A. Chaudhuri and K. Flamm, An Analysis of the Determinants of Broadband Access, Telecommunications Policy, vol.31, pp.312-326, 2007.

A. Chaudhuri, K. Flamm, and J. Horrigan, An analysis of the determinants of internet access, Telecommunications Policy, vol.29, issue.9-10, pp.731-755, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2005.07.001

P. Dimaggio and E. Hargittai, From the Digital Divide to Digital Inequality: Studying Internet use as penetration increases. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, 2001.

P. Dimaggio, E. Hargittai, C. Celeste, and S. Shafer, From Unequal Access to Di¤erentiated Use: A Literature Review and Agenda for Research on Digital Inequality, Social Inequality, pp.355-400, 2004.

F. Numérique, Plan de Développement de l'Economie Numérique, 2008.

A. Franzen, Social Capital and the Internet: Evidence from Swiss Panel Data, Kyklos, vol.61, issue.3, pp.341-360, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.659

A. Goldfarb, The (teaching) role of universities in the diffusion of the Internet, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.24, issue.2, pp.203-225, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.11.004

A. Goolsbee and P. J. Klenow, Evidence on Learning and Network Externalities in the Diffusion of Home Computers, The Journal of Law and Economics, vol.45, issue.2, pp.317-343, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/344399

O. Guillemin, V. Roux, and . Juillet, Comment se Détermine le Niveau de vie d'une Personne, Division revenu et patrimoine des Menage, 2001.

E. Hargittai, The Digital Divide and What to do About it The new economy handbook, 2003.

A. Chaudhuri and K. Flamm, An Analysis of the Determinants of Broadband Access, Telecommunications Policy, vol.31, pp.312-326, 2007.

A. Chaudhuri, K. Flamm, and J. Horrigan, An analysis of the determinants of internet access, Telecommunications Policy, vol.29, issue.9-10, pp.731-755, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2005.07.001

R. Crandall, W. Lehr, and R. Litan, The E¤ects of Broadband Deployment on Output and Employment: A Cross-sectional Analysis of U, S. Data. Issues in Economic Policy, 2007.

P. Dimaggio and E. Hargittai, From the Digital Divide to Digital Inequality: Studying Internet use as penetration increases. Princeton: Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, 2001.

F. Numérique, Plan de Développement de l'Economie Numérique, 2008.

A. Franzen, Social Capital and the Internet: Evidence from Swiss Panel Data, Kyklos, vol.61, issue.3, pp.341-360, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.659

A. Goldfarb and J. Prince, Internet adoption and usage patterns are different: Implications for the digital divide, Information Economics and Policy, vol.20, issue.1, pp.2-15, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2007.05.001

O. Guillemin, V. Roux, and . Juillet, Comment se Détermine le Niveau de vie d'une Personne, Division revenu et patrimoine des Menage, 2001.

E. Hargittai, How Wide a Web? Social Inequality in the Digital Age, sociology department, 2003.

E. Hargittai, b. The Digital Divide and What to do About it The new economy handbook, 2003.

D. Lebert, F. Lequeux, P. N-'guessan, and E. Zyla, How to Avoid the Generational Digital Divides? Computer vs CE models. The Good, the Bad and the Challenging, 2009.

F. Leguel, T. Pénard, and R. Suire, Adoption et Usage Marchand de l'Internet : une Etude Econométrique sur Données Bretonnes, Economie et Prévision, vol.167, pp.67-84, 2005.

W. Lehr, C. Osorio, S. Gillett, and M. A. Sirbu, Measuring Broadband's Economic Impact, Broadband Properties, vol.24, pp.12-24, 2005.

A. Lenhart, J. Horrigan, L. Rainie, K. Allen, A. Boyce et al., The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A new Look at Internet Access and the Digital Divide, Pew Internet and American Life Project. Electronic Copy available, 2003.

R. Litan, Great Expectations: Potential Economic Bene?ts to the Nation From Accelerated Broadband Deployment to Older Americans and Americans With Disabilities, 2005.

