O. A. Abdin, X. M. Zhou, D. Cloutier, D. C. Coulman, M. A. Faris et al., Cover crops and interrow tillage for weed control in short season maize (Zea mays), European Journal of Agronomy, vol.12, issue.2, pp.93-102, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1161-0301(99)00049-0

. Agreste, Dans le sillon du non-labour, Agreste Primeur, vol.207, issue.4, 2008.

N. Amarger, A. Mariotti, F. Mariotti, J. C. Durr, C. Bourguignon et al., Estimate of symbiotically fixed nitrogen in field grown soybeans using variations in15N Natural abundance, Plant and Soil, vol.56, issue.2, pp.269-280, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02184565

D. A. Angers and J. Caron, Plant-induced changes in soil structure: Processes and feedbacks, Biogeochemistry, vol.42, pp.55-72, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2691-7_3

I. Alsaadawi and F. Dayan, Potentials and prospects of sorghum allelopathy in agroecosystem, Allelopathy Journal, vol.24, pp.255-270, 2009.

L. Anil, J. Park, R. H. Phipps, and F. A. Miller, Temperate intercropping of cereals for forage: a review of the potential for growth and utilization with particular reference to the UK. Grass Forage Sci, pp.301-317, 1998.

C. M. Ateh and J. D. Doll, Spring-planted winter rye (Secale cereale) as a living mulch to control weeds in soybean (Glycine max), Weed Technology, vol.10, issue.2, pp.347-353, 1996.

J. N. Aubertot, J. M. Barbier, A. Carpentier, J. J. Gril, L. Guichard et al., INRA, Pesticides, agriculture et environnement. Réduire l'utilisation des pesticides et en limiter les impacts environnementaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (FRA). CEMAGREF, La Recherche pour l'Ingénierie de l'Agriculture et de l'Environnement, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173732

R. Baccard, Les associations blé-pois: Quelles variétés associées en mélange? Mémoire de Master recherché en agronomie, AgroParisTech, p.38, 2007.

P. Banik, A. Midya, B. K. Sarkar, and S. S. Ghose, Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed smothering, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.24, issue.4, pp.325-332, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2005.10.010

D. T. Baumann, L. Bastiaans, J. Goudriaan, H. H. Van-laar, and M. J. Kropff, Analysing crop yield and plant quality in an intercropping system using an eco-physiological model for interplant competition, Agricultural Systems, vol.73, issue.2, pp.173-203, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00084-1

D. T. Baumann, L. Bastiaans, and M. J. Kropff, Intercropping System Optimization for Yield, Quality, and Weed Suppression Combining Mechanistic and Descriptive Models, Agronomy Journal, vol.94, issue.4, pp.734-742, 2002.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2002.7340
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.129.3372

N. Beaudoin, M. Launay, E. Sauboua, G. Ponsardin, and B. Mary, Evaluation of the soil crop model STICS over 8 years against the ???on farm??? database of Bruy??res catchment, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.29, issue.1, pp.46-57, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2008.03.001

L. Bedoussac, Analyse de la dynamique de compétition pour la lumière dans les associations blé dur-pois d'hiver en fonction de la disponibilité en azote, p.34, 2006.

G. Bergkvist, Effect of White Clover and Nitrogen Availability on the Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in a Three-Season Intercropping System, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, vol.24, issue.3, pp.97-109, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S002185960007893X

J. Berntsen, H. Hauggard-nielsen, J. E. Olesen, B. M. Petersen, E. S. Jensen et al., Modelling dry matter production and resource use in intercrops of pea and barley, Field Crops Research, vol.88, issue.1, pp.69-83, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2003.11.012

D. Bilalis, A. Konstantas, A. Efthimiadou, Y. Papatheohari, and I. Kakampouki, Effect of two oat-legumes intercrop systems on weed flora under Mediterranean conditions Cultivating the future based on science, Proceedings of the Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR), held at the 16th IFOAM Organic World Conference in Cooperation with the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) and the Consorzio ModenaBio in, pp.302-305, 2008.

