T. R. Baker, O. L. Phillips, and Y. Malhi, Increasing biomass in Amazonian forest plots, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.359, issue.1443, pp.353-365, 2004.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2003.1422

A. Banco, Manual de orientação do credenciado, p.113, 2006.

R. I. Barbosa and C. A. Ferreira, Biomassa acima do solo de um ecossistema de "campina" em Roraima, norte da Amaz??nia brasileira, Acta Amazonica, vol.34, issue.4, pp.577-586, 2004.
DOI : 10.1590/S0044-59672004000400009

P. Barreto, P. Amaral, E. Vidal, and C. Et-uhl, Costs and benefits of forest management for timber production in eastern Amazonia, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.108, issue.1-2, pp.9-26, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00251-X

A. C. Barros and C. Uhl, Logging along the Amazon River and estuary: Patterns, problems and potential, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.77, issue.1-3, pp.87-105, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(95)03574-T

J. Bastos-da-veiga, J. Tourrand, D. Quanz, P. Sist, E. Scopel et al., La longue marche de l'agriculture durable en Amazonie, La Recherche, vol.406, p.29, 2007.

M. Bernoux, M. D. Carvalho, B. Volkoff, and C. C. Cerri, Brazil's Soil Carbon Stocks, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.66, issue.3, pp.888-896, 2002.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj2002.8880

F. Boltz, D. R. Carter, T. P. Holmes, and . R. Et-pereira-jr, Financial returns under uncertainty for conventional and reduced-impact logging in permanent production forests of the Brazilian Amazon, Ecological Economics, vol.39, issue.3, pp.387-398, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00231-2

J. L. Bowyer, Strategies for ensuring the survival of tropical forests: can logging be one of them? Forest Products, Journal, vol.47, issue.2, pp.15-24, 1997.

T. J. Brandeis, S. Rozo, and M. R. , Effects of model choice and forest structure on inventory-based estimations of Puerto Rican forest biomass, Caribbean Journal of Science, vol.41, pp.250-268, 2005.

J. P. Brosius, A. L. Tsing, and C. Zerner, Communities and conservation: Histories and politics of community-based natural resource management, 2005.

I. F. Brown, L. A. Martinelli, and W. W. Thomas, Uncertainty in the biomass of Amazonian forests: An example from Rond??nia, Brazil, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.75, issue.1-3, pp.175-189, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(94)03512-U

S. Brown, A. Gillespie, and A. Lugo, Biomass estimation methods for tropical forests with applications to forest inventory data, Forest Science, vol.35, pp.881-902, 1989.

S. Brown, Estimating biomass and biomass change of tropical forests, 1997.

J. Bulkan, Land-Use Planning and Social Aspects of Sustainable Forest Management KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology, 2004.

M. A. Cairns, S. Brown, E. H. Helme, and G. A. Baumgardner, Root biomass allocation in the world's upland forests, Oecologia, vol.111, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s004420050201

P. Calvet, B. Lemoine, and J. Et-peyron, Taux d'actualisation et conduite sylvicole des peuplements forestiers : un exemple dans le cas du pin maritime en France, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.27, issue.8, pp.1268-1275, 1997.
DOI : 10.1139/x97-073

P. B. Camargo, S. E. Trumbore, and L. A. Martinelli, Soil carbon dynamics in regrowing forest of eastern Amazonia, Global Change Biology, vol.34, issue.273, pp.693-702, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/95GB02148

R. De-camino and M. Et-alfaro, Certification in Latin America: Experience to Date, Overseas Development Institute, 28p. Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 23c, 1998.

C. Castro, A Amazônia e defesa nacional, 2006.

C. C. Cerri, M. Bernoux, and D. Arrouays, Carbon pools in soils of the Brazilian Amazon Global climate change and tropical ecosystems, Boca Raton, pp.33-50, 2000.

J. Q. Chambers, N. Higuchi, and J. P. Schimel, Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon, Oecologia, vol.122, issue.3, pp.380-388, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s004420050044

P. M. Fearnside, Ocupação Humana de Rondônia: Impactos, Limites e Planejamento, Relatórios de Pesquisa N°5, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), 1989.

P. M. Fearnside, The Roles and Movements of Actors in the Deforestation of Brazilian Amazonia, Ecology and Society, vol.13, issue.1, p.23, 2008.
DOI : 10.5751/ES-02451-130123

T. R. Feldpausch, S. Jirka, and C. A. Passos, When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.219, issue.2-3, pp.199-215, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.003

L. V. Ferreira, E. Venticinque, and S. Almeida, O desmatamento na Amaz??nia e a import??ncia das ??reas protegidas, Estudos Avan??ados, vol.19, issue.53, pp.157-166, 2005.
DOI : 10.1590/S0103-40142005000100010
URL : http://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-40142005000100010

F. Ferreira, Análise da sustentabilidade do manejo florestal com base na avaliação de danos causados por exploração de impacto reduzido (EIR) em floresta de terra firme no municipio de Paragominas (Pará), Mestrado da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia, 2005.

