A. L. Efros and M. Rosen, The Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals, Annual Review of Materials Science, vol.30, issue.1
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.475

C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, and M. G. Bawendi, Synthesis and Characterization of Monodisperse Nanocrystals and Close-Packed Nanocrystal Assemblies, Annual Review of Materials Science, vol.30, issue.1, pp.545-610, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.545

I. L. Medintz, H. T. Uyeda, E. R. Goldman, and H. Mattoussi, Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing, Nature Materials, vol.45, issue.6, pp.435-446, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1104274

X. Michalet, Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics, Science, vol.307, issue.5709, pp.538-544, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1104274

B. Dubertret, In Vivo Imaging of Quantum Dots Encapsulated in Phospholipid Micelles, Science, vol.298, issue.5599, pp.1759-1762, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1077194

C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, and M. G. Bawendi, Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.115, issue.19, pp.8706-8715, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00072a025

M. A. Hines and P. Guyotsionnest, Synthesis and Characterization of Strongly Luminescing ZnS-Capped CdSe Nanocrystals, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.100, issue.2, pp.468-471, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/jp9530562

L. H. Qu, Z. A. Peng, and X. G. Peng, Alternative Routes toward High Quality CdSe Nanocrystals, Nano Letters, vol.1, issue.6, pp.333-337, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0155532

W. W. Yu, Y. A. Wang, and X. G. Peng, Formation and Stability of Size-, Shape-, and Structure-Controlled CdTe Nanocrystals:?? Ligand Effects on Monomers and Nanocrystals, Chemistry of Materials, vol.15, issue.22, pp.4300-4308, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/cm034729t

D. V. Talapin, A. L. Rogach, A. Kornowski, M. Haase, and H. Weller, Highly Luminescent Monodisperse CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Nanocrystals Synthesized in a Hexadecylamine???Trioctylphosphine Oxide???Trioctylphospine Mixture, Nano Letters, vol.1, issue.4, pp.207-211, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0155126

Y. A. Yang, H. M. Wu, K. R. Williams, and Y. C. Cao, Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals without Precursor Injection, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol.43, issue.41, pp.6712-6715, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.200502279

J. J. Li, Large-Scale Synthesis of Nearly Monodisperse CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals Using Air-Stable Reagents via Successive Ion Layer Adsorption and Reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.125, issue.41, pp.12567-12575, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0363563

R. G. Xie, U. Kolb, J. X. Li, T. Basche, and A. Mews, Synthesis and characterization of highly luminescent CdSe-Core CdS/Zn0

B. O. Dabbousi, (CdSe)ZnS Core???Shell Quantum Dots:?? Synthesis and Characterization of a Size Series of Highly Luminescent Nanocrystallites, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.101, issue.46, pp.9463-9475, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/jp971091y

Z. H. Yu, L. Guo, H. Du, T. Krauss, and J. Silcox, Shell Distribution on Colloidal CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.4, pp.565-570, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl048245n

S. Jun, E. Jang, and J. Lim, Synthesis of multi-shell nanocrystals by a single step coating process, Nanotechnology, vol.17, issue.15, pp.3892-3896, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/17/15/046

D. V. Talapin, Highly Emissive Colloidal CdSe/CdS Heterostructures of Mixed Dimensionality, Nano Letters, vol.3, issue.12, pp.1677-1681, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/nl034815s

D. E. Corbridge, The phosphorus world Chemistry, Biochemistry and Technology. CD-Rom, 2005.

H. T. Liu, J. S. Owen, and A. P. Alivisatos, Mechanistic Study of Precursor Evolution in Colloidal Group II???VI Semiconductor Nanocrystal Synthesis, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.129, issue.2, pp.305-312, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0656696

Y. A. Yang, O. Chen, A. Angerhofer, and Y. C. Cao, Radial-Position-Controlled Doping in CdS/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.128, issue.38, pp.12428-12429, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ja064818h

D. V. Talapin, CdSe/CdS/ZnS and CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS Core???Shell???Shell Nanocrystals, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.108, issue.49, pp.18826-18831, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/jp046481g

M. Bruchez, M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, and A. P. Alivisatos, Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels, Science, vol.281, issue.5385, pp.2013-2016, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.281.5385.2013

J. K. Jaiswal, H. Mattoussi, J. M. Mauro, and S. M. Simon, Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates, Nature Biotechnology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.47-51, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt767

S. Doose, J. M. Tsay, F. Pinaud, and S. Weiss, Comparison of Photophysical and Colloidal Properties of Biocompatible Semiconductor Nanocrystals Using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy, Analytical Chemistry, vol.77, issue.7, pp.2235-2242, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ac050035n

T. Pons, H. T. Uyeda, I. L. Medintz, and H. Mattoussi, Hydrodynamic Dimensions, Electrophoretic Mobility, and Stability of Hydrophilic Quantum Dots, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.110, issue.41, pp.20308-20316, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jp065041h

C. A. Leatherdale, W. K. Woo, F. V. Mikulec, and M. G. Bawendi, On the Absorption Cross Section of CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.106, issue.31, pp.7619-7622, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jp025698c

M. Johnsson, P. Hansson, and K. Edwards, Spherical micelles and other selfassembled structures in dilute aqueous mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol) lipids

M. Orrit and J. Bernard, -terphenyl crystal, Physical Review Letters, vol.65, issue.21, pp.2716-2719, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2716

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00209976

X. S. Xie and R. C. Dunn, Probing Single Molecule Dynamics, Science, vol.265, issue.5170, pp.361-364, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.265.5170.361

W. E. Moerner and M. Orrit, Illuminating Single Molecules in Condensed Matter, Science, vol.283, issue.5408, pp.1670-1673, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5408.1670

M. D. Mason, G. M. Credo, K. D. Weston, and S. K. Buratto, Luminescence of Individual Porous Si Chromophores, Physical Review Letters, vol.80, issue.24, pp.5405-5408, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5405

M. Nirmal, Fluorescence intermittency in single cadmium selenide nanocrystals, Nature, vol.383, issue.6603, pp.802-804, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/383802a0

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, H. F. Hamann, A. Gallagher, and D. J. Nesbitt, ???On???/???off??? fluorescence intermittency of single semiconductor quantum dots, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.2, pp.1028-1040, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1377883

M. Kuno, Fluorescence Intermittency in Single InP Quantum Dots, Nano Letters, vol.1, issue.10, pp.557-564, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/nl010049i

J. P. Hoogenboom, J. Hernando, E. Van-dijk, N. F. Van-hulst, and M. F. Garcia-parajo, Power-Law Blinking in the Fluorescence of Single Organic Molecules, ChemPhysChem, vol.94, issue.6, pp.823-833, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/cphc.200600783

J. P. Hoogenboom, E. Van-dijk, J. Hernando, N. F. Van-hulst, and M. F. Garcia-parajo, Power-Law-Distributed Dark States are the Main Pathway for Photobleaching of Single Organic Molecules, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.9, p.97401, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.097401