R. E. Blackshaw, J. R. Moyer, and H. C. Huang, Beneficial effects of cover crops on soil health and crop management, Recent Research Developments in Soil Science, issue.1, pp.15-35, 2005.

L. O. Brandsaeter, J. Netland, and R. Meadow, Yields, Weeds, Pests and Soil Nitrogen in a White Cabbage-Living Mulch System, Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, vol.12, issue.3, pp.291-309, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/01448765.1998.10823201

D. C. Brainard, R. R. Bellinder, and A. J. Miller, Cultivation and Interseeding for Weed Control in Transplanted Cabbage, Weed Technology, vol.40, issue.03, pp.704-710, 2004.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900050007x

N. Brisson, F. Bussiere, H. Ozier-lafontaine, R. Tournebize, and H. Sinoquet, Adaptation of the crop model STICS to intercropping. Theoretical basis and parameterisation, Agronomie, vol.24, issue.6-7, pp.409-421, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2004031
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191062

N. Brisson, M. Launay, B. Mary, and N. Beaudoin, Conceptual basis, formalisations and parameterization of the STICS crop model, 2009.

J. F. Bruno, J. J. Stachowicz, and M. D. Bertness, Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18-3, pp.119-125, 2003.

H. A. Bulson, R. W. Snaydon, and C. E. Stopes, Effects of plant density on intercropped wheat and field beans in an organic farming system, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.128, issue.1, pp.59-71, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021859696003759

M. Carof, Fonctionnement des peuplements en semis direct associant du blé tendre d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L) à différentes plantes de couverture en climat tempéré, 2006.

M. Carof, S. De-tourdonnet, P. Saulas, L. Floch, D. Roger-estrade et al., Undersowing wheat with different living mulches in a no-till system. I. Yield analysis, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.84, issue.4, pp.347-356, 2007.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2007016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173183

M. Carof, S. De-tourdonnet, P. Saulas, L. Floch, D. Roger-estrade et al., Undersowing wheat with different living mulches in a no-till system. II. Competition for light and nitrogen, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.57, issue.4, pp.357-365, 2007.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2007017
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173183

M. Carof, S. De-tourdonnet, Y. Coquet, V. Hallaire, and J. Roger-estrade, Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France. Soil Use and Management, pp.230-237, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173128

J. J. Casal, Light quality effects on the appearance of tillers of different order in wheat (Triticum aestivum), Annals of Applied Biology, vol.87, issue.1, pp.167-173, 1988.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:19850301

A. Capillon and L. Séguy, Ecosystèmes cultivés et stockage du carbone. Cas des systèmes de culture en semis direct avec couverture végétale. Comptes-rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture Française, pp.63-70, 2002.

P. J. Christoffoleti, S. J. Carvalho, . De, R. F. Lopez-ovejero, M. Nicolai et al., Conservation of natural resources in Brazilian agriculture: Implications on weed biology and management, Crop Protection, vol.26, issue.3, pp.383-389, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cropro.2005.06.013

G. Corre-hellou and Y. Crozat, Interspecific competition for soil N in pea-barley mixtures during the vegetative phase and consequences on N2 fixation, 5th Conference on Grain Legumes, pp.65-66, 2004.

G. Corre-hellou, Acquisition de l'azote dans des associations Pois-orge en relation avec le fonctionnement du peuplement, 2005.

G. Corre-hellou, N. Brisson, M. Launay, J. Fustec, and Y. Crozat, Effect of root depth penetration on soil nitrogen competitive interactions and dry matter production in pea???barley intercrops given different soil nitrogen supplies, Field Crops Research, vol.103, issue.1, pp.76-85, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2007.04.008

G. Corre-hellou, M. Faure, M. Launay, N. Brisson, and Y. Crozat, Adaptation of the STICS intercrop model to simulate crop growth and N accumulation in pea???barley intercrops, Field Crops Research, vol.113, issue.1, pp.72-81, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.04.007

P. Csatho and I. Sisak, Agriculture as a source of phosphorus causing eutrophication in Central and Eastern Europe. Soil Use and Management, pp.36-56, 2007.