H. Ono and M. Zavodny, Gender and the Internet, Social Science Quarterly, vol.84, pp.84-111, 2003.

G. Paul and C. Stegbauer, Is the digital divide between young and elderly people increasing?, First Monday, vol.10, issue.10, 2005.
DOI : 10.5210/fm.v10i10.1286

T. Pénard and N. Poussing, Usage de l'Internet et investissement en capital social, Recherches ??conomiques de Louvain, vol.72, issue.4, pp.413-446, 2006.
DOI : 10.3917/rel.724.0413

T. Pénard and R. Suire, Economie de l'Internet : une Economie d'Interactions Sociales, Revue Française d'Economie, volumme XXII, pp.39-45, 2008.

N. Poussing, Les Usages d'Internet au Travail et à la Maison : Usages Complémentaires ou Substituables ? Working Paper, 2006.

R. Putnam, Making Democracy Work -civic traditions in modern Italy, 1993.

R. Suire, Encastrement social et usages de l'Internet : une analyse jointe du commerce et de l'administration ??lectronique, ??conomie & pr??vision, vol.180, issue.4, p.181, 2007.
DOI : 10.3406/ecop.2007.7677
URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=ECOP_180_0161

D. J. Aron and D. E. Et-burnstein, Broadband Adoption in the United States: an Empirical Analysis Down to the Wire: Studies in the Di¤usion and Regulation of Telecommunications Technologies, pp.119-138, 2003.

A. Avenali, G. Matteucci, and P. Et-reverberi, Dynamic access pricing and investment in alternative infrastructures, Dynamic Access Pricing and Incentives to Invest in Alternative Infrastructures, pp.167-175, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2009.07.011

J. M. Bauer, J. H. Kim, and S. S. Et-wildman, Broadband Uptake in OECD Countries: Policy Lessons From Comparative Statistical Analysis, papier présenté à la 31 eme Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy, 2003.

M. Bourreau and P. Et-do¼-gan, ???Build-or-Buy??? Strategies in the Local Loop, American Economic Review, vol.96, issue.2, pp.72-76, 2006.
DOI : 10.1257/000282806777212242

G. Boyle, B. E. Howell, and W. Et-zhang, Catching Up in Broadband Regressions: Does Local Loop Unbundling Really Lead to Material Increases in OECD Broadband Uptake?, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2008.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.1184339

C. Cambini and Y. Et-jiang, Broadband investment and regulation: A literature review, Telecommunications Policy, vol.33, issue.10-11, pp.559-574, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2009.08.007

I. Cava-ferreruela and A. Et-alabau-mu¼-noz, Broadband policy assessment: A cross-national empirical analysis, Telecommunications Policy, vol.30, issue.8-9, pp.445-463, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2005.12.002

M. Cave, Encouraging infrastructure competition via the ladder of investment, Telecommunications Policy, vol.30, issue.3-4, pp.223-237, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2005.09.001

A. Chaudhuri and K. Flamm, An Analysis of the Determinants of Broadband Access, Telecommunications Policy, vol.31, pp.312-326, 2007.

W. Distaso, P. Lupi, and F. M. Et-maneti, Platform competition and broadband uptake: Theory and empirical evidence from the European union, Information Economics and Policy, vol.18, issue.1, pp.87-106, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2005.07.002

J. Drouard, An Econometric Analysis of the Access Digital Divide: why are you not Connected? Don't you Want or Can, 2009.

Ø. Foros, Strategic investments with spillovers, vertical integration and foreclosure in the broadband access market, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.22, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7187(03)00079-1

R. J. Gilbert, Looking for Mr Schumpeter: Where Are We in the Competition- Innovation Debate?, Innovation Policy and the Economy, National Bureau of Economic Research, vol.6, pp.159-215, 2006.

M. Grosso, Determinants of Broadband Penetration in OECD Nations. Paper presented to the Australian Communications Policy and Research Forum, disponible en ligne à http, 2006.

F. Hö-er, Cost and Bene?ts From Infrastructure Competition. Estimating Welfare E¤ects From Broadband Access Competition, Telecommunications Policy, vol.31, pp.401-418, 2007.

S. Lee and J. S. Et-brown, Examining broadband adoption factors: an empirical analysis between countries, info, vol.10, issue.1, pp.25-39, 2008.
DOI : 10.1108/14636690810850148

R. Pindyck, Mandatory Unbundling and Irreversible Investment in Telecom Networks, Review of Network Economics, vol.6, pp.274-298, 2007.

S. Wallsten, Broadband and Unbundling Regulations in OECD Countries. Working Paper 06-16, 2006.

K. Arrow, Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for InventionThe Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, NBER Conference, 1962.

