. En, effectuer une véritable séparation de classes, selon un critère mathématique qui minimise les variations entre les images d'un même individu (variations intra-classe) tout en maximisant les variations entre les images d'individus différents (variations inter-classes). Cependant, pour des problèmes « sous-échantillonnés »en reconnaissance du visage, c'est-à-dire lorsque le nombre d'individus à traiter est plus faible que la résolution de l'image, il est difficile d'appliquer le LDA qui peut alors faire apparaître des matrices de dispersions singulières (non inversibles) Afin de contourner ce problèmes

N. Publications-et-conférences, J. Morizet, and . Gilles, A New Adaptive Combination Approach to Score Level Fusion for Face and Iris Biometrics Combining Wavelets and Statistical Moments, 4th International Symposium on Visual Computing, 2008.

N. Morizet, I. D. Hamed, F. Amiel, and T. Ea, A Comparative Implementation of PCA Face Recognition Algorithm, 2007 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ICECS.2007.4511128

N. Morizet, Wavelet Domain Match Score Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometrics, 3rd Conference on COGnitive systems with Interactive Sensors, 2007.

N. Morizet, Le Croisement des TIC et de la Cognition : l'exemple de la biométrie, Conférence FING, 2007.

N. Morizet, Revue des Algorithmes PCA, LDA et EBGM utilisés en reconnaissance 2D du visage pour la biométrie, Tutoriel tenu pendant la conférence MajecSTIC'06, 2006.

N. Morizet, Initiation aux Ondelettes Article invité de la Revue de l'Electricité et de l'Electronique (REE) Prix Jean-Marie Bergès, 2006.

N. Morizet, Ondelettes et Applications, Conférence invitée donnée à Thales Land & Joint Systems, 21 Novembre, 2008.

P. Bibliographie, P. Abry, and . Flandrin, Ondelettes et turbulences. Multirésolutions, algorithmes de décomposition, invariance d'échelle et signaux de pression, Diderot Éditeur, Arts & Sciences, 1997.

A. Ahonen, M. Hadid, and . Pietikainen, Face Recognition with Local Binary Patterns, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24670-1_36

M. Andrews and . Buchinsky, A Three-step Method for Choosing the Number of Bootstrap Repetitions, Econometrica, vol.68, issue.1, pp.23-52, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0262.00092

S. Arca, P. Campadelli, and R. Lanzarotti, A face recognition system based on automatically determined facial fiducial points, Pattern Recognition, vol.39, issue.3, pp.432-443, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2005.06.015

W. G. Auscher, P. , and V. Wickerhauser, Local Sine and Cosine Bases of Coifman and Meyer and the Construction of Smooth Wavelets, pp.237-256, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-174590-5.50014-9

S. Bailly-bailliére, F. Bengio, M. Bimbot, J. Hamouz, J. Kittler et al., The BANCA Database and Evaluation Protocol, Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Authentication (AVBPA), pp.625-638, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-44887-X_74

G. Bailly, F. Elisel, P. Badin, and C. Savariaux, Degrees of freedom of facial movements in face-to-face conversational speech, International Workshop on Multimodal Corpora, pp.33-36, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195551

M. Bartlett, J. Movellan, and T. Sejnowski, Face recognition by independent component analysis, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1450-1464, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TNN.2002.804287

P. Belhumeur, J. Hespanha, and D. Kriegman, Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.19, issue.7, pp.711-720, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/34.598228

J. Beveridge, D. Bolme, M. Teixeira, and B. Draper, The CSU Face Identification Evaluation System User's Guide : Version 5, 2003.

E. Bigun, J. Bigun, B. Duc, and S. Fischer, Expert Conciliation for Multimodal Person Authentication Systems using Bayesian Statistics, Proceedings of First International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Authentication (AVBPA), pp.291-300, 1997.

W. Bledsoe, The model method in facial recognition, 1964.

W. Boles and B. Boashash, A human identification technique using images of the iris and wavelet transform, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, pp.1185-1188, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/78.668573

R. M. Bolle, J. H. Connell, S. Pankanti, N. K. Ratha, and A. W. Senior, The Relation between the ROC Curve and the CMC, Fourth IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies (AutoID'05), pp.15-20, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/AUTOID.2005.48

D. Bolme, J. Beveridge, M. Teixeira, and B. Draper, The CSU Face Identification Evaluation System: Its Purpose, Features, and Structure, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Vision Systems (ICVS), pp.304-313, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-36592-3_29

]. K. Bowyer, K. Hollingsworth, and P. Flynn, Image understanding for iris biometrics: A survey, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.110, issue.2, pp.281-307, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cviu.2007.08.005