D. Tourdonnet, S. Nozières, A. Barz, P. Chenu, C. Düring et al., Comprehensive inventory and assessment of existing knowledge on sustainable agriculture in the European platform of KASSA, 2006.

D. Tourdonnet, S. Shili, I. Scopel, and E. , Utilisation des mulchs vivants pour la maîtrise des flores adventices. Carrefour de l'innovation agronomique, 2008.

N. G. Hollander, L. Bastiaans, and M. J. Kropff, Clover as a cover crop for weed suppression in an intercropping design, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.26, issue.2, pp.92-103, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2006.08.011

A. R. Dexter, Amelioration of soil by natural processes, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.20, issue.1, pp.87-100, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-1987(91)90127-J

T. F. Doring, M. Brandt, J. Hess, M. R. Finckh, and H. Saucke, Effects of straw mulch on soil nitrate dynamics, weeds, yield and soil erosion in organically grown potatoes, Field Crops Research, vol.94, issue.2-3, pp.238-249, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2005.01.006

F. Dorsainvil, Evaluation, par modélisation, de l'impact environnemental des modes de conduite des cultures intermediaires sur les bilans d'eau et d'azote dans les systèmes de culture, 2002.

J. B. Evers, J. Vos, B. Andrieu, and P. C. Struik, Cessation of Tillering in Spring Wheat in Relation to Light Interception and Red : Far-red Ratio, Annals of Botany, vol.97, issue.4, pp.649-658, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcl020

J. B. Evers, J. Vos, B. Andrieu, M. Chelle, and G. H. Buck-sorlin, Functional-Structural plant modelling, applied to tillering in Wheat, ESA. Proceedings of the tenth ESA Congress, pp.15-19, 2008.

M. C. Ferandez-aparicio, J. Sillero, and D. Rubiales, Intercropping with cereals reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes, Crop Protection, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1166-1172, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.012

J. W. Fisk, O. B. Hesterman, A. Shrestha, J. J. Kells, R. R. Harwood et al., Weed Suppression by Annual Legume Cover Crops in No-Tillage Corn, Agronomy Journal, vol.93, issue.2, pp.319-325, 2001.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2001.932319x

C. Fournier, ADEL-Wheat : a 3D architectural model of wheat development, International symposium on plant growth Modelling,Simulation, Visualisation, and their Application. Tsinghua university press, pp.54-63, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00909184

M. Fortin, P. Rochette, and E. Pattey, Soil Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Conventional and No-Tillage Small-Grain Cropping Systems, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.60, issue.5, pp.1541-1547, 1996.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000050036x

K. Fujita, K. Ofosu-budu, and S. Ogata, Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legume-cereal cropping systems, Plant and Soil, p.141

S. Fukai and B. R. Trenbath, Processes determining intercrop productivity and yields of component crops, Field Crops Research, vol.34, issue.3-4, pp.247-271, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4290(93)90117-6

B. Gabrielle, B. Mary, R. Roche, P. Smith, and G. Gosse, Simulation of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in arable soils: a comparison of approaches, 2nd International Symposium on Modeling Cropping Systems, pp.107-120, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00099-0

J. Gall, En quoi l'association entre un blé et une plante de couverture permanente permet-elle d'assurer des fonctions écologiques intéressantes?, p.22, 2009.

E. Gallien, L. Bissonnais, Y. Eimberck, M. Benkhadra, H. Ligneau et al., Influence des couverts végétaux de jachère sur le ruissellement et l'érosion diffuse en sol limoneux cultivé, pp.171-183, 1995.

