M. Pastoriza-gallego, G. Oukhaled, J. Mathe, B. Thiebot, J. M. Betton et al., Urea denaturation of alpha-hemolysin pore inserted in planar lipid bilayer detected by single nanopore recording : Loss of structural asymmetry, Febs Letters, issue.18, p.58133713376, 2007.

R. K. Bortoleto and R. J. Ward, A stability transition at mildly acidic ph in the alpha-hemolysin (alpha-toxin) from staphylococcus aureus, Febs Letters, vol.459, issue.3, p.438442, 1999.

H. Bayley and C. R. Martin, Resistive-pulse sensing -from microbes to molecules, Chemical Reviews, vol.100, issue.7, p.25752594, 2000.

S. Howorka and Z. Siwy, Nanopore analytics: sensing of single molecules, Chemical Society Reviews, vol.9, issue.8, p.23602384, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/nl803189k

M. Karhanek, J. T. Kemp, N. Pourmand, R. W. Davis, and C. D. Webb, Single DNA Molecule Detection Using Nanopipettes and Nanoparticles, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.2, pp.403-407, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0480464

J. Li, D. Stein, C. Mcmullan, D. Branton, M. J. Aziz et al., Ionbeam sculpting at nanometre length scales Dna-mediated uctuations in ionic current through silicon oxide nanopore channels, Nature Nano Letters, vol.412, issue.48, p.16616915511556, 2001.

R. M. Smeets, U. F. Keyser, D. Krapf, M. Y. Wu, N. H. Dekker et al., Salt Dependence of Ion Transport and DNA Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.6, issue.1, p.8995, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/nl052107w

D. Branton, D. W. Deamer, A. Marziali, H. Bayley, S. A. Benner et al., The potential and challenges of nanopore sequencing, Nature Biotechnology, issue.10, p.2611461153, 2008.

A. Meller, Dynamics of polynucleotide transport through nanometre-scale pores, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.15, issue.17, pp.581-607, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/15/17/202

B. Schiedt, Characterization and application of ion track-etched nanopores, 2007.

P. Sigmund, Stopping of heavy ions -a theoretical approach, 2004.

A. Wolf, N. Reber, P. Y. Apel, B. E. Fischer, and R. Spohr, Electrolyte transport in charged single ion track capillaries. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, pp.1-4291293, 1995.

P. Y. Apel, Y. E. Korchev, Z. Siwy, R. Spohr, and M. Yoshida, Diode-like singleion track membrane prepared by electro-stopping. Nuclear Instruments & Methods, Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.337346, 2001.

Z. Siwy, Y. Gu, H. A. Spohr, D. Baur, A. Wolf-reber et al., Rectication and voltage gating of ion currents in a nanofabricated pore, Europhysics Letters, issue.3, p.60349355, 2002.

Z. Siwy, E. Heins, C. C. Harrell, P. Kohli, and C. R. Martin, Conical-nanotube ion-current rectiers : The role of surface charge, Journal of the American Chemical Society, issue.35, p.1261085010851, 2004.

C. C. Harrell, S. B. Lee, and C. R. Martin, Synthetic Single-Nanopore and Nanotube Membranes, Analytical Chemistry, vol.75, issue.24, p.7568616867, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ac034602n

P. Chen, T. Mitsui, D. B. Farmer, J. Golovchenko, R. G. Gordon et al., Atomic layer deposition to ne-tune the surface properties and diameters of fabricated nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.7, p.13331337, 2004.

J. Wang and C. R. Martin, A new drug-sensing paradigm based on ion-current rectication in a conically shaped nanopore, Nanomedicine, vol.3, issue.1, p.1320

P. Ramirez, P. Y. Apel, J. Cervera, and S. Mafe, Pore structure and function of synthetic nanopores with fixed charges: tip shape and rectification properties, Nanotechnology, vol.19, issue.31, p.315707, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/19/31/315707

I. Vlassiouk and Z. S. Siwy, Nanouidic diode, Nano Letters, vol.7, issue.3, p.552556, 2007.

D. Constantin and Z. S. Siwy, Poisson-nernst -planck model of ion current

Z. Siwy, Y. Gu, H. A. Spohr, D. Baur, A. Wolf-reber et al., Rectication and voltage gating of ion currents in a nanofabricated pore, Europhysics Letters, issue.3, p.60349355, 2002.

Z. Siwy and A. Fulinski, Fabrication of a Synthetic Nanopore Ion Pump, Physical Review Letters, vol.89, issue.19, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.198103

Z. Siwy, P. Apel, D. Dobrev, R. Neumann, R. Spohr et al., Ion transport through asymmetric nanopores prepared by ion track etching. Nuclear Instruments & Methods, Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.143148, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s0168-583x(03)00884-x

Z. S. Siwy, Ion-current rectication in nanopores and nanotubes with broken symmetry, Advanced Functional Materials, vol.16, issue.6, p.735746, 2006.