G. Brown, S. Yamada, and T. Sejnowski, Independent component analysis at the neural cocktail party, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.24, issue.1, pp.54-63, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01683-0

R. Brunelli and D. Falavigna, Person identification using multiple cues, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.17, issue.10, pp.955-966, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/34.464560

P. Burt and R. Kolczynski, Enhanced image capture through fusion, 1993 (4th) International Conference on Computer Vision, pp.173-182, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.1993.378222
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940021010

R. Cappelli, D. Maio, and D. Maltoni, Combining Fingerprint Classifiers, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems, pp.351-361, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45014-9_34

J. Cardoso, Analyse en Composantes Indépendantes, Actes des XXXIVèmes Journées de Statistique (JSBL), Conférence invitée, 2002.

]. K. Chang, K. Bowyer, and P. Flynn, An evaluation of multimodal 2D+3D face biometrics, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.27, issue.4, pp.619-624, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2005.70

. Zhong-fu, Perceptual Contrast-Based Image Fusion : A Variational Approach, Acta Automatica Sinica, vol.33, issue.2, pp.132-137, 2007.

V. Chatzis, A. Bors, and I. Pitas, Multimodal decision-level fusion for person authentication, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, vol.29, issue.6, pp.674-681, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/3468.798073

Y. Chen, S. Dass, and A. Jain, Fingerprint Quality Indices for Predicting Authentication Performance, Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), pp.160-170, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11527923_17

K. Chen, L. Wang, and H. Chi, Methods of Combining Multiple Classifiers with Different Features and Their Applications to Text-Independent Speaker Identification, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol.11, issue.03, pp.417-445, 1997.
DOI : 10.1142/S0218001497000196

R. Coifman, Y. Meyer, and V. Wickerhauser, Wavelet Analysis and Signal Processing, Wavelets and their Applications, pp.153-178, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4684-6393-4_5

R. Coifman and D. Donoho, Translation-Invariant De-Noising, Tech. Rep, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-2544-7_9

T. Cootes, G. Edwards, and C. Taylor, Active appearance models, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.23, issue.6, pp.681-685, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/34.927467

S. Dass, K. Nandakumar, and A. Jain, A Principled Approach to Score Level Fusion in Multimodal Biometric Systems, Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), pp.1049-1058, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11527923_109

J. Daugman, How iris recognition works, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, pp.21-30, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/b978-0-12-374457-9.00025-1
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.8548

J. Daugman, Combining Multiple Biometrics, 1998.

D. Donoho and I. Johnstone, Ideal spatial adaptation by wavelet shrinkage, Biometrika, vol.81, issue.3, pp.425-455, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/biomet/81.3.425

]. B. Dorizzi, S. Garcia-salicetti, and L. Allano, Multimodality In Biosecure: Evaluation On Real Vs. Virtual Subjects, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speed and Signal Processing Proceedings, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2006.1661469

]. R. Duda, P. Hart, and D. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2001.

O. Durand and N. Morizet, Fourier-inversion and wavelet-transform methods applied to X-ray reflectometry and HRXRD profiles from complex thin-layered heterostructures " . Current trends in optical and X-ray metrology of advanced materials for nanoscale devices. Symposium P of the E-MRS spring meeting, pp.133-137, 2005.

]. X. Fan and L. Wang, Comparability of Jackknife and Bootstrap Results: An Investigation for a Case of Canonical Correlation Analysis, The Journal of Experimental Education, vol.61, issue.2, pp.173-189, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02293687

S. Garcia-salicetti, M. Anouar, L. Allano, and B. Dorizzi, A Generic Protocol for Multibiometric Systems Evaluation on Virtual and Real Subjects, Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication (AVBPA), pp.494-502, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11527923_51

J. Gilles, Décomposition et détection de structures géométriques en imagerie, 2006.

A. Goshtasby and S. Nikolov, Image fusion: Advances in the state of the art, Information Fusion, vol.8, issue.2, pp.114-118, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.inffus.2006.04.001

G. Guo, S. Li, and K. Chan, Support vector machines for face recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp.196-201, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0262-8856(01)00046-4

]. J. Hami-94 and . Hamilton, Time Series Analysis, 1994.