J. Schuster, F. Cichos, and C. Von-borczyskowski, Influence of self-trapped states on the fluorescence intermittency of single molecules, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.5, p.51915, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2006217

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, H. F. Hamann, A. Gallagher, and D. J. Nesbitt, Nonexponential ???blinking??? kinetics of single CdSe quantum dots: A universal power law behavior, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.112, issue.7, pp.3117-3120, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.480896

X. Brokmann, Statistical Aging and Nonergodicity in the Fluorescence of Single Nanocrystals, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.12, p.120601, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.120601

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00001557

R. Zondervan, F. Kulzer, S. B. Orlinskii, and M. Orrit, Photoblinking of Rhodamine 6G in Poly(vinyl alcohol):?? Radical Dark State Formed through the Triplet, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.107, issue.35, pp.6770-6776, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jp034723r

K. T. Shimizu, Blinking statistics in single semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots, Physical Review B, vol.63, issue.20, p.205316, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.205316

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, S. T. Johnson, A. Gallagher, and D. J. Nesbitt, Modeling distributed kinetics in isolated semiconductor quantum dots, Physical Review B, vol.67, issue.12, p.125304, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.125304

P. A. Frantsuzov and R. A. Marcus, Explanation of quantum dot blinking without the long-lived trap hypothesis, Physical Review B, vol.72, issue.15, p.155321, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.155321

M. B. Mohamed, D. Tonti, A. Al-salman, A. Chemseddine, and M. Chergui, Synthesis of High Quality Zinc Blende CdSe Nanocrystals, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.109, issue.21, pp.10533-10537, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jp051123e

D. V. Talapin, Highly Emissive Colloidal CdSe/CdS Heterostructures of Mixed Dimensionality, Nano Letters, vol.3, issue.12, pp.1677-1681, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/nl034815s

Z. H. Yu, L. Guo, H. Du, T. Krauss, and J. Silcox, Shell Distribution on Colloidal CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.4, pp.565-570, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl048245n

S. Hohng and T. Ha, Near-Complete Suppression of Quantum Dot Blinking in Ambient Conditions, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.5, pp.1324-1325, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja039686w

A. Nature, K. Online-publication-www-zhang, H. Y. Chang, A. H. Fu, A. P. Alivisatos et al., Continuous distribution of emission states from single CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, Nano Lett, vol.6, pp.843-847, 2006.

D. E. Gomez, J. Van-embden, J. Jasieniak, T. A. Smith, and P. Mulvaney, Blinking and Surface Chemistry of Single CdSe Nanocrystals, Small, vol.21, issue.2, pp.204-208, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200500204

C. D. Heyes, A. Y. Kobitski, V. V. Breus, and G. Nienhaus, Effect of the shell on the blinking statistics of core-shell quantum dots: A single-particle fluorescence study, Physical Review B, vol.75, issue.12, p.125431, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.125431

S. Ithurria, P. Guyot-sionnest, B. Mahler, and B. Dubertret, as a Radial Pressure Gauge in Colloidal Core/Shell Nanocrystals, Physical Review Letters, vol.99, issue.26, p.265501, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.265501

F. Cichos, C. Von-borczyskowski, and M. Orrit, Power-law intermittency of single emitters, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, vol.12, issue.6, pp.272-284, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cocis.2007.07.012

A. L. Efros and M. Rosen, Random Telegraph Signal in the Photoluminescence Intensity of a Single Quantum Dot, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.6, pp.1110-1113, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1110

J. Tang and R. A. Marcus, Diffusion-Controlled Electron Transfer Processes and Power-Law Statistics of Fluorescence Intermittency of Nanoparticles, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.10, p.107401, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.107401

J. Tang and R. A. Marcus, Mechanisms of fluorescence blinking in semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.123, issue.5, p.54704, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1993567

R. Verberk, A. M. Van-oijen, and M. Orrit, Simple model for the power-law blinking of single semiconductor nanocrystals, Physical Review B, vol.66, issue.23, p.233202, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.233202

H. He, H. F. Qian, C. Q. Dong, K. L. Wang, and J. C. Ren, Single Nonblinking CdTe Quantum Dots Synthesized in Aqueous Thiopropionic Acid, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol.2, issue.45, pp.7588-7591, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.200602758

J. Muller, Air-induced fluorescence bursts from single semiconductor nanocrystals, Applied Physics Letters, vol.85, issue.3, pp.381-383, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1769585

A. We and T. P. Guyot, Sionnest for critical and enlightening discussions concerning the work and the redaction of the manuscript. B.M. thanks T. Pons for providing the software code for the automated analysis of QD blinking. B.D. thanks the Human Frontier Science Program for funding, acknowledge funding from l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche and La Région Ile

M. Kuno, Nonexponential ???blinking??? kinetics of single CdSe quantum dots: A universal power law behavior, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.112, issue.7, p.3117, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.480896

X. Brokmann, Statistical Aging and Nonergodicity in the Fluorescence of Single Nanocrystals, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.12, p.120601, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.120601

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00001557

M. Kuno, ???On???/???off??? fluorescence intermittency of single semiconductor quantum dots, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.2, p.1028, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1377883

S. Hohng and T. Ha, Near-Complete Suppression of Quantum Dot Blinking in Ambient Conditions, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.5, p.1324, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja039686w

B. Mahler, Towards non-blinking colloidal quantum??dots, Nature Materials, vol.85, issue.8, p.659, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nmat2222

Y. Chen, ???Giant??? Multishell CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots with Suppressed Blinking, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.130, issue.15, p.5026, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ja711379k

URL : http://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1172836

D. Oron, Multiexcitons in type-II colloidal semiconductor quantum dots, Physical Review B, vol.75, issue.3, p.35330, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.035330

X. Brokmann, Measurement of the Radiative and Nonradiative Decay Rates of Single CdSe Nanocrystals through a Controlled Modification of their Spontaneous Emission, Physical Review Letters, vol.93, issue.10, p.107403, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.107403

A. Imamoglu, heterojunctions, Physical Review Letters, vol.72, issue.2, p.210, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.210

X. Brokmann, Highly efficient triggered emission of single photons by colloidal CdSe???ZnS nanocrystals, Applied Physics Letters, vol.85, issue.5, p.712, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1775280

C. A. Leatherdale, On the Absorption Cross Section of CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.106, issue.31, p.7619, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jp025698c

H. C. Van-de-hulst and . Light, Scattering by Small Particles, 1981.

C. Bonati, Spectral and dynamical characterization of multiexcitons in colloidal CdSe semiconductor quantum dots, Physical Review B, vol.71, issue.20, p.205317, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.205317

S. Coe, W. K. Woo, M. Bawendi, and B. Bulovic, Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices, Nature, vol.115, issue.6917, p.800, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.371395

I. Robel, V. Subramanian, M. Kuno, and P. Kamat, Films, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.128, issue.7, p.2385, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ja056494n