Z. Siwy and A. Fulinski, A nanodevice for rectication and pumping ions, American Journal of Physics, vol.72, issue.5, p.567574, 2004.
DOI : 10.1119/1.1648328

H. E. Derksen and A. A. Verveen, Fluctuations of Resting Neural Membrane Potential, Science, vol.151, issue.3716, p.1388, 1966.
DOI : 10.1126/science.151.3716.1388

R. Sauvé and E. Bamberg, 1/f noise in black lipid membranes induced by ionic channels formed by chemically dimerized gramicidin A, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.2, issue.3, p.317333, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01871694

G. C. Fadda, D. Lairez, and G. Zalczer, Fluctuations of Ionic Current Through Lipid Bilayers at the Onset of Peptide Attacks and Pore Formation, Physical Review Letters, vol.103, issue.18, p.180601, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.180601

S. M. Bezrukov and M. Winterhalter, Noise of an Open Maltoporin Channel, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.1, pp.202-205, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.202

S. Nekolla, C. Andersen, and R. Benz, Noise analysis of ion current through the open and the sugar-induced closed state of the LamB channel of Escherichia coli outer membrane: evaluation of the sugar binding kinetics to the channel interior, Biophysical Journal, vol.66, issue.5, p.6613881397, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80929-4

F. N. Hooge, T. G. Kleinpenning, and L. K. Vandamme, Experimental studies on 1/f noise, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.44, issue.5, p.479532, 1981.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/44/5/001

M. Galinski, A. Lewandowski, and I. Stepniak, Ionic liquids as electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.26, p.55675580, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.016

U. Domanska, M. Krolikowska, and M. Krolikowski, Phase behaviour and physicochemical properties of the binary systems 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate plus water, or plus an alcohol, Fluid Phase Equilibria, vol.294, issue.12, p.7283, 2010.

]. K. Binnemans, Ionic liquid crystals, Chemical Reviews, vol.135, issue.10511, p.41484204, 2005.

Y. T. Wang, Disordering and reordering of ionic liquids under an external electric eld, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.113, issue.32, p.1105811060, 2009.

G. X. Xie, J. B. Luo, D. Guo, and S. H. Liu, Nanoconfined ionic liquids under electric fields, Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, issue.4, p.43112, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3292213

M. Davenport, A. Rodriguez, K. J. Shea, and Z. S. Siwy, Squeezing Ionic Liquids through Nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.9, issue.5, p.21252128, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/nl900630z

D. A. Jayawardhana, J. A. Crank, Q. Zhao, D. W. Armstrong, and X. Y. Guan, Nanopore Stochastic Detection of a Liquid Explosive Component and Sensitizers Using Boromycin and an Ionic Liquid Supporting Electrolyte, Analytical Chemistry, vol.81, issue.1, pp.460-464, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/ac801877g

R. Samanthi, S. De-zoysa, D. A. Jayawardhana, Q. Zhao, D. Wang et al., Slowing dna translocation through nanopores using a solution containing organic salts, J Phys Chem B, vol.113, issue.40, p.133326, 2009.

G. Biroli, Jamming: A new kind of phase transition?, Nature Physics, vol.69, issue.4, p.222223, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2041507

T. Nagatani, The physics of trac jams, Reports On Progress In Physics, vol.65, issue.9, p.13311386, 2002.

L. Translocation-de and . Une-protéine-adaptée....., 116 4.1.1 Présentation de l'aérolysine

S. P. Howard and J. T. Buckley, Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the structural gene for the hemolytic toxin aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila, MGG Molecular & General Genetics, vol.161, issue.2
DOI : 10.1007/BF00425512

S. P. Howard, W. J. Garland, M. J. Green, and J. T. Buckley, Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the hole-forming toxin aerolysin of Aeromonas hydrophila., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.169, issue.6, p.28692871, 1987.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.169.6.2869-2871.1987

H. U. Wilmsen, F. Pattus, and J. T. Buckley, Aerolysin, a hemolysin from aeromonas-hydrophila, forms voltage-gated channels in planar lipid bilayers, Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.115, issue.1, p.7181, 1990.

M. W. Parker, J. T. Buckley, J. P. Postma, A. D. Tucker, K. Leonard et al., Structure of the Aeromonas toxin proaerolysin in its water-soluble and membrane-channel states, Nature, vol.367, issue.6460, p.367292295, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/367292a0

M. Moniatte, F. G. Vandergoot, J. T. Buckley, F. Pattus, and A. Vandorsselaer, Characterisation of the heptameric pore-forming complex of the aeromonas toxin aerolysin using maldi-tof mass spectrometry, Febs Letters, vol.384, issue.3, p.269272, 1996.

C. , L. Coeur, B. Deme, and S. Longeville, Compression of random coils due to macromolecular crowding, Physical Review E, vol.79, issue.3, p.31910, 2009.

M. Muthukumar, Theory of capture rate in polymer translocation, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.132, issue.19, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3429882

J. D. Watson and F. H. Crick, Molecular structure of nucleic acids -a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid, Nature, issue.4356, p.171737738, 1953.

H. Frauenfelder, P. G. Wolynes, and R. H. , Biological Physics, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.71, issue.2, pp.419-430, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S419

F. Ritort, Single-molecule experiments in biological physics: methods and applications, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.18, issue.32, pp.531-583, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/18/32/R01

W. H. Coulter, Means for counting particles suspended in a uid, 1953.

G. Ruhenstroth-bauer and D. Zang, [automatic counting method : the coulter particle counting apparatus, Blut, vol.6, p.44662, 1960.

E. Neher and B. Sakmann, Noise-analysis of drug-induced voltage clamp currents in denervated frog muscle-bers, Journal of Physiologylondon, vol.258, issue.3, p.705729, 1976.

W. Betz and B. Sakmann, ???Disjunction??? of Frog Neuromuscular Synapses by Treatment with Proteolytic Enzymes, Nature New Biology, vol.232, issue.29, p.94, 1971.
DOI : 10.1038/newbio232094a0

B. Sakmann, Noise-analysis of acetylcholine induced currents in normal and denervated rat muscle-bers, Pugers Archiv-european Journal of Physiology, vol.359, pp.89-89, 1975.