F. Hampel, P. Rousseeuw, E. Ronchetti, and W. Stahel, Robust Statistics : The Approach Based on Influence Functions, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118186435

]. L. Harm-73a, B. Harmon, and . Julesz, Masking in Visual Recognition: Effects of Two-Dimensional Filtered Noise, Science, vol.180, issue.4091, pp.1194-1197, 1973.
DOI : 10.1126/science.180.4091.1194

]. L. Harm-73b, B. Harmon, and . Julesz, The Recognition of Faces, Scientific American, vol.229, issue.5, pp.70-83, 1973.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican1173-70

S. Haykin and Z. Chen, The Cocktail Party Problem, Neural Computation, vol.31, issue.2, pp.1875-1902, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-5955(91)90148-3

D. Canagarajah and . Bull, Image fusion using complex wavelets, Proceedings of the 13th British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC), pp.487-496, 2002.

]. T. Ho-94, J. Ho, S. Hull, and . Srihari, Decision Combination in Multiple Classifier Systems, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.16, issue.1, pp.66-75, 1994.

]. L. Hong, A. Jain, and S. Pankanti, Can multibiometrics improve performance ?, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies, pp.59-64, 1999.

T. Kusaka and . Kuroda, A 0.79mm2 29mW Real-Time Face Detection Core " . Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers, pp.188-189, 2006.

M. Indovina, U. Uludag, R. Snelick, A. Mink, and A. Jain, Multimodal Biometric Authentication Methods : A COTS Approach, Proceedings of the 2003 Workshop on Multimodal User Authentication (MMUA), pp.99-106, 2003.

]. A. Jain and A. Ross, Learning user-specific parameters in a multibiometric system, Proceedings. International Conference on Image Processing, pp.57-60, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.2002.1037958

A. Jain and . Ross, Multibiometric systems, Communications of the ACM, vol.47, issue.1, pp.34-40, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/962081.962102

A. Jain, K. Nandakumar, and A. Ross, Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems, Pattern Recognition, vol.38, issue.12, pp.2270-2285, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2005.01.012

Y. Jian, D. Zhang, A. Frangi, and J. Yang, Two-dimensional pca: a new approach to appearance-based face representation and recognition, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.26, issue.1, pp.131-137, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2004.1261097

]. J. Jones and L. Palmer, An evaluation of the two-dimensional gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.58, issue.6, pp.1233-1258, 1987.

T. Kanade, Computer Recognition of Human Faces, Interdisciplinary Systems Research, vol.47, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-0348-5737-6

W. Kienzle, G. Bakir, M. Franz, B. Sch¨ölkopfsch¨, and . Sch¨ölkopf, Face Detection ? Efficient and Rank Deficient, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2005.

]. M. Kirb-90, L. Kirby, and . Sirovich, Application of the Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.12, issue.1, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/34.41390

J. Kittler, M. Hatef, R. Duin, and J. Matas, On combining classifiers, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.20, issue.3, pp.226-239, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/34.667881

]. R. Kohavi, A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection, Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.1137-1143, 1995.

P. Kovesi, What Are Log-Gabor Filters and Why Are They Good ? " . School of Computer Science & Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia Available from, 2000.

A. Kumar, D. Wong, H. Shen, and A. Jain, Personal Verification Using Palmprint and Hand Geometry Biometric, Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Authentication (AVBPA), pp.668-678, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-44887-X_78
URL : http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/Kumar-AVBPA2003.pdf

]. L. Lam and C. Suen, Optimal combinations of pattern classifiers, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.16, issue.9, pp.945-954, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-8655(95)00050-Q

]. L. Lam and C. Suen, Application of majority voting to pattern recognition: an analysis of its behavior and performance, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, vol.27, issue.5, pp.553-568, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/3468.618255

]. H. Li, B. Manjunath, and S. Mitra, Multisensor Image Fusion Using the Wavelet Transform, Graphical Models and Image Processing, vol.57, issue.3, pp.235-245, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/gmip.1995.1022

S. Lim, K. Lee, O. Byeon, and T. Kim, Efficient Iris Recognition through Improvement of Feature Vector and Classifier, ETRI Journal, vol.23, issue.2, pp.61-70, 2001.
DOI : 10.4218/etrij.01.0101.0203

S. Lin, S. Kung, and L. Lin, Face Recognition/Detection by Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural-Network, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.8, issue.1, pp.114-132, 1997.

]. C. Liu and H. Wechsler, A Unified Bayesian Framework for Face Recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp.151-155, 1998.

S. Lyengar, L. Prasad, and H. Min, Advances in Distributed Sensor Technology, 1995.

]. L. Ma, Y. Wang, and T. Tan, Iris recognition using circular symmetric filters, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp.414-417, 2002.