A. V. Malko, A. A. Mikhailovsky, M. A. Petruska, J. A. Hollingsworth, H. Htoon et al., From amplified spontaneous emission to microring lasing using nanocrystal quantum dot solids, Applied Physics Letters, vol.81, issue.7, p.1303, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1497708

A. Alivisatos, The use of nanocrystals in biological detection, Nature Biotechnology, vol.22, issue.1, p.47, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt927

X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose et al., Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics, Science, vol.307, issue.5709, p.538, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1104274

B. Lounis, H. A. Bechtel, D. Gerion, P. Alivisatos, and W. Moerner, Photon antibunching in single CdSe/ZnS quantum dot fluorescence, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.329, issue.5-6, p.399, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2614(00)01042-3

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, H. F. Hamann, A. Gallagher, and D. Nesbitt, Nonexponential ???blinking??? kinetics of single CdSe quantum dots: A universal power law behavior, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.112, issue.7, p.3117, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.480896

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, H. F. Hamann, A. Gallagher, and D. Nesbitt, ???On???/???off??? fluorescence intermittency of single semiconductor quantum dots, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.2, p.1028, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1377883

X. Brokmann, J. P. Hermier, G. Messin, P. Desbiolles, J. P. Bouchaud et al., Statistical Aging and Nonergodicity in the Fluorescence of Single Nanocrystals, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.12, p.120601, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.120601

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00001557

S. Hohng and H. , Near-Complete Suppression of Quantum Dot Blinking in Ambient Conditions, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.5, p.1324, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja039686w

B. Mahler, P. Spinicelli, S. Buil, X. Quélin, J. P. Hermier et al., Towards non-blinking colloidal quantum??dots, Nature Materials, vol.85, issue.8, p.659, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nmat2222

Y. Chen, J. Vela, H. Htoon, J. L. Casson, D. J. Werder et al., ???Giant??? Multishell CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots with Suppressed Blinking, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.130, issue.15, p.5026, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ja711379k

M. Acherman, J. A. Hollingsworth, and V. Klimov, Multiexcitons confined within a subexcitonic volume: Spectroscopic and dynamical signatures of neutral and charged biexcitons in ultrasmall semiconductor nanocrystals, Physical Review B, vol.68, issue.24, p.245302, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.245302

E. Moreau, I. Robert, L. Manin, V. Thierry-mieg, and J. Grard, Quantum Cascade of Photons in Semiconductor Quantum Dots, Physical Review Letters, vol.87, issue.18, p.183601, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.183601

B. Fisher, J. M. Caruge, D. Zehner, and M. Bawendi, Room-Temperature Ordered Photon Emission from Multiexciton States in Single CdSe Core-Shell Nanocrystals, Physical Review Letters, vol.94, issue.8, p.87403, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.087403

X. Brokmann, L. Coolen, M. Dahan, and J. Hermier, Measurement of the Radiative and Nonradiative Decay Rates of Single CdSe Nanocrystals through a Controlled Modification of their Spontaneous Emission, Physical Review Letters, vol.93, issue.10, p.107403, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.107403

C. D. Heyes, A. Y. Kobitski, V. Breus, and G. Nienhaus, Effect of the shell on the blinking statistics of core-shell quantum dots: A single-particle fluorescence study, Physical Review B, vol.75, issue.12, p.125431, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.125431

K. T. Early, K. D. Mccarthy, N. I. Hammer, M. Y. Odoi, R. Tangirala et al., Blinking suppression and intensity recurrences in single CdSe-oligo(phenylene vinylene) nanostructures: experiment and kinetic model, Nanotechnology, vol.18, issue.42, p.424027, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/18/42/424027

P. Spinicelli, S. Buil, X. Qulin, B. Mahler, B. Dubertret et al., Bright and Grey States in CdSe-CdS Nanocrystals Exhibiting Strongly Reduced Blinking, Physical Review Letters, vol.102, issue.13, p.136801, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.136801

D. Oron, M. Kazes, and U. Banin, Multiexcitons in type-II colloidal semiconductor quantum dots, Physical Review B, vol.75, issue.3, p.35330, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.035330

D. A. Bussian, S. A. Crooker, M. Yin, M. Brynda, A. L. Efros et al., Tunable magnetic exchange interactions in??manganese-doped inverted core???shell ZnSe???CdSe??nanocrystals, Nature Materials, vol.100, issue.1, p.35, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.1747

M. A. Hines and P. Guyot-sionnest, Synthesis and Characterization of Strongly Luminescing ZnS-Capped CdSe Nanocrystals, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.100, issue.2, p.468, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/jp9530562

Z. H. Yu, Shell Distribution on Colloidal CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.4, p.565, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl048245n

G. J. Piermarini, ruby fluorescence line to 195 kbar, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.46, issue.6, p.2774, 1975.
DOI : 10.1063/1.321957

Y. A. Yang, Radial-Position-Controlled Doping in CdS/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.128, issue.38, p.12428, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ja064818h

Y. C. Cao and J. H. Wang, One-Pot Synthesis of High-Quality Zinc-Blende CdS Nanocrystals, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.44, p.14336, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0459678

W. W. Yu, Experimental Determination of the Extinction Coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS Nanocrystals, Chemistry of Materials, vol.15, issue.14, p.2854, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/cm034081k

H. J. Zhou, Correlation of Mn local structure and photoluminescence from CdS:Mn nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.99, issue.10, p.103502, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2199267

D. Berlincourt, L. R. Shiozawa, and H. Jaffe, Electroelastic Properties of the Sulfides, Selenides, and Tellurides of Zinc and Cadmium, Physical Review, vol.129, issue.3, p.1009, 1963.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.129.1009

E. Deligoz, K. Colakoglu, and Y. Ciftci, Elastic, electronic, and lattice dynamical properties of CdS, CdSe, and CdTe, Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol.373, issue.1, p.124, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physb.2005.11.099

E. R. Fuller and W. F. Weston, Relation between elastic???constant tensors of hexagonal and cubic structures, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.45, issue.9, p.3772, 1974.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1663858

S. Ves, Cubic ZnS under pressure: Optical-absorption edge, phase transition, and calculated equation of state, Physical Review B, vol.42, issue.14, p.9113, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.42.9113

A. L. Edwards and H. G. Drickamer, Effect of Pressure on the Absorption Edges of Some III-V, II-VI, and I-VII Compounds, Physical Review, vol.122, issue.4, p.1149, 1961.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.122.1149

A. P. Alivisatos, X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay et al., Perspectives on the Physical Chemistry of Semiconductor Nanocrystals, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.100, issue.31, pp.13226-13239, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/jp9535506

J. A. Kloepfer, S. E. Bradforth, and J. L. Nadeau, Photophysical Properties of Biologically Compatible CdSe Quantum Dot Structures, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.109, issue.20, pp.9996-10003, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jp044581g