E. Neher and B. Sakmann, Voltage-dependence of drug-induced conductance in frog neuromuscular junction., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.2140-2144, 1975.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.72.6.2140

E. Neher and B. Sakmann, Single-channel currents recorded from membrane of denervated frog muscle-bers, Nature, vol.260, issue.5554, p.799802, 1976.

S. B. Hladky and D. A. Haydon, Discreteness of conductance change in bimolecular lipid membranes in presence of certain antibiotics Interaction of staphylococcal alpha-toxin with articial and natural membranes, Nature Journal of Bacteriology, vol.225, issue.52313, p.951153, 1968.

J. H. Freer, J. P. Arbuthno, and B. Billclif, Eects of staphylococcal alpha-toxin on structure of erythrocyte-membranes -biochemical and freeze-etching study, Journal of General Microbiology, issue.APR, pp.75321-332, 1973.

L. Z. Song, M. R. Hobaugh, C. Shustak, S. Cheley, H. Bayley et al., Structure of Staphylococcal alpha -Hemolysin, a Heptameric Transmembrane Pore, Science, vol.274, issue.5294, p.27418591866, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5294.1859

E. Gouaux, [alpha]-hemolysin from staphylococcus aureus : An archetype of [beta]-barrel, channel-forming toxins, Journal of Structural Biology, vol.121, issue.2, p.110122, 1998.

G. Belmonte, L. Cescatti, B. Ferrari, T. Nicolussi, M. Ropele et al., Pore formation by staphylococcus-aureus alpha-toxin in lipid bilayers -dependence upon temperature and toxin concentration, European Biophysics Journal With Biophysics Letters, issue.6, p.14349358, 1987.

J. J. Kasianowicz and S. M. Bezrukov, Protonation dynamics of the alpha-toxin ion-channel from spectral-analysis of ph-dependent current uctuations, Biophysical Journal, vol.69, issue.1, p.94105, 1995.

W. Wickner and R. Schekman, Protein Translocation Across Biological Membranes, Science, vol.310, issue.5753, p.31014521456, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1113752

O. V. Krasilnikov, R. Z. Sabirov, V. I. Ternovsky, P. G. Merzliak, and J. N. Muratkhodjaev, A simple method for the determination of the pore radius of ion channels in planar lipid bilayer membranes, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.105, issue.1-3, pp.1-393100, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05891.x

S. M. Bezrukov, I. Vodyanoy, and V. A. Parsegian, Counting polymers moving through a single ion channel, Nature, vol.370, issue.6487, p.279281, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/370279a0

Y. E. Korchev, C. L. Bashford, G. M. Alder, J. J. Kasianowicz, and C. A. Pasternak, Low conductance states of a single ion channel are not ?closed?, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.147, issue.3, p.233239, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00234521

S. M. Bezrukov, I. Vodyanoy, R. A. Brutyan, and J. J. Kasianowicz, Dynamics and Free Energy of Polymers Partitioning into a Nanoscale Pore, Macromolecules, vol.29, issue.26, p.2985178522, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ma960841j

G. Oukhaled, L. Bacri, J. Mathe, J. Pelta, and L. Auvray, Effect of screening on the transport of polyelectrolytes through nanopores, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.82, issue.4, p.48003, 2008.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/82/48003

J. J. Kasianowicz, E. Brandin, D. Branton, and D. W. Deamer, Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.24, p.931377013773, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.24.13770

M. Akeson, D. Branton, J. J. Kasianowicz, E. Brandin, and D. W. Deamer, Microsecond Time-Scale Discrimination Among Polycytidylic Acid, Polyadenylic Acid, and Polyuridylic Acid as Homopolymers or as Segments Within Single RNA Molecules, Biophysical Journal, vol.77, issue.6, pp.773227-3233, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77153-5

A. Meller, L. Nivon, E. Brandin, J. Golovchenko, and D. Branton, Rapid nanopore discrimination between single polynucleotide molecules, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.3, p.10791084, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.97.3.1079

A. Meller, L. Nivon, and D. Branton, Voltage-Driven DNA Translocations through a Nanopore, Physical Review Letters, vol.86, issue.15, p.34353438, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3435

O. Braha, B. Walker, S. Cheley, J. J. Kasianowicz, L. Z. Song et al., Designed protein pores as components for biosensors, Chemistry & Biology, vol.4, issue.7, p.497505, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-5521(97)90321-5

M. Pastoriza-gallego, G. Oukhaled, J. Mathe, B. Thiebot, J. M. Betton et al., Urea denaturation of alpha-hemolysin pore inserted in planar lipid bilayer detected by single nanopore recording : Loss of structural asymmetry, Febs Letters, issue.18, p.58133713376, 2007.

R. K. Bortoleto and R. J. Ward, A stability transition at mildly acidic ph in the alpha-hemolysin (alpha-toxin) from staphylococcus aureus, Febs Letters, vol.459, issue.3, p.438442, 1999.

H. Bayley and C. R. Martin, Resistive-pulse sensing -from microbes to molecules, Chemical Reviews, vol.100, issue.7, p.25752594, 2000.

S. Howorka, Z. Siwy, M. Karhanek, J. T. Kemp, N. Pourmand et al., Nanopore analytics : sensing of single molecules Single dna molecule detection using nanopipettes and nanoparticles, Chemical Society Reviews Nano Letters, vol.38, issue.52, p.23602384403407, 2005.

