R. Golestanian, T. Liverpool, and A. Ajdari, Designing phoretic micro- and nano-swimmers, New Journal of Physics, vol.9, issue.5, p.126, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/9/5/126

J. R. Howse, Self-Motile Colloidal Particles: From Directed Propulsion to Random Walk, Physical Review Letters, vol.99, issue.4, p.48102, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.048102

W. Paxton, Catalytic Nanomotors:?? Autonomous Movement of Striped Nanorods, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.41, p.13424, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja047697z

E. Lauga and T. Powers, The hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.72, issue.9, pp.96601-96629, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/72/9/096601

E. M. Purcell, Life at low Reynolds number, Am. J. Phys, vol.45, issue.11, p.17, 1977.
DOI : 10.1063/1.30370

B. Guirao and J. F. Joanny, Spontaneous Creation of Macroscopic Flow and Metachronal Waves in an Array of Cilia, Biophysical Journal, vol.92, issue.6, p.123, 1900.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.106.084897
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00022051

E. Gauger, M. Downton, and H. Stark, Fluid transport at low Reynolds number with magnetically actuated artificial cilia, The European Physical Journal E, vol.28, issue.2, pp.231-123, 2009.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2008-10388-1

T. Niedermayer, B. Eckhardt, and P. Lenz, Synchronization, phase locking, and metachronal wave formation in ciliary chains, Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science, vol.18, issue.3, pp.37128-123, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2956984

R. Dreyfus, Microscopic artificial swimmers, Nature, vol.437, issue.7060, pp.63-65, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04090
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00015847

O. Raz and J. E. Avron, Swimming, pumping and gliding at low Reynolds numbers, New Journal of Physics, vol.9, issue.12, pp.437-452, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/9/12/437

E. Lauga, Floppy swimming: Viscous locomotion of actuated elastica, Physical Review E, vol.75, issue.4, pp.41916-41943, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.041916

G. I. Taylor, Analysis of the Swimming of Microscopic Organisms, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, pp.447-463, 1951.

G. Hancock, The Self-Propulsion of Microscopic Organisms through Liquids, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.217, issue.1128, pp.96-112, 1953.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1953.0048

J. Gray and G. J. Hancock, The propulsion of sea-urchin spermatozoa, J. Exp. Biol, vol.32, issue.16, pp.802-832, 1955.

J. Lighthill, Flagellar hydrodynamics -The John von Neumann Lecture, p.37, 1975.

K. E. Machin, Wave propagation along flagella, J. Exp. Biol, vol.35, issue.28, pp.796-835, 1958.

A. Najafi and R. Golestanian, Propulsion at low Reynolds number, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.17, issue.14, pp.1203-1220, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/17/14/009

J. Avron, O. Kenneth, and D. Oaknin, Pushmepullyou: an efficient micro-swimmer, New Journal of Physics, vol.7, issue.16, pp.234-251, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/234
URL : http://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/7/1/234

T. S. Yu, E. Lauga, and A. E. Hosoi, Experimental investigations of elastic tail propulsion at low Reynolds number, Physics of Fluids, vol.18, issue.9, pp.91701-91730, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2349585

A. Babataheri, M. Roper, M. Fermigier, and O. Du-roure, Tethered fleximags as artificial cilia, submitted to, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.16, issue.102, pp.93-94, 2010.

M. Kim, J. Bird, A. Van-parys, K. Breuer, and T. Powers, A macroscopic scale model of bacterial flagellar bundling, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.100, issue.26, pp.15481-15508, 2003.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.2633596100

B. Qian, T. Powers, and K. Breuer, Shape Transition and Propulsive Force of an Elastic Rod Rotating in a Viscous Fluid, Physical Review Letters, vol.100, issue.7, pp.78101-78138, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.078101

N. Coq, O. Du-roure, J. Marthelot, D. Bartolo, and M. Fermigier, Rotational dynamics of a soft filament: Wrapping transition and propulsive forces, Physics of Fluids, vol.20, issue.5, pp.51703-51740, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2909603
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00250302

C. H. Wiggins and R. E. Goldstein, Flexive and Propulsive Dynamics of Elastica at Low Reynolds Number, Physical Review Letters, vol.80, issue.17, pp.28-34, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3879

T. Powers, Role of body rotation in bacterial flagellar bundling, Physical Review E, vol.65, issue.4, pp.40903-40938, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.65.040903

M. Kim and T. Powers, Hydrodynamic interactions between rotating helices, Physical Review E, vol.69, issue.6, pp.61910-61927, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.061910

M. Manghi, X. Schlagbergerand, and R. Netz, Propulsion with a Rotating Elastic Nanorod, Physical Review Letters, vol.96, issue.6, pp.68101-68138, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.068101
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00123818

M. Leoni, J. Kotar, B. Bassetti, P. Cicuta, and M. Lagomarsino, A basic swimmer at low Reynolds number, Soft Matter, vol.103, issue.4 Pt 1, pp.472-493, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/B812393D

Y. Hatwalne, S. Ramaswamy, M. Rao, and R. Simha, Rheology of active-particle suspensions , Physical review letters 92, pp.118101-118119, 2004.