Y. Zhao, W. Pérez-segarra, Q. Shi, and A. Wei, Dithiocarbamate Assembly on Gold, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.127, issue.20, pp.7328-7329, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ja050432f

M. Kuno, J. K. Lee, B. O. Dabbousi, F. V. Mikulek, and M. G. Bawendi, The band edge luminescence of surface modified CdSe nanocrystallites: Probing the luminescing state, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.106, issue.23, pp.9869-9882, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.473875

M. Bruchez, M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, and A. P. Alivisatos, Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels, Science, vol.281, issue.5385, pp.2013-2015, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.281.5385.2013

1. Hz, 31 (t, J ) 6.3 Hz, 2H); 3.71 (s, 9H), p.31

2. Hz, 12 (q 5 , J ) 6.3 Hz, 2H); 1.38 (s, 9H) 13 C NMR (CD 2 Cl 2 , 298 K): ? 156, CH, vol.26, issue.139, p.60

C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, and M. G. Bawendi, Radiosynthesis of 1-[3-(2-[ 18 F]fluoropyridin-3-yloxy)- propyl]pyrrole-2,5-dione as fluorine-18-labeled reagent. 1-[3-(2-[ 18 F]- Fluoropyridin-3-yloxy)propyl]pyrrole-2,5-dione ([ 18 F]FPyME, HPLCpurified ) was prepared from [3-(3-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-propoxy)- pyridin-2-yl]-trimethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate according to slightly modified published procedure (18) in 17-20% non-decaycorrected yield (based on starting [ 18 F]fluoride) using a three-step radiochemical pathway in 110 min Step 3. Conjugation of QDs with 1-[3-(2-[ 18 F]fluoropyridin- 3-yloxy)propyl]pyrrole-2,5-dione. [ 18 F]-QDs were prepared as following: To 100 µL of DMSO containing HPLC-purified [ 18 F]FPyME (freed from HPLC-solvents by concentration to dryness at 65-75 °C under a gentle nitrogen stream) was added ca. 4.75-6.25 nmol of QDs dissolved in PBS (0.1 M, pH 8.0, 900 µL) The reaction mixture was gently vortexed for 15 min and then purified by gel filtration on a NAP-10 G25 Sephadex cartridge (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) The labeled conjugated [ 18 F]-QDs was eluted in 1.5 mL of aq. 0.9% NaCl according to manufacturer's instructions. PET Imaging. After i.v. injection of the [ 18 F]-QDs in athymic nude mice (25-30 g body weight) under isoflurane anesthesia, dynamic PET images were acquired in 3D mode in a small animal dedicated PET scanner (Siemens-Concorde Microsystems Focus 220) continuously during 90 min. The time-activity curves of [ 18 F]-QDs in the mouse organs were calculated from regions of interest placed at the center of the organs delineated by a semiautomatic segmentation method (19). Metabolism Analysis. 200 µL of blood were collected from 30 g nude mice at 1 and 3 h after i.v. injection of 37 × 10 6 Bq of Radioactivity from the filtrate and retentate recovery were measured by a beta counter (Cobra II Auto gamma, Packard Bioscience Company) to quantify [ 18 F]-QDs degradation . Urine was directly filtrated on a Microcon tube. Elemental Analysis of Dissected Organs. Liver, spleen, kidneys, and intestine were dissected and blood and urine samples were taken 90 min postinjection, Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min at 4 °C. Plasma was filtrated on a Microcon YM-10 tube (Millipore) ViWo Fibered Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy. The CellVizio(R) 488, from Mauna Kea Technologies (MKT) Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse nanocrystals and close-packed nanocrystal assemblies. Annu. ReV. Mater. Sci, pp.319-327, 2000.

I. L. Medintz, H. T. Uyeda, E. R. Goldman, and H. Mattoussi, Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing, Nature Materials, vol.45, issue.6, pp.435-446, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1104274

X. Michalet, F. F. Pinaud, L. A. Bentolila, J. M. Tsay, S. Doose et al., Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics, vivo imaging, and diagnostics, pp.538-544, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1104274

D. R. Larson, W. R. Zipfel, R. M. Williams, S. W. Clark, M. P. Bruchez et al., Water-Soluble Quantum Dots for Multiphoton Fluorescence Imaging in Vivo, Science, vol.300, issue.5624, pp.1434-1436, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1083780

S. Kim, Y. T. Lim, E. G. Soltesz, A. M. De-grand, J. Lee et al., Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping, Nature Biotechnology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.93-97, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt920

B. Dubertret, P. Skourides, D. J. Norris, V. Noireaux, A. H. Brivanlou et al., In Vivo Imaging of Quantum Dots Encapsulated in Phospholipid Micelles, vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles, pp.1759-1762, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1077194

E. B. Voura, J. K. Jaiswal, H. Mattoussi, and S. M. Simon, Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy, Nature Medicine, vol.1, issue.9, pp.993-998, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0347334

M. E. Akerman, W. C. Chan, P. Laakkonen, S. N. Bhatia, R. et al., Nanocrystal targeting in vivo, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.20, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.152463399

X. H. Gao, Y. Y. Cui, R. M. Levenson, L. W. Chung, and S. M. Nie, In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots, Nature Biotechnology, vol.13, issue.8, pp.969-976, 2004.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2373

M. L. Schipper, Z. Cheng, S. Lee, A. , B. L. Iyer et al., ) microPET-based biodistribution of quantum dots in living mice Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice, J. Nucl. Med. Bioconjugate Chem, vol.15, issue.1112, pp.79-86, 2004.

N. Y. Morgan, S. English, W. Chen, V. Chernomordik, A. Russo et al., Real time in vivo non-invasive optical imaging using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots1, Academic Radiology, vol.12, issue.3, pp.313-323, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.acra.2004.04.023

L. H. Qu, Z. A. Peng, and X. G. Peng, Alternative Routes toward High Quality CdSe Nanocrystals, Nano Letters, vol.1, issue.6, pp.333-337, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0155532

O. Carion, B. Mahler, T. Pons, and B. Dubertret, Synthesis, encapsulation, purification and coupling of single quantum dots in phospholipid micelles for their use in cellular and in vivo imaging, Nature Protocols, vol.105, issue.10, pp.2383-2390, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nprot.2007.351

G. T. Hermanson, M. Johnsson, P. Hansson, and K. Edwards, Bioconjugate Techniques Spherical micelles and other self-assembled structures in dilute aqueous mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol) lipids, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.105, issue.1617, pp.8420-8430, 1996.