J. Li, D. Stein, C. Mcmullan, D. Branton, M. J. Aziz et al., Ion-beam sculpting at nanometre length scales, Nature, issue.6843, p.412166169, 2001.

D. M. Stein, C. J. Mcmullan, J. L. Li, and J. A. Golovchenko, Feedbackcontrolled ion beam sculpting apparatus, Review of Scientic Instruments, vol.75, issue.4, p.900905, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1666986

URL : http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29405819

J. E. Wharton, P. Jin, L. T. Sexton, L. P. Horne, S. A. Sherrill et al., A Method for Reproducibly Preparing Synthetic Nanopores for Resistive-Pulse Biosensors, Small, vol.76, issue.8, p.314241430, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200700106

Z. S. Siwy and M. Davenport, Biosensors: Making nanopores from nanotubes, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.5, issue.3, p.174175, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/ci049857w

Z. S. Siwy and M. Davenport, Nanopores: Graphene opens up to DNA, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.10, issue.10, p.697698, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2010.198

Q. Cai, B. Ledden, E. Krueger, J. A. Golovchenko, and J. L. Li, Nanopore sculpting with noble gas ions, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.100, issue.2, p.24914, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2216880

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039599

A. J. Storm, J. H. Chen, X. S. Ling, H. W. Zandbergen, and C. Dekker, Fabrication of solid-state nanopores with single-nanometre precision, Nature Materials, vol.2, issue.8, p.537540, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nmat941

G. S. Chen, C. B. Boothroyd, and C. J. Humphreys, Electron-beaminduced damage in amorphous sio2 and the direct fabrication of silicon nanostructures. Philosophical Magazine A-physics of Condensed Matter Structure Defects and Mechanical Properties, p.491506, 1998.

M. J. Kim, M. Wanunu, D. C. Bell, and A. Meller, Rapid Fabrication of Uniformly Sized Nanopores and Nanopore Arrays for Parallel DNA Analysis, Advanced Materials, vol.17, issue.23, p.3149, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.200601191

M. J. Kim, B. Mcnally, K. Murata, and A. Meller, Characteristics of solid-state nanometre pores fabricated using a transmission electron microscope, Nanotechnology, vol.18, issue.20, p.18205302, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/18/20/205302

S. R. Park, H. B. Peng, and X. S. Ling, Fabrication of Nanopores in Silicon Chips Using Feedback Chemical Etching, Small, vol.4, issue.1, p.116119, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200600268

A. J. Storm, J. H. Chen, H. W. Zandbergen, and C. Dekker, Translocation of double-strand DNA through a silicon oxide nanopore, Physical Review E, vol.71, issue.5, p.51903, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.71.051903

J. B. Heng, C. Ho, T. Kim, R. Timp, A. Aksimentiev et al., Sizing dna using a nanometerdiameter pore, Biophysical Journal, vol.87, issue.4, p.29052911, 2004.

B. Mcnally, M. Wanunu, and A. Meller, Electromechanical Unzipping of Individual DNA Molecules Using Synthetic Sub-2 nm Pores, Nano Letters, vol.8, issue.10, p.34183422, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/nl802218f

Q. Zhao, J. Comer, V. Dimitrov, S. Yemenicioglu, A. Aksimentiev et al., Stretching and unzipping nucleic acid hairpins using a synthetic nanopore, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.36, issue.5, p.15321541, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkm1017

J. L. Li, M. Gershow, D. Stein, E. Brandin, and J. A. Golovchenko, Dna molecules and congurations in a solid-state nanopore microscope, Nature Materials, vol.2, issue.9, p.611615, 2003.

P. Chen, J. J. Gu, E. Brandin, Y. R. Kim, Q. Wang et al., Probing Single DNA Molecule Transport Using Fabricated Nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.11, p.22932298, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/nl048654j

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4160839

D. Fologea, E. Brandin, J. Uplinger, D. Branton, and J. Li, DNA conformation and base number simultaneously determined in a nanopore, ELECTROPHORESIS, vol.289, issue.18, p.2831863192, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/elps.200700047

R. Fan, R. Karnik, M. Yue, D. Y. Li, A. Majumdar et al., DNA Translocation in Inorganic Nanotubes, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.9, pp.1633-1637, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0509677

H. Chang, F. Kosari, G. Andreadakis, M. A. Alam, G. Vasmatzis et al., Dna-mediated uctuations in ionic current through silicon oxide nanopore channels, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.8, p.15511556, 2004.

R. M. Smeets, U. F. Keyser, D. Krapf, M. Y. Wu, N. H. Dekker et al., Salt Dependence of Ion Transport and DNA Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.6, issue.1, p.8995, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/nl052107w

V. Soni, M. Tabard-cossa, M. Wanunu, J. A. Wiggin, and . Schloss, The potential and challenges of nanopore sequencing [57] A. Meller. Dynamics of polynucleotide transport through nanometrescale pores, Nature Biotechnology Journal of Physics-condensed Matter, vol.26, issue.1017, pp.11461153-11461168, 2003.

D. Fologea, J. Uplinger, B. Thomas, D. S. Mcnabb, and J. L. Li, Slowing DNA Translocation in a Solid-State Nanopore, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.9, p.17341737, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl051063o

M. Wanunu, J. Sutin, B. Mcnally, A. Chow, and A. Meller, DNA Translocation Governed by Interactions with Solid-State Nanopores, Biophysical Journal, vol.95, issue.10, p.9547164725, 2008.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.108.140475

E. H. Trepagnier, A. Radenovic, D. Sivak, P. Geissler, and J. Liphardt, Controlling dna capture and propagation through articial nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.7, issue.9, p.28242830, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0714334

URL : http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/129295

M. Gershow and J. A. Golovchenko, Recapturing and trapping single molecules with a solid-state nanopore, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.39, issue.12, p.775779, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2007.381

Y. R. Kim, J. Min, I. H. Lee, S. Kim, A. G. Kim et al., Nanopore sensor for fast label-free detection of short doublestranded dnas, Biosensors & Bioelectronics, issue.12, p.2229262931, 2007.