]. S. Marcelja, Mathematical description of the responses of simple cortical cells*, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.70, issue.11, pp.1297-1300, 1980.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSA.70.001297

T. Matsumoto, H. Matsumoto, K. Yamada, and S. Hoshino, Impact of Artificial " Gummy " Fingers on Fingerprint Systems, Proceedings of SPIE : Optical Security and Counterfeit Deterrence Techniques IV, pp.275-289, 2002.

]. S. Mika, G. Ratsch, J. Weston, B. Schölkopf, and K. Müller, Fisher discriminant analysis with kernels, Neural Networks for Signal Processing IX: Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop (Cat. No.98TH8468), pp.41-48, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/NNSP.1999.788121

S. Molla and B. Torrésani, Determining Local Transientness of Audio Signals, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, pp.625-628, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/LSP.2004.830110
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00350469

K. Yeung, S. Chan, and . Chan, Template synthesis and image mosaicking for fingerprint registration : An experimental study, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp.409-412, 2004.

]. N. Mori-07a and . Morizet, Wavelet Domain Match Score Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometrics, International Conference on COGnitive systems with Interactive Sensors (COGIS), 2007.

]. N. Mori-07b, F. Morizet, I. D. Amiel, T. Hamed, and . Ea, A Comparative Implementation of PCA Face Recognition Algorithm, 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), pp.865-868, 2007.

]. N. Morizet and J. Gilles, A New Adaptive Combination Approach to Score Level Fusion for Face and Iris Biometrics Combining Wavelets and Statistical Moments, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Visual Computing (ISVC), 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-5246-7

F. Mosteller and J. Tukey, Data Analysis and Regression : A Second Course in Statistics, 1977.

A. Nefian and M. Hayes, Face detection and recognition using hidden Markov models, Proceedings 1998 International Conference on Image Processing. ICIP98 (Cat. No.98CB36269), pp.141-145, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.1998.723445

S. Nikolov, P. Hill, D. Bull, and N. Canagarajah, Wavelets for Image Fusion, Chap. 1, Wavelets in signal and image analysis, from theory to practice, 2001.

S. Noh, K. Bae, K. Park, and J. Kim, A New Iris Recognition Method Using Independent Component Analysis, IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, vol.88, issue.11, pp.2573-2581, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ietisy/e88-d.11.2573

B. Olshausen and D. Field, Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images, Nature, vol.381, issue.6583, pp.607-609, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/381607a0

B. Olshausen and D. Field, Sparse coding with an overcomplete basis set: A strategy employed by V1?, Vision Research, vol.37, issue.23, pp.3311-3325, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00169-7

P. Penev and J. Atick, Local feature analysis: a general statistical theory for object representation, Network: Computation in Neural Systems, vol.7, issue.3, pp.477-500, 1996.
DOI : 10.1088/0954-898X_7_3_002

V. Perlibakas, Face recognition using Principal Component Analysis and Log-Gabor Filters, 2005.

F. Perronnin and J. Dugelay, Introduction à la biométrie -Authentification des individus par traitement audio-vidéo, 2002.

P. Phillips, H. Moon, P. Rauss, and S. Rizvi, The FERET evaluation methodology for face recognition algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.22, 2000.

]. N. Poh-05a, S. Poh, and . Bengio, How do correlation and variance of base-experts affect fusion in biometric authentication tasks?, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol.53, issue.11, pp.4384-4396, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TSP.2005.857006

]. N. Poh-05b, S. Poh, and . Bengio, Using Chimeric Users to Construct Fusion Classifiers in Biometric Authentication Tasks : An Investigation, 2005.

D. Pollen and S. Ronner, Phase relationships between adjacent simple cells in the visual cortex, Science, vol.212, issue.4501, pp.1409-1411, 1981.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7233231

S. Prabhakar and A. Jain, Decision-Level Fusion in Fingerprint Verification, Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems, pp.88-98, 2001.

W. Press, B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN : The Art of Scientific Computing, Moments of a Distribution : Mean, Variance, Skewness, and So Forth, pp.604-609, 1992.

T. Putte and J. Keuning, Don't Get Your Fingers Burned, Proceedings of IFIP TC8/WG8.8 Fourth Working Conference on Smart Card Research and Advanced Applications, pp.289-303, 2000.

R. and A. Jain, Fingerprint mosaicking, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2002.5745550
URL : http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/JainRossICASSP02.pdf

R. and A. Jain, Information fusion in biometrics, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.24, issue.13, pp.2115-2125, 2003.

]. A. Ross and R. Govindarajan, Feature Level Fusion Using Hand and Face Biometrics, Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Biometric Technology for Human Identification, pp.196-204, 2005.