P. Glibert, J. Harrison, C. Heil, and S. Seitzinger, Escalating Worldwide use of Urea ??? A Global Change Contributing to Coastal Eutrophication, Biogeochemistry, vol.23, issue.2, pp.441-463, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10533-005-3070-5

N. L. Hartwig and H. U. Ammon, Cover crops and living mulches, Weed Science, vol.50, issue.6, pp.688-699, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/ps.2780420111

H. Hauggaard-nielsen, P. Ambus, and E. S. Jensen, Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pea???barley intercropping, Field Crops Research, vol.70, issue.2, pp.101-109, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00126-5

H. Hauggaard-nielsen and E. S. Jensen, Evaluating pea and barley cultivars for complementarity in intercropping at different levels of soil N availability, Field Crops Research, vol.72, issue.3, pp.185-196, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00176-9

H. Hauggaard-nielsen, P. Ambus, and E. S. Jensen, The comparison of nitrogen use and leaching in sole cropped versus intercropped pea and barley, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol.65, issue.3, pp.289-300, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1022612528161

H. Hauggaard-nielsen, S. Mundus, and E. S. Jensen, Nitrogen dynamics following grain legumes and subsequent catch crops and the effects on succeeding cereal crops, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol.7, issue.3, pp.281-291, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10705-008-9242-7

R. Haymes and H. C. Lee, Competition between autumn and spring planted grain intercrops of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and field bean (Vicia faba), Field Crops Research, vol.62, issue.2-3, pp.167-176, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00016-7

J. Hiltbrunner, N. Jeanneret, M. Liedgens, P. Stamp, and B. Streit, Response of Weed Communities to Legume Living Mulches in Winter Wheat, Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol.28, issue.2, pp.93-102, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021859602002010

J. Hiltbrunner, B. Streut, and M. Liedgens, Are seeding densities an opportunity to increase grain yield of winter wheat in a living mulch of white clover? Field Crops Res, pp.163-171, 2007.

J. Hiltbrunner, M. Liedgens, L. Bloch, P. Stamp, and B. Streit, Legume cover crops as living mulches for winter wheat: Components of biomass and the control of weeds, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.26, issue.1, pp.21-29, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2006.08.002

J. Hiltbrunner and M. Liedgens, Performance of Winter Wheat Varieties in White Clover Living Mulch, Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, vol.34, issue.7, pp.85-101, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4290(91)90079-B

J. M. Holland, The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.103, issue.1, pp.1-25, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2003.12.018

D. Isik, E. Kaya, M. Ngouajio, and H. Mennan, Weed suppression in organic pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with winter cover crops, Crop Protection, vol.28, issue.4, pp.356-363, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cropro.2008.12.002

E. S. Jensen, Grain yield, symbiotic N2 fixation and interspecific competition for inorganic N in pea-barley intercrops, Plant and Soil, vol.16, issue.1, pp.25-38, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00010992

E. S. Jensen, Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes for increased for increased production, weed control, improved production quality and prevention of N-losses in European organic farming systems, INTERCROP Report, 2006.

E. S. Jensen and H. Hauggaard-nielsen, fixation in agriculture benefit the environment?, Plant and Soil, vol.252, issue.1, pp.177-186, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1024189029226

M. H. Jeuffroy and C. Bouchard, Intensity and Duration of Nitrogen Deficiency on Wheat Grain Number, Crop Science, vol.39, issue.5, pp.1385-1393, 1999.
DOI : 10.2135/cropsci1999.3951385x

E. Justes, L. Prieur, L. Bedoussac, and J. Hemptinne, Est-il possible d'améliorer le rendement et la teneur en protéines du blé cultivé en Agriculture biologique au moyen de cultures intermédiaires ou de cultures associées ?, Colloque Innovations agronomiques, pp.165-176, 2009.

L. J. Kamphare, S. A. Hannah, and J. M. Coehn, Automated analysis for nitrate by hydrazine reduction, Water Research, vol.11, pp.205-216, 1967.