U. Mirsaidov, J. Comer, V. Dimitrov, A. Aksimentiev, and G. Timp, Slowing the translocation of double-stranded DNA using a nanopore smaller than the double helix, Nanotechnology, vol.21, issue.39, p.395501, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/21/39/395501

D. A. Young, Etching of radiation damage in lithium uoride, Nature, vol.182, issue.4632, p.375377, 1958.

L. Fleischer, P. B. Price, and R. M. Walker, Solid-State Track Detectors: Applications to Nuclear Science and Geophysics, Annual Review of Nuclear Science, vol.15, issue.1, p.1, 1965.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ns.15.120165.000245

W. T. Crawford, W. Desorbo, and J. S. Humphrey, Enhancement of track etching rates in charged particle-irradiated plastics by a photooxidation eect, Nature, issue.5174, p.2201313, 1968.

P. Y. Apel, I. V. Blonskaya, S. N. Dmitriev, O. L. Orelovitch, A. Presz et al., Fabrication of nanopores in polymer foils with surfactant-controlled longitudinal proles, Nanotechnology, issue.30, p.18305302, 2007.

C. C. Harrell, Z. S. Siwy, and C. R. Martin, Conical Nanopore Membranes: Controlling the Nanopore Shape, Small, vol.75, issue.535, p.194198, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200500196

R. Spohr, Method for producing nuclear traces or microholes originating from nuclear traces of an individual ion, 1983.

Z. Siwy, P. Apel, D. Dobrev, R. Neumann, R. Spohr et al., Ion transport through asymmetric nanopores prepared by ion track etching. Nuclear Instruments & Methods, Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.143148, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s0168-583x(03)00884-x

E. A. Heins, Z. S. Siwy, L. A. Baker, and C. R. Martin, Detecting Single Porphyrin Molecules in a Conically Shaped Synthetic Nanopore, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.9, p.18241829, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl050925i

A. Mara, Z. Siwy, C. Trautmann, J. Wan, and F. Kamme, An Asymmetric Polymer Nanopore for Single Molecule Detection, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.3, p.497501, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/nl035141o

K. Healy, B. Schiedt, Z. Siwy, A. P. Morrison, and R. Neumann, Singlemolecule dna transport through individual conical polymer nanopores, Biophysical Journal, vol.88, issue.1, pp.660-660, 2005.

B. Schiedt, K. Healy, A. P. Morrison, R. Neumann, and Z. Siwy, Transport of ions and biomolecules through single asymmetric nanopores in polymer lms. Nuclear Instruments & Methods, Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.109116, 2005.

K. Kececi, L. T. Sexton, F. Buyukserin, and C. R. Martin, Resistivepulse detection of short dsdnas using a chemically functionalized conical nanopore sensor, Nanomedicine, vol.3, issue.6, p.787796, 2008.

Z. Siwy, L. Tron, P. Kohli, L. A. Baker, C. Trautmann et al., Protein Biosensors Based on Biofunctionalized Conical Gold Nanotubes, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.127, issue.14, pp.5000-5001, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ja043910f

L. T. Sexton, L. P. Horne, S. A. Sherrill, G. W. Bishop, L. A. Baker et al., Resistive-Pulse Studies of Proteins and Protein/Antibody Complexes Using a Conical Nanotube Sensor, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.129, issue.43, p.1291314413152, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0739943

C. R. Horne and . Martin, An adsorption-based model for pulse duration in resistive-pulse protein sensing, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.132, p.67556763, 2010.

G. Guillot, F. Rondelez-ferain, and R. Legras, Characteristics of sub-micron pores obtained by chemical etching of nuclear tracks in polycarbonate lms Pore shape control in nanoporous particle track etched membrane, Journal of Applied Physics Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, vol.52, issue.17412, p.71557164116122, 1981.

C. Trautmann, W. Bruchle, R. Spohr, J. Vetter, and N. Angert, Pore geometry of etched ion tracks in polyimide. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.7074, 1996.

R. L. Fleischer, P. B. Price, and R. M. Walker, Citation classic -nuclear tracks in solids -principles and applications, Current Contents/physical Chemical & Earth Sciences, issue.5, p.2020, 1982.

B. Schiedt, Characterization and application of ion track-etched nanopores, 2007.

P. Sigmund, Stopping of heavy ions -a theoretical approach, 2004.

J. F. Ziegler, Srim-2003. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.10271036, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.01.208

C. Trautmann, S. Bouard, and R. Spohr, Etching threshold for ion tracks in polyimide. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, pp.1-4429433, 1996.

Y. M. Sun, Z. Y. Zhu, Z. G. Wang, Y. F. Jin, J. Liu et al., Swift heavy ion induced amorphisation and chemical modication in polycarbonate, Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.188193, 2003.

F. Dehaye, E. Balanzat, E. Ferain, and R. Legras, Chemical modications induced in bisphenol a polycarbonate by swift heavy ions. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.103112, 2003.