B. De-bruin, B. Kuhnast, F. Hinnen, L. Yaouancq, M. Amessou et al., F]Fluoropyridine-Based Maleimide Reagent for the Labeling of Peptides and Proteins, Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol.16, issue.2, pp.406-420, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/bc0497463

R. Maroy, R. Boisgard, C. Comtat, V. Frouin, P. Cathier et al., Segmentation of Rodent Whole-Body Dynamic PET Images: An Unsupervised Method Based on Voxel Dynamics, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.27, issue.3, pp.342-354, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2007.905106

F. Dollé, Preparation of [ 18 F] labeled maleimides, their use for marking macromolecules for medical imaging, 2004.

H. S. Choi, W. Liu, P. Misra, E. Tanaka, J. P. Zimmer et al., Renal clearance of quantum dots, Nature Biotechnology, vol.361, issue.10, pp.1165-1170, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt1340

H. Y. Fan, K. Yang, D. M. Boye, T. Sigmon, K. J. Malloy et al., Self-Assembly of Ordered, Robust, Three-Dimensional Gold Nanocrystal/Silica Arrays, Science, vol.304, issue.5670, pp.567-571, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1095140

N. Nitin, L. E. Laconte, O. Zurkiya, X. Hu, and G. Bao, Functionalization and peptide-based delivery of magnetic nanoparticles as an intracellular MRI contrast agent, JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, vol.9, issue.6, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00775-004-0560-1

R. Hardman, A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.114, issue.2, pp.165-172, 2006.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.8284

P. Alivisatos, The use of nanocrystals in biological detection, Nature Biotechnology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.47-52, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt927

C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, M. G. Bawendi, M. A. Hines, and P. Guyot-sionnest, Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.115, issue.19, pp.8706-8715, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00072a025

B. A. Griffin, S. R. Adams, and R. Tsien, Specific Covalent Labeling of Recombinant Protein Molecules Inside Live Cells, Science, vol.281, issue.5374, pp.269-272, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.281.5374.269

S. R. Adams, R. E. Campbell, L. A. Gross, B. R. Martin, G. K. Walkup et al., New Biarsenical Ligands and Tetracysteine Motifs for Protein Labeling in Vitro and in Vivo:?? Synthesis and Biological Applications, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.124, issue.21, pp.6063-6076, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ja017687n

H. S. Cao, Y. J. Xiong, T. Wang, B. W. Chen, T. C. Squier et al., A Red Cy3-Based Biarsenical Fluorescent Probe Targeted to a Complementary Binding Peptide, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.129, issue.28, pp.8672-8773, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/ja070003c

B. Dubertret, P. Skourides, D. J. Norris, V. Noireaux, A. H. Brivanlou et al., In Vivo Imaging of Quantum Dots Encapsulated in Phospholipid Micelles, Science, vol.298, issue.5599, pp.1759-1762, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1077194

M. A. El-sayed, J. K. Vassiliou, V. Mehrotra, M. W. Russell, E. P. Giannelis et al., Some interesting properties of metals conned in time and nanometer space of dierent shapes, Accounts Of Chemical Research, vol.34, issue.4, p.257264, 2001.

M. , R. D. Shull, R. F. Ziolo, A. A. Ekimov, R. Onushchenko et al., Quantum size eect in 3-dimensional microscopic semiconductor crystals Quantum size eects in the redox potentials , resonance raman-spectra, and electronic-spectra of cds crystallites in aqueoussolution Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse cde (e = s, se, te) semiconductor nanocrystallites Synthesis and characterization of strongly luminescing zns-capped cdse nanocrystals, Bulovic. Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices, pp.5109511634534910861088-468471, 1981.

A. J. Nozik and V. Klimov, Quantum dot solar cells. Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems & Nanostructures, p.115120, 2002.

]. X. Brokmann, E. Giacobino, M. Dahan, J. P. Hermier, M. Moronne et al., Highly ecient triggered emission of single photons by colloidal cdse/zns nanocrystals Semiconductor nanocrystals as uorescent biological labels, vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles, p.71271420132016, 1998.

L. E. Harris and . Brus, Fluorescence intermittency in single cadmium selenide nanocrystals Synthesis of high quality zinc blende cdse nanocrystals, Nature J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.383, issue.10921, pp.80280410533-10537, 1996.

H. M. Yang, K. R. Wu, Y. C. Williams, and . Cao, Synthesis of cdse and cdte nanocrystals without precursor injection Semiconductor quantum dots and related systems : electronic, optical, luminescence and related properties of low dimensional systems, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition Advances in Physics, vol.44, issue.501, p.671267151208, 2001.

. Bawendi, Ultrafast dynamics of inter-and intraband transitions in semiconductor nanocrystals : Implications for quantum-dot lasers, R2177 LP R2180, 1999. [18] V. A. Fedorov, V. A. Ganshin, and Yu. N. Korkishko. Determination of the point of the zincblende-to-wurtzite structural phase transition in cadmium selenide crystals

P. Status-solidi, ]. N. Samarth, H. Luo, J. K. Furdyna, S. B. Qadri et al., Growth of cubic (zinc blende) cdse by molecular beam epitaxy, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol.126, issue.126, p.5426802682, 1989.

V. I. Klimov, Semiconductor and metal nanocrystals : Synthesis and electronic and optical properties, CRC, vol.87, 2003.
DOI : 10.1201/9780203913260

A. L. Efros and M. Rosen, The Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals, Annual Review of Materials Science, vol.30, issue.1
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.475

A. I. Ekimov, A. A. Onushchenko-alfassi, D. Bahnemann, and A. Henglein, Quantum size eect in the optical-spectra of semiconductor micro-crystals. Soviet Physics Semiconductors-Ussr [23] A. I. Ekimov and A. A. Onushchenko. Size quantization of the electron-energy spectrum in a microscopic semiconductor crystal Photochemistry of colloidal metal suldes .3. photoelectron emission from cds and cds-zns co-colloids, JETP Lett. Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.1624, issue.40824, pp.77577811361139-8646564657, 1982.

. Duonghong, J. Dung, M. Ramsden, and . Graetzel, Dynamics of interfacial electron-transfer processes in colloidal semiconductor systems, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.104, issue.11, p.29772985, 1982.

J. Moser and M. Graetzel, Light-induced electron transfer in colloidal semiconductor dispersions: single vs. dielectronic reduction of acceptors by conduction-band electrons, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.105, issue.22, p.65476555, 1983.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00360a003

A. I. Ekimov, A. L. Efros, and A. A. Onushchenko, Quantum size eect in semiconductor microcrystals, Solid State Commun, vol.56, issue.11, p.921924, 1985.

L. E. Brus, Electron???electron and electron???hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: The size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.80, issue.9, p.44034409, 1984.
DOI : 10.1063/1.447218

L. E. Brus, On the development of bulk optical properties in small semiconductor crystallites, Journal of Luminescence, vol.31, issue.32, pp.31-2381384, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2313(84)90302-8

Y. Wang and N. Herron, Nanometer-sized semiconductor clusters: materials synthesis, quantum size effects, and photophysical properties, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.95, issue.2, p.525532, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/j100155a009

G. D. Stucky and J. E. Macdougall, Quantum connement and host guest chemistry -probing a new dimension, Science, vol.247, issue.4943, p.669678, 1990.