K. Ross, A. Nandakumar, and . Jain, Handbook of Multibiometrics, 2006.

E. Rydgren, T. Ea, F. Amiel, F. Rossant, and A. Amara, IRIS features extraction using wavelet packets, 2004 International Conference on Image Processing, 2004. ICIP '04., pp.861-864, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.2004.1419435

L. Sachs, Applied Statistics : A Handbook of Techniques, p. 253, 1984.

B. Sagi, S. Nemat-nasser, R. Kerr, R. Hayek, D. C. et al., A Biologically Motivated Solution to the Cocktail Party Problem, Neural Computation, vol.13, issue.7, pp.1575-1602, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8351520

C. Sanderson and K. Paliwal, Information fusion and person verification using speech and face information, 2002.

M. Santos, G. Pajares, M. Portela, and J. Cruz, A New Wavelets Image Fusion Strategy, Proceedings of the First Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (IbPRIA), pp.919-926, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-44871-6_106

C. Vielhauer, Analyzing a multimodal biometric system using real and virtual users, Proceedings of SPIE Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX, 2007.

K. Smola and . Müller, Nonlinear component analysis as a kernel eigenvalue problem, Neural Computation, vol.10, issue.5, pp.1299-1319, 1998.

P. Sinha, B. Balas, Y. Ostrovsky, and R. Russell, Face Recognition by Humans: Nineteen Results All Computer Vision Researchers Should Know About, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp.1948-1962, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/JPROC.2006.884093

L. Sirovich and M. Kirby, Low-dimensional procedure for the characterization of human faces, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.4, issue.3, pp.519-524, 1987.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.4.000519

F. Smach, M. Atri, J. Miteran, and M. Abid, Design of a Neural Networks Classifier for Face Detection, Journal of Computer Science, vol.2, issue.3, pp.261-268, 2006.
DOI : 10.3844/jcssp.2006.257.260

R. Snelick, M. Indovina, J. Yen, and A. Mink, Multimodal biometrics, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces , ICMI '03, pp.68-72, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/958432.958447

R. Snelick and M. Indovina, Large-scale evaluation of multimodal biometric authentication using state-of-the-art systems, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.27, issue.3, pp.450-455, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2005.57

M. L. Tisse, C. , L. Torres, and M. Robert, Person identification technique using human iris recognition, Proceedings of Vision Interface, pp.294-299, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00269539

F. Tong, K. Nakayama, M. Moscovitch, O. Weinrib, and N. Kanwisher, RESPONSE PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN FUSIFORM FACE AREA, Cognitive Neuropsychology, vol.43, issue.1-3, pp.257-279, 2000.
DOI : 10.1068/p160747

M. Turk and A. Pentland, Eigenfaces for Recognition, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol.10, issue.9, pp.71-86, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00239352

]. P. Verlinde, P. Druyts, G. Cholet, and M. Acheroy, Applying Bayes based classifiers for decision fusion in a multi-modal identity verification system

T. Wang, A. Tan, and . Jain, Combining Face and Iris Biometrics for Identity Verification, Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Audio-and Video-Based Authentication (AVBPA), pp.805-813, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-44887-X_93

R. Wildes, Iris recognition: an emerging biometric technology, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp.1348-1363, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/5.628669

L. Wiskott, J. Fellous, N. Krüger, C. Von-der, and . Malsburg, Face recognition by elastic bunch graph matching, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.19, issue.7, pp.775-779, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/34.598235

K. Kegelmeyer and . Bowyer, Combination of Multiple Classifiers Using Local Accuracy Estimates, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.19, issue.4, pp.405-410, 1997.

]. J. Wu and C. Wilson, Nonparametric analysis of fingerprint data on large data sets, Pattern Recognition, vol.40, issue.9, pp.2574-2584, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2006.11.021

L. Xu, A. Krzyzak, and C. Suen, Methods of combining multiple classifiers and their applications to handwriting recognition, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.22, issue.3, pp.418-435, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/21.155943

M. Paindavoine, Implementation of a RBF neural network on embedded systems : Real time face tracking and identity verification, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.14, issue.5, pp.1162-1175, 2003.

P. Sinha, Role of color in face recognition, Perception, vol.31, pp.995-1003, 2002.

Z. Zhang and R. Blum, A categorization of multiscale-decomposition-based image fusion schemes with a performance study for a digital camera application, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp.1315-1326, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/5.775414

T. Tan and Y. Wang, Biometric personal identification based on iris patterns, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp.801-804, 2000.

]. A. Zvenigorosky and J. Milliard, Approximation de la distribution binomiale par la distribution normale ou par la distribution de Poisson, Revue de Statistique Appliquée, pp.63-73, 1983.