A. Avenali, G. Matteucci, and P. Reverberi, Dynamic access pricing and investment in alternative infrastructures, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.28, issue.2, pp.167-175, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2009.07.011

M. Bourreau and P. Do¼-gan, Unbundling the local loop, European Economic Review, vol.49, issue.1, pp.173-199, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(03)00020-5

M. Bourreau and P. Do¼-gan, ???Build-or-Buy??? Strategies in the Local Loop, American Economic Review, vol.96, issue.2, pp.72-76, 2006.
DOI : 10.1257/000282806777212242

C. Cambini and Y. Jiang, Broadband investment and regulation: A literature review, Telecommunications Policy, vol.33, issue.10-11, pp.559-574, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2009.08.007

M. Cave, Encouraging infrastructure competition via the ladder of investment, Telecommunications Policy, vol.30, issue.3-4, pp.223-237, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2005.09.001

R. W. Crandall and J. G. Sidak, Is Mandatory Unbundling the Key to Increasing Broadband Penetration in Mexico? A Survey of International Evidence. Mimeo, 2007.

J. Gans, Regulating Private Infrastructure Investment: Optimal Pricing for Access to Essential Facilities, SSRN Electronic Journal, vol.20, pp.167-189, 2001.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.107553

J. Gans, Access Pricing and Infrastructure InvestmentAccess Pricing: Theory and Practice, 2007.

G. Grossman and C. Shapiro, Informative Advertising with Differentiated Products, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.51, issue.1, pp.63-82, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/2297705

G. Guthrie, Regulating Infrastructure: The Impact on Risk and Investment, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.44, issue.4, pp.925-972, 2006.
DOI : 10.1257/jel.44.4.925

J. A. Hausman and J. G. Sidak, Did mandatory unbundling achieve its purpose? Empirical evidence from five countries, Journal of Competition Law and Economics, vol.1, issue.1, pp.173-245, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/joclec/nhi005
URL : http://jcle.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/1/1/173

T. Hazlett and C. Bazelon, Regulated Unbundling of Telecommunications Networks: A Stepping Stone to Facilities-Based Competition? Available at: http://mason.gmu, 2005.

K. Hori and K. Mizuno, Access pricing and investment with stochastically growing demand, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.24, issue.4, pp.795-808, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2005.09.010

N. Schutz and T. Trégouët, The Ladder of Investment in Telecoms: Stairway to Heaven or Highway to Hell?, 2008.

J. Tirole, The Theory of Industrial Organization, 1988.

T. Valletti, The theory of access pricing and its linkage with investment incentives, Telecommunications Policy, vol.27, issue.10-11, pp.659-675, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.telpol.2003.08.002

J. Vareda, Access regulation under asymmetric information about the entrant???s efficiency, Information Economics and Policy, vol.22, issue.2, pp.192-199, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2009.10.004

J. Vareda and S. Hoernig, The Race for Telecoms Infrastructure Investment with Bypass: Can Access Regulation Achieve the First Best?, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.1079965

. Bibliographie, Avis n 2009-0172 relatif à la demande d'avis du Conseil de la Concurrence portant sur une saisine du Ministre de l'économie, de l'industrie et de l'emploi sur les relations d'exclusivités entre activités d, 2008.

. Autorité-de-la-concurrence, Avis n 09-A-42 du 7 juillet 2009 sur les relations d'exclusivité entre activités d'opérateurs de communications électroniques et activités de distribution de contenus et de services, 2009.

G. Bonanno and J. S. Et-vickers, Vertical Separation, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.36, issue.3, pp.257-265, 1988.
DOI : 10.2307/2098466

M. Katz and C. Shapiro, Network externalities, competition, and compatibility, American Economic Review, vol.75, pp.424-440, 1985.

P. Rey and J. E. Et-stiglitz, Vertical restraints and producers' competition, European Economic Review, vol.32, issue.2-3, pp.561-568, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(88)90203-6

. Bibliographie, Encouraging Infrastructure Competition via the Ladder of Investment, Telecommunications Policy, vol.30, pp.223-237, 2006.

F. Hö-er, Cost and Bene?ts From Infrastructure Competition. Estimating Welfare E¤ects From Broadband Access Competition, Telecommunications Policy, vol.31, pp.401-418, 2007.