H. Känkänen and C. Eriksson, Effects of undersown crops on soil mineral N and grain yield of spring barley, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.27, issue.1, pp.25-34, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010

M. D. Krom, Spectrophotometric determination of ammonia: a study of a modified Berthelot reaction using salicylate and dichloroisocyanurate, The Analyst, vol.105, issue.1249, pp.305-316, 1980.
DOI : 10.1039/an9800500305

H. M. Kruidhof, Cover crop-based ecological weed management: exploration and optimization, CABI, vol.153, 2008.

C. P. Kushwaha, S. K. Tripathi, and K. P. Singh, Variations in soil microbial biomass and N availability due to residue and tillage management in a dryland rice agroecosystem. Soil & Tillage Research, pp.153-166, 2000.

F. J. Kwaad, M. Zijp, . Van-der, and P. M. Dijk, Soil conservation and maize cropping systems on sloping loess soils in the Netherlands, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.46, issue.1-2, pp.13-21, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)80103-7

R. Lahmar, S. De-tourdonnet, P. Barz, R. A. Düring, M. Frielinghaus et al., Prospect for conservation agriculture in northern and eastern European countries. Lessons of KASSA, Proceedings of the ninth ESA Congress, pp.77-88, 2006.

R. Lal, E. Regnier, D. J. Eckert, W. W. Edwards, and R. Hammond, Expectations of cover crops for sustainable agriculture, Cover crops for clean water, pp.1-11, 1991.

N. Lamanda, J. Dauzat, C. Jourdan, P. Martin, and E. Malézieux, Using 3D architectural models to assess light availability and root bulkiness in coconut agroforestry systems, Agroforestry Systems, vol.6, issue.2, pp.10457-10464, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10457-007-9068-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00271503

M. Launay, N. Brisson, S. Satger, H. Hauggaard-nielsen, G. Corre-hellou et al., Exploring options for managing strategies for pea???barley intercropping using a modeling approach, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.31, issue.2, pp.85-98, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2009.04.002

Y. D. Lawson, I. K. Dzomeku, and Y. J. Drisah, Time of planting Mucuna and Canavalia in an intercrop system with maize, Journal of Agronomy, vol.6, pp.534-540, 2007.

L. Bail, M. Meynard, and J. M. , Yield and protein concentration of spring malting barley: the effects of cropping systems in the Paris Basin (France), Agronomie, vol.23, issue.1, pp.13-27, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002029
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00885966

D. Lemerle, R. D. Cousens, G. S. Gill, S. J. Peltzer, M. Moerkerk et al., Reliability of higher seeding rates of wheat for increased competitiveness with weeds in low rainfall environments, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.142, issue.4, pp.395-409, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S002185960400454X

G. Lemaire and F. Gastal, N Uptake and Distribution in Plant Canopies, Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops. Berlin (DEU), pp.3-43, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-60684-7_1

L. Roux, X. Barbault, R. Baudry, J. Burel, F. Doussan et al., Agriculture et biodiversité : rapport d'expertise, INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (FRA). MAP, Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche, p.637, 2008.

M. Liebman and E. Dick, Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Management, Ecological Applications, vol.3, issue.1, pp.92-112, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/1941795

J. M. Maingi, C. A. Shisanya, N. M. Gitonga, and B. Hornetz, Nitrogen fixation by common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in pure and mixed stands in semi-arid south-east Kenya, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.14, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00080-0

D. Makowski, C. Naud, M. H. Jeuffroy, A. Barbottin, and H. Monod, Global sensitivity analysis for calculating the contribution of genetic parameters to the variance of crop model prediction, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol.91, issue.10-11, pp.10-11, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ress.2005.11.015

A. Maltas, M. Corbeels, É. Scopel, R. Oliver, J. M. Douzet et al., Long-term effects of continuous direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems on soil nitrogen supply in the Cerrado region of Brazil, Plant and Soil, vol.66, issue.1-2, pp.161-173, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-007-9350-1

R. C. Martin, P. R. Greyson, and R. Gordon, Competition between corn and a living mulch, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol.79, issue.4, pp.579-586, 1999.
DOI : 10.4141/P98-089

J. M. Meynard and J. Baudry, Landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity : which tools for tomorrow's farming systems ?. [Communication orale]. Conférence internationale, Biodiversité et Agriculture, issue.11, pp.4-05, 2008.