T. Ishikawa and T. Pedley, The rheology of a semi-dilute suspension of swimming model micro-organisms, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.588, pp.399-417, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112007007835

S. Rafai, P. Peyla, and J. Levan, Effective Viscosity of Microswimmer Suspensions, Physical Review Letters, vol.104, issue.9, pp.98102-98120, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.098102
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00471216

C. Dombrowski, L. Cisneros, S. Chatkaew, R. E. Goldstein, and J. O. Kessler, Self-Concentration and Large-Scale Coherence in Bacterial Dynamics, Physical Review Letters, vol.93, issue.9, pp.98103-98121, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098103
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00014870

I. Riedel, K. Kruse, and J. Howard, A Self-Organized Vortex Array of Hydrodynamically Entrained Sperm Cells, Science, vol.309, issue.5732, pp.300-318, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1110329

A. Simha and S. Ramaswamy, Hydrodynamic fluctuations and instabilities in ordered suspensions of self-propelled particles, Physical review letters, pp.58101-58119, 2002.

D. Saintillan and M. Shelley, Orientational order and instabilities in suspensions of self-locomoting rods, Physical review letters 99, pp.58102-58120, 2007.

R. Macnab, Bacterial flagella rotating in bundles: a study in helical geometry., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.74, issue.1, pp.221-239, 1977.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.74.1.221

S. Gueron, K. Levit-gurevich, N. Liron, and J. Blum, Cilia internal mechanism and metachronal coordination as the result of hydrodynamical coupling, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.94, issue.12, pp.6001-6020, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.12.6001

A. Vilfan and F. Julicher, Hydrodynamic Flow Patterns and Synchronization of Beating Cilia, Physical Review Letters, vol.96, issue.5, pp.58102-58139, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.058102

R. Goldstein and M. , Polin, and I. Tuval, Noise and Synchronization in Pairs of Beating Eukaryotic Flagella, Physical review letters 103, pp.168103-168122, 2009.

B. Qian, H. Jiang, D. Gagnon, K. Breuer, and T. Powers, Minimal model for synchronization induced by hydrodynamic interactions, Physical Review E, vol.80, issue.6, pp.61919-123, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.80.061919

E. Lauga and D. Bartolo, No many-scallop theorem: Collective locomotion of reciprocal swimmers, Physical Review E, vol.78, issue.3, pp.30901-30921, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.78.030901

G. Alexander and J. Yeomans, Dumb-bell swimmers, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.83, issue.3, p.20, 2008.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/83/34006

T. Chaudhury, On swimming in a visco-elastic liquid, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.6, issue.01, p.20, 1979.
DOI : 10.1038/253643a0

E. Lauga, Life at high Deborah number, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.86, issue.6, p.20, 2009.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/86/64001
URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.4494

H. Fu, C. Wolgemuth, and T. Powers, Swimming speeds of filaments in nonlinearly viscoelastic fluids, Physics of Fluids, vol.21, issue.3, pp.33102-33122, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3086320

J. Abbott, How Should Microrobots Swim?, The International Journal of Robotics Research, vol.18, issue.5, pp.1434-1455, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3079655

M. Leoni, B. Bassetti, J. Kotar, P. Cicuta, and M. Lagomarsino, Minimal two-sphere model of the generation of fluid flow at low Reynolds numbers, Physical Review E, vol.81, issue.3, pp.36304-36325, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.036304

O. Tabata, H. Hirasawa, S. Aoki, R. Yoshida, and E. Kokufuta, Ciliary motion actuator using self-oscillating gel, Sensors and actuators A 95, p.61, 2002.

