1, pp.1-33, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-6451.00059

D. Iaurif-nguyen-luong, Contribution au projet SIMAURIF : Recueil et analyse de données de prix de l'immobilier résidentiel en Ile-de-France, 2006.

F. Mannering and C. Winston, A Dynamic Empirical Analysis of Household Vehicle Ownership and Utilization, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.16, issue.2, pp.213-236, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/2555411

I. W. Parry, M. Walls, and W. Harrington, Automobile Externalities and Policies, Automobile Externalities and Policies, pp.373-399, 2007.
DOI : 10.1257/jel.45.2.373
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.661.7936

C. Raux and M. Souche, The acceptability of urban road pricing, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.38, issue.2, pp.191-216, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00067812

N. Ruiz and A. Et-trannoy, Impact redistributif de la fiscalité indirecte à l'aide d'un modèle de microsimulation comportemental, 2007.

E. Safirova, W. Harrington, P. Nelson, I. W. Parry, K. Gillingham et al., Welfare and Distributional Effects of Road Pricing Schemes for Metropolitan Washington DC, Road Pricing, Theory and Evidence, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0739-8859(04)09008-0

U. Teubel, The welfare effects and distributional impacts of road user charges on commuters: an empirical analysis of Dresden, International Journal of Transport Economics, vol.27, issue.2, pp.231-54, 2000.

K. E. Train, Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation, 2003.

K. E. Train, Qualitative Choice Analysis: Theory, Econometrics, and an Application to Automobile Demand, 1986.

S. E. West, Equity Implications of Vehicle Emissions Taxes, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, vol.39, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2005.

S. E. West, Distributional effects of alternative vehicle pollution control policies, Journal of Public Economics, vol.88, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(02)00186-X