C. Mignolet, 2003: 30 ans d'évolution des pratiques agricoles sur le basin de la Seine, Séminaire AESN-SAGEP. 24-25 juin. Fontainebleau, pp.1-7

R. A. Morris and D. P. Garrity, Resource capture and utilization in intercropping: water. Field Crops Res, pp.303-317, 1993.

T. Muller and K. Thorup-kristensen, N-fixation of selected green manure plants -a contribution to the N-turnover in soils under organic crop rotations, pp.95-79, 2001.

D. Picard, M. Ghiloufi, P. Saulas, and S. De-tourdonnet, Does undersowing winter wheat with a cover crop increase competition for resources and is it compatible with high yield? Field Crops Res

S. Poggio, Structure of weed communities occurring in monoculture and intercropping of field pea and barley. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, pp.48-58, 2005.

J. C. Rémy and J. Hébert, Le devenir des engrais azotés dans le sol, C. R. Acad. Agric. Fr, vol.63, pp.700-710, 1977.

T. Rinnofner, J. K. Friedel, R. D. Kruijff, G. Pietsch, and B. Freyer, Effect of catch crops on N dynamics and following crops in organic farming, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.53, issue.4, pp.551-558, 2008.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2008028
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886408

C. Robert, Coupling 3D virtual plant and foliair epidemic models : a new modelling approach to investigate plant-pathogen interactions linked to architechture, 5 th International Workshop on functional-Structural Plant Models. HortResearch, p.27, 2007.

S. M. Ross, J. R. Kling, C. Izaurralde, R. O-'donovan, and J. T. , Weed Suppression by Seven Clover Species, Agronomy Journal, vol.93, issue.4, pp.820-827, 2001.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2001.934820x

K. B. Samarajeewa, T. Horiuchi, and S. Oba, Weed population dynamics in wheat as affected by Astragalus sinicus L. (Chinese milk vetch) under reduced tillage, Crop Protection, vol.24, issue.10, pp.864-869, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.018

K. B. Samarajeewa, T. Horiuchi, and S. Oba, Finger millet (Eleucine corocana L. Gaertn.) as a cover crop on weed control, growth and yield of soybean under different tillage systems, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.90, issue.1-2, pp.93-99, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.still.2005.08.018

L. Séguy and S. Bouzinac, Le semis direct du riz pluvial de haute technologie dans la zone tropicale humide du centre Nord du Mato Grosso au Brésil : les techniques actuelles, intégration dans les systèmes mécanisés de semis direct à base de soja et « safrinhas, p.39, 1998.

E. Scopel, A. Findeling, C. Guerra, E. Corbeels, and M. , Impact of direct sowing mulch-based cropping systems on soil carbon, soil erosion and maize yield, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.25, issue.4, pp.425-432, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2005041
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886259

J. Six, C. Feller, K. Denef, S. M. Ogle, J. C. De-moraes-sa et al., Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils - Effects of no-tillage, Agronomie, vol.22, issue.7-8, pp.755-775, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002043
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00885974

J. F. Soussana and M. C. Arregui, Impact de l'association sur le niveau de nutrition azot??e et la croissance du ray-grass anglais et du tr??fle blanc, Agronomie, vol.15, issue.2, pp.81-96, 1995.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:19950201
URL : http://prodinra.inra.fr/ft/4D12B118-6B39-4626-AC0F-F705137FEFA0

S. Sooroshian and V. K. Gupta, Model calibration, Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology. Water Ressources Publication, 1130.