Y. Wang and W. Mahler, Degenerate four-wave mixing of CdS/polymer composite, Optics Communications, vol.61, issue.3, p.233236, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0030-4018(87)90145-3

A. M. Muller, T. M. Thayer, D. C. Duncan, L. E. Douglass, and . Brus, Surface derivatization and isolation of semiconductor cluster molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc, issue.10, p.11030463050, 1988.

A. P. Alivisatos, A. L. Harris, N. J. Levinos, M. L. Steigerwald, L. E. Brus et al., Electronic states of semiconductor clusters -homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the optical-spectrum Xray structural characterization of larger cdse semiconductor clusters, J. Chem. Phys. Journal Of Chemical Physics, vol.89, issue.711, pp.40014011-9172827290, 1988.

J. G. Brennan, T. Siegrist, P. J. Carroll, S. M. Stuczynski, P. Reynders et al., Bulk and nanostructure group-ii-vi compounds from molecular organometallic precursors Photophysics of quantized colloidal semiconductors dramatic luminescence enhancement by binding of simple amines, Chem. Mater. Journal Of Physical Chemistry, vol.2, issue.423, pp.403409-90, 1986.

M. A. Marcus, W. Flood, M. Stiegerwald, L. Brus, and M. Bawendi, Structure of capped cadmium selenide clusters by EXAFS, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.95, issue.4, p.15721576, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/j100157a012

. Steigerwald, The preparation of large semiconductor clusters via the pyrolysis of a molecular precursor Obrien. A single source approach to the synthesis of cdse nanocrystallites, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Advanced Materials, vol.111, issue.82, p.41414143161, 1989.

]. T. Trindade, P. Obrien, X. M. Zhang, P. O-'brien, and N. L. Pickett, Synthesis of cds and cdse nanocrystallites using a novel single-molecule precursors approach Nanocrystalline semiconductors : Synthesis , properties, and perspectives, Chem. Mater. Chem. Mater, vol.9, issue.211, pp.523530-1338433858, 1997.

M. Protiere and P. Reiss, Facile synthesis of monodisperse zns capped cds nanocrystals exhibiting ecient blue emission, Nanoscale Research Letters, vol.1, issue.1, p.6267, 2006.

]. N. Revaprasadu, M. A. Malik, P. O-'brien, and G. Wakeeld, Deposition of zinc sulde quantum dots from a single-source molecular precursor, J. Mater. Res, vol.14, issue.8, p.32373240, 1999.

]. L. Alivisatos46, E. C. Manna, and A. P. Scher, Synthesis of soluble and processable rod-, arrow-, teardrop-, and tetrapod-shaped cdse nanocrystals, Nature J. Am. Chem. Soc, issue.677351, pp.4045961-1221270012706, 2000.

Z. A. Peng and X. G. Peng, Formation of High-Quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS Nanocrystals Using CdO as Precursor, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.123, issue.1, p.183184, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/ja003633m

L. Qu, Z. A. Peng, and X. Peng, Alternative Routes toward High Quality CdSe Nanocrystals, Nano Letters, vol.1, issue.6, p.333337, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0155532

W. W. Yu and X. Peng, Formation of high-quality cds and other iivi semiconductor nanocrystals in noncoordinating solvents : Tunable reactivity of monomers13, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol.53, issue.13, p.4123682371, 2002.

D. Battaglia and X. Peng, Formation of high quality inp and inas nanocrystals in a noncoordinating solvent Hines and P. Guyot-Sionnest. Bright uv-blue luminescent colloidal znse nanocrystals, Nano Lett. J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.2, issue.919, pp.10271030-10236553657, 1998.

D. V. Talapin, A. L. Rogach, A. Kornowski, M. Haase, and H. Weller, Highly luminescent monodisperse cdse and cdse/zns nanocrystals synthesized in a hexadecylaminetrioctylphosphine oxide-trioctylphospine mixture Control of photoluminescence properties of cdse nanocrystals in growth, Nano Lett. J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.1, issue.1249, p.20721120492055, 2001.

J. Jasieniak, C. Bullen, J. , and P. Mulvaney, Phosphine-free synthesis of cdse nanocrystals Synthesis of high-quality cds, zns, and znxcd1-xs nanocrystals using metal salts and elemental sulfur, J. Phys. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem, vol.109, issue.4418, pp.2066520668-1427902794, 2004.

. Ou, . Chen, . Xian, Y. Chen, J. Yang et al., Jiaqi Zhuang, and Y.ï¾÷Charles Cao. Synthesis of metal-selenide nanocrystals using selenium dioxide as the selenium precursor13, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, issue.45, pp.47-86388641, 2008.

]. J. Lim, S. Jun, E. Jang, H. Baik, H. Kim et al., Preparation of highly luminescent nanocrystals and their application to light-emitting diodes Synthesis of monodisperse spherical nanocrystals, Advanced Materials Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol.1962, issue.1525, p.4646304660, 2007.

K. Victor, R. H. Lamer, and . Dinegar, Theory, production and mechanism of formation of monodispersed hydrosols, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.7264, issue.11, p.48474854, 1950.

H. Reiss, The Growth of Uniform Colloidal Dispersions, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.19, issue.4, p.482487, 1951.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1748251

X. G. Peng, J. Wickham, and A. P. , Kinetics of II-VI and III-V Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystal Growth:?? ???Focusing??? of Size Distributions, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.120, issue.21, p.53435344, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ja9805425

J. Y. Rempel, M. G. Bawendi, and K. F. Jensen, Insights into the Kinetics of Semiconductor Nanocrystal Nucleation and Growth, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.131, issue.12, p.44794489, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/ja809156t

J. Van-embden, J. E. Sader, M. Davidson, and P. Mulvaney, Evolution of Colloidal Nanocrystals: Theory and Modeling of their Nucleation and Growth, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol.113, issue.37, pp.1634216355-1932, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/jp9027673

W. E. Buhro, K. M. Hickman, T. J. Trentler, M. Kolosky, J. Vialle et al., Turning down the heat on semiconductor growth: Solution-chemical syntheses and the solution-liquid-solid mechanism, Advanced Materials, vol.5, issue.8, p.685, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.19960080820

H. T. Liu, J. S. Owen, and A. P. , Mechanistic Study of Precursor Evolution in Colloidal Group II???VI Semiconductor Nanocrystal Synthesis, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.129, issue.2, p.436444305312, 1984.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0656696

J. S. Steckel, B. K. Yen, D. C. Oertel, and M. G. Bawendi, On the Mechanism of Lead Chalcogenide Nanocrystal Formation, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.128, issue.40, p.1281303213033, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ja062626g

L. Deng, F. Cao, B. Tang, G. Zou-kim, M. B. Lian et al., A New Route to Zinc-Blende CdSe Nanocrystals:?? Mechanism and Synthesis, Side reactions in controlling the quality, yield, and stability of high quality colloidal nanocrystals, p.1667116675, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jp052484x

H. Wu, Y. Yang, and Y. C. Cao, Synthesis of Colloidal Uranium???Dioxide Nanocrystals, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.128, issue.51, pp.16522-16523, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ja067940p

B. O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguezviejo, F. V. Mikulec, J. R. Heine, H. Mattoussi et al., (cdse)zns core-shell quantum dots : Synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites

R. G. Xie, U. Kolb, J. X. Li, T. Basche, and A. Mews, Synthesis and characterization of highly luminescent cdse-core cds/zn0.5cd0.5s/zns multishell nanocrystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.127, issue.20, p.74807488, 2005.