D. Albrecht, P. Armbruster, R. Spohr, M. Roth, K. Schaupert et al., Small-angle scattering from oriented latent nuclear tracks. Nuclear Instruments & Methods, Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, pp.1-3702705, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-583x(84)90296-9

V. Picq, J. M. Ramillon, and E. Balanzat, Swift heavy ions on polymers : Hydrocarbon gas release. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, pp.1-4496503, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/s0168-583x(98)00497-2

M. Dellamonica, A. Ceglie, and A. Agostiano, Extension of the falkenhagen equation to the conductivity of concentrated electrolytesolutions, Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.88, issue.10, p.21242127, 1984.

Y. B. Xie, X. W. Wang, J. M. Xue, K. Jin, L. Chen et al., Electric energy generation in single track-etched nanopores, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.16, p.93163116, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3001590

J. Yang, F. Z. Lu, L. W. Kostiuk, and D. Y. Kwok, Electrokinetic microchannel battery by means of electrokinetic and microfluidic phenomena, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol.13, issue.6, pp.963-970, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/0960-1317/13/6/320

J. Lyklema, Electrokinetics after smoluchowski. Colloids and Surfaces A-physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, p.514, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s0927-7757(03)00217-6

P. Dejardin, E. N. Vasina, V. V. Berezkin, V. D. Sobolev, and V. I. Volkov, Streaming potential in cylindrical pores of poly(ethylene terephthalate ) track-etched membranes : Variation of apparent zeta potential with pore radius, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.10, p.46804685, 2005.

V. V. Berezkin, V. I. Volkov, O. A. Kiseleva, N. V. Mitrofanova, and V. D. Sobolev, Electrosurface properties of poly(ethylene terephtalate) track membranes, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol.104, issue.1-3, pp.325-331, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-8686(03)00054-X

C. A. Pasternak, C. L. Bashford, Y. E. Korchev, T. K. Rostovtseva, and A. A. Lev, Modulation of surface ow by divalent-cations and protons, Colloids and Surfaces A-physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.77, issue.2, p.119124, 1993.

A. Wolf, N. Reber, P. Y. Apel, B. E. Fischer, and R. Spohr, Electrolyte transport in charged single ion track capillaries. Nuclear Instruments & Methods In Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, pp.1-4291293, 1995.

P. Y. Apel, Y. E. Korchev, Z. Siwy, R. Spohr, and M. Yoshida, Diodelike single-ion track membrane prepared by electro-stopping. Nuclear Instruments & Methods, Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms, p.337346, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/s0168-583x(01)00722-4

Z. Siwy, Y. Gu, H. A. Spohr, D. Baur, A. Wolf-reber et al., Rectication and voltage gating of ion currents in a nanofabricated pore, Europhysics Letters, issue.3, p.60349355, 2002.

Z. Siwy, E. Heins, C. C. Harrell, P. Kohli, and C. R. Martin, Conicalnanotube ion-current rectiers : The role of surface charge, Journal of the American Chemical Society, issue.35, p.1261085010851, 2004.

C. C. Harrell, S. B. Lee, and C. R. Martin, Synthetic Single-Nanopore and Nanotube Membranes, Analytical Chemistry, vol.75, issue.24, p.7568616867, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ac034602n

P. Chen, T. Mitsui, D. B. Farmer, J. Golovchenko, R. G. Gordon et al., Atomic layer deposition to ne-tune the surface properties and diameters of fabricated nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.7, p.13331337, 2004.

J. Wang and C. R. Martin, A new drug-sensing paradigm based on ion-current rectication in a conically shaped nanopore, Nanomedicine, vol.3, issue.1, p.1320, 2008.

M. L. Kovarik, K. M. Zhou, and S. C. Jacobson, Eect of conical nanopore diameter on ion current rectication, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.113, issue.49, p.1596015966, 2009.

Z. S. Siwy, Ion-current rectication in nanopores and nanotubes with broken symmetry, Advanced Functional Materials, vol.16, issue.6, p.735746, 2006.

J. Cervera, B. Schiedt, and P. Ramirez, A Poisson/Nernst-Planck model for ionic transport through synthetic conical nanopores, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.71, issue.1, p.3541, 2005.
DOI : 10.1209/epl/i2005-10054-x

J. Cervera, B. Schiedt, R. Neumann, S. Mafe, and P. Ramirez, Ionic conduction, rectification, and selectivity in single conical nanopores, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.124, issue.10, p.104706, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2179797

P. Ramirez, P. Y. Apel, J. Cervera, and S. Mafe, Pore structure and function of synthetic nanopores with fixed charges: tip shape and rectification properties, Nanotechnology, vol.19, issue.31, p.315707, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/19/31/315707

I. Vlassiouk and Z. S. Siwy, Nanofluidic Diode, Nano Letters, vol.7, issue.3, pp.552-556, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/nl062924b

D. Constantin and Z. S. Siwy, Poisson-Nernst-Planck model of ion current rectification through a nanofluidic diode, Physical Review E, vol.76, issue.4, p.41202, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.76.041202

R. Stefureac, Y. T. Long, H. B. Kraatz, P. Howard, and J. S. Lee, Transport of alpha-helical peptides through alpha-hemolysin and aerolysin pores, Biochemistry, issue.30, p.4591729179, 2006.

R. Stefureac, L. Waldner, P. Howard, and J. S. Lee, Nanopore Analysis of a Small 86-Residue Protein, Small, vol.58, issue.1, p.5963, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200700402

Z. Siwy and A. Fulinski, Fabrication of a Synthetic Nanopore Ion Pump, Physical Review Letters, vol.89, issue.19, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.198103

Z. Siwy and A. Fulinski, A nanodevice for rectication and pumping ions, American Journal of Physics, vol.72, issue.5, p.567574, 2004.