B. Pokroy, A. K. Epstein, M. C. Persson-gulda, and J. Aizenberg, Fabrication of Bioinspired Actuated Nanostructures with Arbitrary Geometry and Stiffness, Advanced Materials, vol.34, issue.4, pp.463-61, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.200801432

B. A. Evans, Magnetically Actuated Nanorod Arrays as Biomimetic Cilia, Nano Letters, vol.7, issue.5, pp.1428-61, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/nl070190c
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.657.9051

F. Fahrni, M. W. Prins, and L. J. Van-ijzendoorn, Micro-fluidic actuation using magnetic artificial cilia, Lab on a Chip, vol.75, issue.79, pp.61-62, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/b908578e

J. Toonder, Artificial cilia for active micro-fluidic mixing, Lab on a Chip, vol.101, issue.4, p.61, 2008.
DOI : 10.1039/b717681c

C. L. Van-oosten, C. W. Bastiaansen, and D. J. Broer, Printed artificial cilia from liquid-crystal network actuators modularly driven by light, Nature Materials, vol.19, issue.8, pp.677-61, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nmat2487

M. Vilfan, Self-assembled artificial cilia, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.5, pp.1844-64, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0906819106
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836646

J. J. Benkoski, Dipolar assembly of ferromagnetic nanoparticles into magnetically driven artificial cilia, Soft Matter, vol.128, issue.3, p.64, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/B918215B

K. Oh, J. H. Chung, S. Devasia, and J. J. Riley, Bio-mimetic silicone cilia for microfluidic manipulation, Lab on a Chip, vol.14, issue.11, pp.1561-61, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/b817409a

M. Baltussen, P. Anderson, F. Bos, and J. Toonder, Inertial flow effects in a micro-mixer based on artificial cilia, Lab on a Chip, vol.1, issue.11, pp.2326-123, 2009.
DOI : 10.1039/b713626a

J. Timonen, A Facile Template-Free Approach to Magnetodriven, Multifunctional Artificial Cilia, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol.2, issue.8, pp.911-64
DOI : 10.1021/am100244x

S. Camalet and F. Jülicher, Generic aspects of axonemal beating, New Journal of Physics, vol.2, issue.29, pp.24-137, 2000.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/2/1/324

R. E. Johnson and C. J. Brokaw, Flagellar hydrodynamics. A comparison between resistive-force theory and slender-body theory, Biophysical Journal, vol.25, issue.1, pp.113-146, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(79)85281-9

G. K. Batchelor, Slender-body theory for particles of arbitrary cross-section in Stokes flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.16, issue.03, pp.419-458, 1970.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1730995

R. Goldstein, T. Powers, and C. Wiggins, Viscous Nonlinear Dynamics of Twist and Writhe, Physical Review Letters, vol.80, issue.23, pp.5232-5281, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5232

C. Wolgemuth, T. Powers, and R. Goldstein, Twirling and Whirling: Viscous Dynamics of Rotating Elastic Filaments, Physical Review Letters, vol.84, issue.7, pp.1623-1672, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1623

H. Wada and R. Netz, Non-equilibrium hydrodynamics of a rotating filament, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.75, issue.4, pp.645-694, 2006.
DOI : 10.1209/epl/i2006-10155-0

A. Babataheri, Modèle physique pour la propulsion ciliée : cils artificiels, pp.61-71, 2009.

C. Goubault, Colloïdes magnétiques : autoorganisation et applications biologiques, pp.69-82, 2004.

R. Dreyfus, Filaments magnétiques : application à la conception de capteurs de forces et de nageurs microscopiques artificiels, p.63, 2005.

E. Furst, C. Suzuki, M. Fermigier, and A. Gast, Permanently Linked Monodisperse Paramagnetic Chains, Langmuir, vol.14, issue.26, pp.7334-65, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/la980703i

S. Biswal and A. Gast, Rotational dynamics of semiflexible paramagnetic particle chains, Physical Review E, vol.69, issue.4, pp.41406-99, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.041406

J. Philip, O. Monval, F. Calderon, and J. Bibette, Effect of polymer-surfactant association on colloidal force, Physical Review E, vol.66, issue.1, pp.2798-95, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011406

L. Cohen-tannoudji, Polymer bridging probed by magnetic colloids, Physical review letters 94, p.66, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/physrevlett.94.038301

L. Malaquin, T. Kraus, H. Schmid, E. Delamarche, and H. Wolf, Controlled Particle Placement through Convective and Capillary Assembly, Langmuir, vol.23, issue.23, pp.11513-71, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/la700852c

T. Kraus, Nanoparticle printing with single-particle resolution, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.44, issue.9, pp.570-72, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2007.262

J. Galas, D. Bartolo, and V. Studer, Active connectors for microfluidic drops on demand, New Journal of Physics, vol.11, issue.7, pp.75027-95, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/075027
URL : http://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/075027

M. Unger, H. P. Chou, T. Thorsen, A. Scherer, and S. Quake, Monolithic fabricated valves and pumps by multilayer soft lithography, Science, vol.288, issue.74, pp.5463-95, 2000.