]. L. Manna, E. C. Scher, L. S. Li, and A. P. , Epitaxial Growth and Photochemical Annealing of Graded CdS/ZnS Shells on Colloidal CdSe Nanorods, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.124, issue.24, p.12471367145, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ja025946i

]. P. Reiss, S. Carayon, J. Bleuse, and A. Pron, Low polydispersity core/shell nanocrystals of CdSe/ZnSe and CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS type: preparation and optical studies, Synthetic Metals, vol.139, issue.3, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0379-6779(03)00335-7

]. J. Bleuse, S. Carayon, and P. Reiss, Optical properties of core/multishell CdSe/Zn(S,Se) nanocrystals, Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol.21, issue.2-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physe.2003.11.044

S. Jun, E. Jang, and J. E. Lim, Synthesis of multi-shell nanocrystals by a single step coating process, Nanotechnology, vol.17, issue.15, p.38923896, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/17/15/046

. Peng, Large-scale synthesis of nearly monodisperse cdse/cds core/shell nanocrystals using air-stable reagents via successive ion layer adsorption and reaction, Wenzhuo Guo, and Xiaogang Peng. Experimental determination of the extinction coecient of cdte, cdse, and cds nanocrystals, pp.1256712575-1528542860, 2003.

C. A. Leatherdale, W. K. Woo, F. V. Mikulec, and M. G. Bawendi, On the Absorption Cross Section of CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.106, issue.31, pp.7619-7622, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jp025698c

D. Tonti, F. Van-mourik, and M. Chergui, On the Excitation Wavelength Dependence of the Luminescence Yield of Colloidal CdSe Quantum Dots, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.12, pp.2483-2487, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0486057

L. Han, D. Qin, X. Jiang, Y. Liu, L. Wang et al., Synthesis of high quality zinc-blende CdSe nanocrystals and their application in hybrid solar cells, Nanotechnology, vol.17, issue.18, p.4736, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/17/18/035

]. W. Shan, J. J. Song, H. Luo, J. K. Samarth, and J. K. , Determination of the fundamental and split-off band gaps in zinc-blende CdSe by photomodulation spectroscopy, Physical Review B, vol.50, issue.11, pp.8012-8015, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.8012

. Furdyna, Optical properties of zinc-blende cdse and znxcd1-xse lms grown on gaas, Physical Review B, vol.4990, issue.11, pp.7262-7270, 1994.

S. Ithurria and B. Dubertret, Quasi 2d colloidal cdse platelets with thicknesses controlled at the atomic level Controlled growth of tetrapod-branched inorganic nanocrystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Nat. Mater, vol.13092, issue.26, p.1650416505382385, 2003.

A. Puzder, A. J. Williamson, N. Zaitseva, G. Galli, L. Manna et al., The eect of organic ligand binding on the growth of cdse nanoparticles probed by ab initio calculations Solid-state phase-diagram of the zinc selenide cadmium selenide system Structural phase behavior in iivi semiconductor nanoparticles Synthesis of cdses nanocrystals in coordinating and noncoordinating solvents : Solvent's role in evolution of the optical and structural properties, Nano Lett. Mater. Res. Bull. Appl. Phys. Lett. Chem. Mater, vol.487788496, issue.1921, p.2361236583183351855193, 1992.

A. Fiore, R. Mastria, M. G. Lupo, G. Lanzani, C. Giannini et al., Tetrapod-shaped colloidal nanocrystals of ii-vi semiconductors prepared by seeded growth Nonexponential blinking kinetics of single cdse quantum dots : A universal power law behavior Lineshape theory and photon counting statistics for blinking quantum dots : a levy walk process Single pentacene molecules detected by uorescence excitation in a p-terphenyl crystal, J. Am. Chem. Soc. The Journal of Chemical Physics Chem. Phys. Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.131, issue.2841221, pp.2274228231173120181194-652716, 1990.

. Th, S. Basche, C. Kummer, and . Brauchle, Direct spectroscopic observation of quantum jumps of a single molecule, Nature, vol.373, issue.6510, p.132134, 1995.

X. , S. Xie, and R. C. Dunn, Probing single molecule dynamics 10.1126/science.265.5170.361, Science, issue.5170, p.265361364, 1994.

J. P. Hoogenboom, J. Hernando, E. M. Van-dijk, F. Niek, M. F. Van-hulst et al., Power-law blinking in the uorescence of single organic molecules, ChemPhysChem, vol.8, issue.6, p.823833, 2007.

W. E. Moerner and M. Orrit, Illuminating single molecules in condensed matter 10, Science, issue.5408, p.28316701676, 1999.

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, A. Gallagher, D. J. Nesbitt, O. I. Micic et al., Fluorescence Intermittency in Single InP Quantum Dots, Nano Letters, vol.1, issue.10, p.557564, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/nl010049i

M. D. Mason, G. M. Credo, K. D. Weston, and S. K. Buratto, Luminescence of Individual Porous Si Chromophores, Physical Review Letters, vol.80, issue.24, pp.5405-5408, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5405

F. Cichos, J. Martin, and C. Borczyskowski, Emission intermittency in silicon nanocrystals, Physical Review B, vol.70, issue.11, p.1153149, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.115314

S. Wang, C. Querner, T. Emmons, M. Drndic, and C. H. Crouch, Fluorescence Blinking Statistics from CdSe Core and Core/Shell Nanorods, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.110, issue.46, pp.110-2322123227, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jp064976v

P. Frantsuzov, M. Kuno, B. Janko, and R. A. Marcus, Universal emission intermittency in quantum dots, nanorods and nanowires, Nature Physics, vol.133, issue.5, p.519522, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1154

J. Richard, H. J. Cook, and . Kimble, Possibility of direct observation of quantum jumps, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.54, issue.10, pp.1023-1026, 1985.

A. Hartschuh, H. N. Pedrosa, L. Novotny, and T. D. Krauss, Simultaneous uorescence and raman scattering from single carbon nanotubes, Science, issue.5638, pp.301-13541356, 2003.