R. M. Smeets, U. F. Keyser, N. H. Dekker, and C. Dekker, Noise in solid-state nanopores, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.2, p.417421, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0705349105

M. B. Weissman, 1/f noise and other slow, nonexponential kinetics in condensed matter, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.60, issue.2, p.537571, 1988.

H. E. Derksen and A. A. Verveen, Fluctuations of Resting Neural Membrane Potential, Science, vol.151, issue.3716, p.1388, 1966.
DOI : 10.1126/science.151.3716.1388

R. Sauvé and E. Bamberg, 1/f noise in black lipid membranes induced by ionic channels formed by chemically dimerized gramicidin A, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.2, issue.3, p.317333, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01871694

G. C. Fadda, D. Lairez, and G. Zalczer, Fluctuations of Ionic Current Through Lipid Bilayers at the Onset of Peptide Attacks and Pore Formation, Physical Review Letters, vol.103, issue.18, p.180601, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.180601

S. M. Bezrukov and M. Winterhalter, Noise of an Open Maltoporin Channel, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.1, p.202205, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.202

S. Nekolla, C. Andersen, and R. Benz, Noise analysis of ion current through the open and the sugar-induced closed state of the LamB channel of Escherichia coli outer membrane: evaluation of the sugar binding kinetics to the channel interior, Biophysical Journal, vol.66, issue.5, p.6613881397, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80929-4

D. P. Hoogerheide, S. Garaj, and J. A. Golovchenko, Probing Surface Charge Fluctuations with Solid-State Nanopores, Physical Review Letters, vol.102, issue.25, p.256804, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.256804

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2865846

R. A. Levis and J. L. Rae, The use of quartz patch pipettes for lownoise single-channel recording, Biophysical Journal, vol.65, issue.4, p.16661677, 1993.

F. N. Hooge, T. G. Kleinpenning, and L. K. Vandamme, Experimental studies on 1-f noise. Reports On Progress In Physics [129] Z. Siwy and A. Fulinski. Origin of 1/f ? noise in membrane channel currents, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.44, issue.515, pp.479-532, 1981.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/44/5/001

M. Galinski, A. Lewandowski, and I. Stepniak, Ionic liquids as electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.26, p.55675580, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.016

U. Domanska, M. Krolikowska, and M. Krolikowski, Phase behaviour and physico-chemical properties of the binary systems 1-ethyl- 3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate plus water, or plus an alcohol, Fluid Phase Equilibria, vol.294, issue.1 2, p.7283, 2010.

J. M. Pringle, J. Golding, C. M. Forsyth, G. B. Deacon, M. Forsyth et al., Physical trends and structural features in organic salts of the thiocyanate anion, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol.12, issue.12, p.1234753480, 2002.
DOI : 10.1039/b208372h

M. Davenport, A. Rodriguez, K. J. Shea, and Z. S. Siwy, Squeezing Ionic Liquids through Nanopores, Nano Letters, vol.9, issue.5, p.21252128, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/nl900630z

M. R. Powell, I. Vlassiouk, C. Martens, and Z. S. Siwy, Noise in Rectifying Nanopores, Physical Review Letters, vol.103, issue.24, p.248104, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.248104

K. Binnemans, Ionic Liquid Crystals, Chemical Reviews, vol.105, issue.11, pp.4148-4204, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/cr0400919

Y. T. Wang, Disordering and Reordering of Ionic Liquids under an External Electric Field, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.113, issue.32, pp.11058-11060, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/jp906228d

G. X. Xie, J. B. Luo, D. Guo, and S. H. Liu, Nanoconfined ionic liquids under electric fields, Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, issue.4, p.43112, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3292213

D. A. Jayawardhana, J. A. Crank, Q. Zhao, D. W. Armstrong, and X. Y. Guan, Nanopore Stochastic Detection of a Liquid Explosive Component and Sensitizers Using Boromycin and an Ionic Liquid Supporting Electrolyte, Analytical Chemistry, vol.81, issue.1, p.460464, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/ac801877g

R. Samanthi, S. De-zoysa, D. A. Jayawardhana, Q. Zhao, D. Wang et al., Slowing dna translocation through nanopores using a solution containing organic salts, J Phys Chem B, vol.113, issue.40, p.133326, 2009.

G. Biroli, Jamming: A new kind of phase transition?, Nature Physics, vol.69, issue.4, p.222223, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2041507

T. Nagatani, The physics of trac jams, Reports On Progress In Physics, vol.65, issue.9, p.13311386, 2002.

S. P. Howard and J. T. Buckley, Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the structural gene for the hemolytic toxin aerolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila, MGG Molecular & General Genetics, vol.161, issue.2, p.289295, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00425512

S. P. Howard, W. J. Garland, M. J. Green, and J. T. Buckley, Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the hole-forming toxin aerolysin of Aeromonas hydrophila., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.169, issue.6, p.28692871, 1987.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.169.6.2869-2871.1987

H. U. Wilmsen, F. Pattus, and J. T. Buckley, Aerolysin, a hemolysin from aeromonas-hydrophila, forms voltage-gated channels in planar lipid bilayers, Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.115, issue.1, p.7181, 1990.