G. Helgesen, P. Pieranski, and A. Skjeltorp, Dynamic behavior of simple magnetic hole systems, Physical Review A, vol.42, issue.12, pp.7271-90, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.42.7271

P. Tierno, J. Claret, F. Sagues, and A. Cebers, Overdamped dynamics of paramagnetic ellipsoids in a precessing magnetic field, Physical Review E, vol.79, issue.2, pp.21501-93, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.79.021501

B. Edwards, T. S. Mayer, and R. B. Bhiladvala, Synchronous Electrorotation of Nanowires in Fluid, Nano Letters, vol.6, issue.4, pp.626-93, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0522328

D. L. Fan, F. Q. Zhu, R. C. Cammarata, and C. L. Chien, Controllable High-Speed Rotation of Nanowires, Physical Review Letters, vol.94, issue.24, pp.247208-93, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.247208

S. L. Biswal and A. P. Gast, Micromixing with Linked Chains of Paramagnetic Particles, Analytical Chemistry, vol.76, issue.21, pp.6448-93, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ac0494580

A. Terray, J. Oakey, and D. W. Marr, Microfluidic Control Using Colloidal Devices, Microfluidic control using colloidal devices, pp.1841-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1072133

S. Bleil, D. W. Marr, and C. Bechinger, Field-mediated self-assembly and actuation of highly parallel microfluidic devices, Applied Physics Letters, vol.88, issue.26, pp.263515-93, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2217168

R. Calhoun, Paramagnetic particles and mixing in micro-scale flows, Lab on a Chip, vol.68, issue.2, p.93, 2006.
DOI : 10.1039/b509043a

K. Keshoju, H. Xing, and L. Sun, Magnetic field driven nanowire rotation in suspension, Applied Physics Letters, vol.91, issue.12, pp.123114-93, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2789184

W. Shelton, K. Bonin, and T. Walker, Nonlinear motion of optically torqued nanorods, Physical Review E, vol.71, issue.3, pp.36204-94, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.71.036204

S. Melle, O. Calderon, M. A. Rubio, and G. G. Fuller, CHAIN ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS IN MR SUSPENSIONS, International Journal of Modern Physics B, vol.16, issue.17n18, pp.2293-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1142/S0217979202012268

I. Petousis, E. Homburg, R. Derks, and A. Dietzel, Transient behaviour of magnetic micro-bead chains rotating in a fluid by external fields, Lab on a Chip, vol.293, issue.12, pp.1746-93, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ces.2007.07.044

C. Goubault, Flexible Magnetic Filaments as Micromechanical Sensors, Physical Review Letters, vol.91, issue.26, pp.260802-94, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.260802
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00161894

S. Melle, O. Calderon, M. A. Rubio, and G. G. Fuller, Polarizable Particle Aggregation Under Rotating Magnetic Fields Using Scattering Dichroism, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.247, issue.1, pp.200-96, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/jcis.2001.8087

A. Cebers, Dynamics of a chain of magnetic particles connected with elastic linkers, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.15, issue.15, pp.1335-96, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/15/15/303

G. Batchelor, Slender-body theory for particles of arbitrary cross-section in Stokes flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.16, issue.03, pp.419-96, 1970.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1730995

G. Helgesen, P. Pieranski, and A. Skjeltorp, Nonlinear phenomena in systems of magnetic holes, Physical Review Letters, vol.64, issue.12, pp.1425-104, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.1425

M. Roper, On the dynamics of magnetically driven elastic filaments, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.554, issue.-1, p.116, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112006009049
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00079338

J. Blake, A note on the image system for a stokeslet in a no-slip boundary, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, pp.303-310, 1971.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112070000745

R. Jones and R. Kutteh, Sedimentation of colloidal particles near a wall: Stokesian dynamics simulations, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.1, issue.9, pp.2131-112, 1999.
DOI : 10.1039/a809571j

A. Vilfan and F. Jülicher, Hydrodynamic flow patterns and synchronization of beating cilia, Physical review letters 96, pp.58102-123, 2006.

S. N. Khaderi, M. G. Baltussen, P. D. Anderson, J. M. Toonder, and P. R. Onck, Breaking of symmetry in microfluidic propulsion driven by artificial cilia, Physical Review E, vol.82, issue.2, pp.27302-123, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.82.027302

A. Shields, Biomimetic cilia arrays generate simultaneous pumping and mixing regimes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.15670-123, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1005127107
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936597