G. Margolin, V. Protasenko, M. Kuno, and E. Barkai, Power-Law Blinking Quantum Dots: Stochastic and Physical Models, Adv. Chem. Phys, vol.133, issue.A, p.327356, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/0471790265.ch4

URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0506512

K. T. Shimizu, R. G. Neuhauser, C. A. Leatherdale, S. A. Empedocles, W. K. Woo et al., Blinking statistics in single semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots, Physical Review B, vol.63, issue.20, p.63205316, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.205316

R. Verberk, A. M. Van-oijen, and M. Orrit, Simple model for the power-law blinking of single semiconductor nanocrystals, Physical Review B, vol.66, issue.23, p.233202, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.233202

D. E. Gomez, J. Van-embden, J. Jasieniak, T. A. Smith, and P. Mulvaney, Blinking and Surface Chemistry of Single CdSe Nanocrystals, Small, vol.21, issue.2, p.204208, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200500204

F. D. Stefani, W. Knoll, M. Kreiter, X. Zhong, and M. Y. Han, Quantification of photoinduced and spontaneous quantum-dot luminescence blinking, Physical Review B, vol.72, issue.12, p.125304, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.125304

T. D. Krauss, S. O-'brien, and L. E. Brus, Charge and Photoionization Properties of Single Semiconductor Nanocrystals, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.105, issue.9, p.17251733, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0023415

S. Li, M. L. Steigerwald, and L. E. Brus, Surface States in the Photoionization of High-Quality CdSe Core/Shell Nanocrystals, ACS Nano, vol.3, issue.5, p.12671273, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/nn900189f

R. G. Neuhauser, K. T. Shimizu, W. K. Woo, S. A. Empedocles, and M. G. Bawendi, Correlation between uorescence intermittency and spectral diusion in single semiconductor quantum dots, Phys. Rev. Lett, issue.15, p.8533013304, 2000.

A. Issac, F. Christian-von-borczyskowski, and . Cichos, Correlation between photoluminescence intermittency of CdSe quantum dots and self-trapped states in dielectric media, Physical Review B, vol.71, issue.16, p.711613024, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.161302

K. Zhang, H. Chang, A. Fu, A. P. Alivisatos, and H. Yang, Continuous Distribution of Emission States from Single CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots, Nano Letters, vol.6, issue.4, p.843847, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/nl060483q

S. A. Crooker, T. Barrick, J. A. Hollingsworth, and V. Klimov, Multiple temperature regimes of radiative decay in CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots: Intrinsic limits to the dark-exciton lifetime, Applied Physics Letters, vol.82, issue.17, p.8227932795, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1570923

S. Hohng and T. Ha, Near-Complete Suppression of Quantum Dot Blinking in Ambient Conditions, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.5, p.13241325, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja039686w

V. Fomenko and D. J. Nesbitt, Solution Control of Radiative and Nonradiative Lifetimes:?? A Novel Contribution to Quantum Dot Blinking Suppression, Nano Letters, vol.8, issue.1, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0726609

A. L. Efros and M. Rosen, Random Telegraph Signal in the Photoluminescence Intensity of a Single Quantum Dot, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.6, pp.1110-1113, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1110

T. V. Kudriavtsev and . Yazeva, Auger ionization of semiconductor quantum drops in a glass matrix, J. Lumin, vol.47, issue.3, p.113127, 1990.

F. Cichos, C. Borczyskowski, and M. Orrit, Power-law intermittency of single emitters, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, vol.12, issue.6, p.272284, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cocis.2007.07.012

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, S. T. Johnson, A. Gallagher, and D. J. Nesbitt, Modeling distributed kinetics in isolated semiconductor quantum dots, Physical Review B, vol.67, issue.12, p.125304, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.125304

M. Kuno, D. P. Fromm, H. F. Hamann, A. Gallagher, and D. J. Nesbitt, on/o uorescence intermittency of single semiconductor quantum dots, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.2, p.10281040, 2001.

J. Tang and R. A. Marcus, Mechanisms of uorescence blinking in semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.123, issue.5, p.5470412, 2005.

J. Tang and R. A. Marcus, Diusion-controlled electron transfer processes and power-law statistics of uorescence intermittency of nanoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett, issue.10, p.951074014, 2005.

A. Pavel, R. A. Frantsuzov, and . Marcus, Explanation of quantum dot blinking without the long-lived trap hypothesis, Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), issue.15, p.7215532110, 2005.

B. Mahler, P. Spinicelli, S. Buil, X. Quelin, J. P. Hermier et al., Towards non-blinking colloidal quantum??dots, Nature Materials, vol.85, issue.8, p.659664, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nmat2222

Y. Chen, J. Vela, H. Htoon, J. L. Casson, D. J. Werder et al., ???Giant??? Multishell CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots with Suppressed Blinking, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.130, issue.15, p.1305026, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ja711379k

A. Pandey and P. Guyot-sionnest, Intraband spectroscopy and band osets of colloidal ii-vi core/shell structures, J. Chem. Phys, vol.127, issue.10, 2007.

A. Pandey and P. Guyot-sionnest, Slow Electron Cooling in Colloidal Quantum Dots, Science, vol.322, issue.5903
DOI : 10.1126/science.1159832

W. G. Van-sark, P. L. Frederix, D. J. Van-den-heuvel, H. C. Gerritsen, A. A. Bol et al., Photooxidation and Photobleaching of Single CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots Probed by Room-Temperature Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.105, issue.35, p.82818284, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/jp012018h

P. Spinicelli, . Buil, . Quelin, . Mahler, J. Dubertret et al., Bright and Grey States in CdSe-CdS Nanocrystals Exhibiting Strongly Reduced Blinking, Physical Review Letters, vol.102, issue.13, p.136801, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.136801

T. D. Krauss, Non-blinking semiconductor nanocrystals, Nature, vol.459, issue.7247, p.686689, 2009.

V. Ptatschek, B. Schreder, K. Herz, U. Hilbert, W. Ossau et al., Sol-gel synthesis and spectroscopic properties of thick nanocrystalline cdse lms, Journal Of Physical Chemistry B, vol.101, issue.44, p.88988906, 1997.

V. C. Sundar, H. J. Eisler, and M. G. Bawendi, Room-Temperature, Tunable Gain Media from Novel II???VI Nanocrystal???Titania Composite Matrices, Advanced Materials, vol.14, issue.10, p.739, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/1521-4095(20020517)14:10<739::AID-ADMA739>3.0.CO;2-Y

Y. T. Chan, P. T. Snee, J. M. Caruge, B. K. Yen, G. P. Nair et al., A Solvent-Stable Nanocrystal-Silica Composite Laser, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.128, issue.10, p.12831463147, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ja057980d

R. C. Somers, M. G. Bawendi, and D. G. Nocera, CdSe nanocrystal based chem-/bio- sensors, Chemical Society Reviews, vol.127, issue.4, p.579591, 2007.
DOI : 10.1039/b517613c

J. Jasieniak, J. Pacico, R. Signorini, A. Chiasera, M. Ferrari et al., Luminescence and amplied stimulated emission in cdse-znsnanocrystal-doped tio2 and zro2 waveguides, Advanced Functional Materials, issue.10, p.1716541662, 2007.

L. Enn, /. Nanocristaux-cdse, and . Cds, ZnS sont utilisés an de créer des composites (polymère ou sol-gel) uorescents