F. Stevenson and C. Van-kessel, A Landscape-Scale Assessment of the Nitrogen and Non-Nitrogen Rotation Benefits of Pea, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.60, issue.6, pp.1797-1805, 1996.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060027x

C. O. Stockle, Simulation of agricultural systems: the challenges ahead, Proceedings of the International Symposium Modelling Cropping Systems, pp.19-24, 1999.

A. R. Szumigalski, R. C. Acker, and . Van, Land Equivalent Ratios, Light Interception, and Water Use in Annual Intercrops in the Presence or Absence of In-Crop Herbicides, Agronomy Journal, vol.100, issue.4, pp.1145-1154, 2008.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2006.0343

J. Teasdale, Contribution of cover crops to weed management in suistainable agricultural systems, J. Prod. Agri, issue.9, pp.475-479, 1996.

J. R. Teasdale and D. W. Shirley, Influence of Herbicide Application Timing on Corn Production in a Hairy Vetch Cover Crop, jpa, vol.11, issue.1, pp.121-125, 1998.
DOI : 10.2134/jpa1998.0121

J. R. Teasdale, Principles and practices of using cover crops in weed managemen systems, Weed management for developing countries (Addendum 1) (1) FAO, pp.169-178, 2003.

J. R. Teasdale, C. B. Coffman, and R. W. Mangum, Potential Long-Term Benefits of No-Tillage and Organic Cropping Systems for Grain Production and Soil Improvement, Agronomy Journal, vol.99, issue.5, pp.1297-1305, 2007.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2006.0362

F. Tebrügge and R. A. Düring, Reducing tillage intensity ??? a review of results from a long-term study in Germany, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.53, issue.1, pp.15-28, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00073-2

M. D. Thorsted, J. Olesen, and J. Weiner, Mechanical control of clover improves nitrogen supply and growth of wheat in winter wheat/white clover intercropping, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.24, issue.2, pp.149-155, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2005.07.004

J. Vos and P. E. Van-der-putten, Field observations on nitrogen catch crops. I. Potential and actual growth and nitrogen accumulation in relation to sowing date and crop species, Plant and Soil, vol.195, issue.2, pp.299-309, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1004281218996

D. Wallach and B. Goffinet, Mean Squared Error of Prediction in Models for Studying Ecological and Agronomic Systems, Biometrics, vol.43, issue.3, pp.561-573, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/2531995

D. Wallach, D. Makowski, and J. W. Jones, Working with dynamic crop models: Evaluation, analysis, parametrization and applications, 2006.

S. A. Walters, B. G. Young, and R. F. Krausz, Influence of Tillage, Cover Crop, and Preemergence Herbicides on Weed Control and Pumpkin Yield, International Journal of Vegetable Science, vol.11, issue.2, pp.148-161, 2008.
DOI : 10.1300/J064v30n03_03

M. M. Wander and Y. Xueming, Influence of tillage on the dynamics of loose-and occludedparticulate and humified organic matter fractions, Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol.32, pp.8-9, 2000.

J. G. White and T. W. Scott, Effects of perennial forage-legume living mulces on no-till winter wheat and rye. Field Crops Research, pp.135-141, 1991.

A. P. Whitmore and J. J. Schroder, Intercropping reduces nitrate leaching from under field crops without loss of yield: A modelling study, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.27, issue.1, pp.81-88, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2007.02.004

R. Willey, Intercropping-Its importance and research needs. Part 1. Competition and yield advantages, pp.1-10, 1979.

R. W. Willey, Resource use in intercropping systems, Agricultural Water Management, vol.17, issue.1-3, pp.215-231, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-3774(90)90069-B

L. M. Zibilske and D. J. Makus, Black oat cover crop management effects on soil temperature and biological properties on a Mollisol in Texas, USA, Geoderma, vol.149, issue.3-4, pp.13-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.01.001