M. W. Parker, J. T. Buckley, J. P. Postma, A. D. Tucker, K. Leonard et al., Structure of the Aeromonas toxin proaerolysin in its water-soluble and membrane-channel states, Nature, vol.367, issue.6460, p.367292295, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/367292a0

M. Moniatte, F. G. Vandergoot, J. T. Buckley, F. Pattus, and A. Van-dorsselaer, Characterisation of the heptameric pore-forming complex of the aeromonas toxin aerolysin using maldi-tof mass spectrometry, Febs Letters, vol.384, issue.3, p.269272, 1996.

T. O. Baldwin, Firey luciferase : The structure is known, but the mystery remains, Structure, vol.4, issue.3, p.223228, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/s0969-2126(96)00026-3

URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-2126(96)00026-3

E. Conti, N. P. Franks, and P. Brick, Crystal structure of rey luciferase throws light on a superfamily of adenylate-forming enzymes, Structure, vol.4, issue.3, p.287298, 1996.

J. J. Lemasters and C. R. Hackenbrock, Kinetics of product inhibition during rey luciferase luminescence, Biochemistry, vol.16, issue.3, p.445447, 1977.

C. M. Dobson, Protein folding and misfolding, Nature, vol.426, issue.6968, pp.884-890, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02261

R. Herbst, U. Schafer, and R. Seckler, Equilibrium intermediates in the reversible unfolding of rey (photinus pyralis) luciferase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, issue.11, p.27270997105, 1997.

R. Herbst, K. Gast, and R. Seckler, Folding of rey (photinus pyralis) luciferase : Aggregation and reactivation of unfolding intermediates Resistive-pulse dna detection with a conical nanopore sensor, Biochemistry Langmuir, vol.3765866597, issue.1825, p.221083710843, 1998.

F. Cousin, J. Jestin, G. Chaboussant, S. Gautrot, A. Menelle et al., Probing simultaneously the volume and surface structure of nanospheres adsorbed at a solid-liquid interface by GISANS, The European Physical Journal Special Topics, vol.167, issue.1, p.177183, 2009.
DOI : 10.1140/epjst/e2009-00955-2

A. S. Robbes, J. Jestin, F. Meneau, F. Dalmas, O. Sandre et al., Homogeneous Dispersion of Magnetic Nanoparticles Aggregates in a PS Nanocomposite: Highly Reproducible Hierarchical Structure Tuned by the Nanoparticles??? Size, Macromolecules, vol.43, issue.13, p.4357855796, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/ma100713h

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00533476

C. , L. Coeur, B. Deme, and S. Longeville, Compression of random coils due to macromolecular crowding, Physical Review E, vol.79, issue.3, p.31910, 2009.

M. Muthukumar, Theory of capture rate in polymer translocation, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.132, issue.19, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3429882

S. E. Henrickson, M. Misakian, B. Robertson, and J. J. Kasianowicz, Driven DNA Transport into an Asymmetric Nanometer-Scale Pore, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.14, p.30573060, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3057

M. Wanunu, W. Morrison, Y. Rabin, A. Y. Grosberg, and A. Meller, Electrostatic focusing of unlabelled DNA into nanoscale pores using a salt gradient, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.7, issue.2, p.160165, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2009.379

G. Au, Pertes d'énergie d'un ion Krypton irradiant du polycarbonate. La zone marquée correspond aux énergies utilisées pour les irradiations, p.45

G. Au, Longueur de pénétration d'un ion Krypton irradiant du polycarbonate , en fonction de son énergie spécique. La zone marquée correspond aux énergies utilisées pour les irradiations, p.46

P. Membrane-de and .. , attaquée symétriquement pendant 2, 5 et 8 min dans NaOH 2 M à 70 ? C. Les barres rouges représentent, p.59

. Exemple-de-courbe-i-v-non-symétrique, La polarité est présentée sur le schéma de droite. Le pore est dans une membrane de polyimide de 6 µm d'épaisseur, dans KCl 0,1 M à pH neutre, p.69

.. Évolution-de-la-conductance-d, une membrane de polycarbonate avec le pH. En faisant l'hypothèse d'une forme cylindrique , pour une solution de NaCl 2 M, le rayon du pore est d'environ 27 nm, p.72

F. Cliché and .. , une membrane commerciale SPI semblable à celles utilisées pour les mesures de potentiel électrocinétique. Le rayon des pores est environ 25 nm, p.77

. Schéma-présentant-les-résultats-obtenus-par-le-modèle-de-l-'équipe-de-cervera, Les parois du pore sont chargées négativement . La zone rouge représente les endroits où la concentration en cations est plus élevée. (a) : Pore cylindrique, avec une tension imposée entre les deux côtés de la membrane. (b) : Même chose avec une tension de signe opposé, Pore conique. (d) : Même pore conique avec une tension de signe opposé, p.89

.. Historique-de-la-détection-de-molécule-unique, 4 1.1.1 Pourquoi étudier une molécule unique ?

.. Le-nanopore-naturel-?-hémolysine, 11 1.2.1 Présentation de l'?-hémolysine

.. Irradiation-aux-ions-lourds, 43 Irradiation avec un ion unique, p.48

. Détermination-de-v-?-dans-le-polycarbonate..., 58 Grand rayon des pores coniques dans le polyimide, p.61

. .. Le-connement-dans-un-pore-À-trace-attaquée and .. 94-notations, 94 Variations avec la concentration en électrolyte, p.95

E. Bruit-rose, 109 Origines du bruit rose : pore ou solution, p.109

.. Aérolysine-et-luciférase-dénaturée, 122 Dispositif et protocole expérimentaux 122 Observation de translocations par conductimétrie, p.123