T. D. Fredericksen and F. E. Putz, Silvicultural intensification for tropical forest conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.12, issue.7, pp.1445-1453, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1023673625940

G. Filha and I. , Manejo florestal: quest??es econ??mico-financeiras e ambientais, Estudos Avan??ados, vol.16, issue.45, pp.91-106, 2002.
DOI : 10.1590/S0103-40142002000200007

A. H. Gentry, Tropical Forest Biodiversity: Distributional Patterns and Their Conservational Significance, Oikos, vol.63, issue.1, pp.19-28, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/3545512

J. J. Gerwing, J. S. Johns, and E. Vidal, Reducing waste during logging and log processing: forest conservation in eastern Amazonia, Unasylva, vol.47, issue.187, pp.17-25, 1996.

J. J. Gerwing, Degradation of forests through logging and fire in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.157, issue.1-3, pp.131-141, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00644-7

S. Gourlet-fleury, Modélisation individuelle spatialement explicite de la dynamique d'un peuplement de forêt dense tropicale humide, 1997.

S. Gourlet-fleury, Individual-based spatially explicit modelling of forest stands in French Guiana, Proceedings of the international conference: Data Management and Modelling Using Remote Sensing and GIS for Tropical Forest Land Inventory, pp.473-490, 1999.

S. Gourlet-fleury and F. Houllier, Modelling diameter increment in a lowland evergreen rain forest in French Guiana, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.131, issue.1-3, pp.269-289, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00212-1

S. Goulert-fleury, B. Ferry, and J. Molino, Experimental plots: key features. In: Ecology and Management of a Neotropical Rainforest. Lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana, pp.3-60, 2004.

S. Gourlet-fleury, G. Cornu, S. Jésel, H. Dessard, J. G. Jourget et al., Using models to predict recovery and assess tree species vulnerability in logged tropical forests: A case study from French Guiana, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.209, issue.1-2, pp.69-86, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.010

R. Govaerts, How Many Species of Seed Plants Are There?, Taxon, vol.50, issue.4, pp.1085-1090, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1224723

H. Gregersen and A. Contreras, Evaluation économique des impacts des projets forestiers. Rome, Italie, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture ? FAO, FAO Forestry Paper 106, 1994.

M. Grieg-gran, The cost of avoiding deforestation. Update of the report prepared for the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change, 2008.

O. Hamel and J. M. Eschbach, Potential impact of the Clean Development Mechanism on the future of tree crops. Ocl-Oleagineux Corps Gras Lipides, pp.599-610, 2001.

J. R. Healey, C. Price, and J. Tay, The cost of carbon retention by reduced impact logging, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.139, issue.1-3, pp.237-255, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00385-6

N. Higuchi, Short-term growth of an undisturbed tropical moist forest in theBrazilian Amazon, 1987.

N. Higuchi, J. Chambers, and J. Santos, DIN??MICA E BALAN??O DO CARBONO DA VEGETA????O PRIM??RIA DA AMAZ??NIA CENTRAL, FLORESTA, vol.34, issue.3, pp.295-304, 2004.
DOI : 10.5380/rf.v34i3.2417

H. F. Hoen and B. Solberg, Potential and economic efficiency of carbon sequestration in forest biomass through silvicultural management, Forest Science, vol.40, pp.429-451, 1994.

A. R. Holdsworth and C. Uhl, FIRE IN AMAZONIAN SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST AND THE POTENTIAL FOR FIRE REDUCTION, Ecological Applications, vol.7, issue.2, pp.713-725, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/2388278

T. P. Holmes, G. M. Blate, and J. C. Zweede, Financial and ecological indicators of reduced impact logging performance in the eastern Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.163, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00530-8

R. A. Houghton, D. L. Skole, and C. A. Nobre, Annual fluxes or carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon, Nature, vol.403, issue.6767, pp.301-304, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35002062

R. B. Jackson, J. Canadell, and J. R. Ehleringer, A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes, Oecologia, vol.16, issue.3, pp.389-411, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00333714

J. S. Johns, P. Barreto, and C. Uhl, Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the eastern Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.89, issue.1-3, pp.59-77, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03869-8

N. Johnson and B. Cabarle, Surviving the cut: natural forest management in the Humid Tropics, 1993.

W. B. Jonkers, Vegetation structure logging damage and silviculture in a tropical rain forest in Suriname, 1987.

A. Karsenty, Le mécanisme pour un développement propre et les forêts, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, vol.261, pp.80-83, 1999.

A. Karsenty, The architecture of proposed REDD schemes after Bali: facing critical choices, International Forestry Review, vol.10, issue.3, pp.443-457, 2008.
DOI : 10.1505/ifor.10.3.443

M. Keller, M. Palace, G. P. Asner, R. Pereira, and J. N. Silva, Coarse woody debris in undisturbed and logged forests in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, Global Change Biology, vol.47, issue.5, pp.784-795, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(92)90099-U

Q. M. Ketterings, R. Coe, and M. Noordwijk, Reducing uncertainty in the use of allometric biomass equations for predicting above-ground tree biomass in mixed secondary forests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.146, issue.1-3, pp.199-209, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00460-6

M. Kraenzel, A. Castillo, T. Y. Moore, and C. Potvin, Carbon storage of harvest age teak (Tectona grandris) plantations, Panama. Forest Ecology and Management 173, pp.213-225, 2003.

M. Lentini, A. Verissimo, and L. Sobral, Fatos florestais da amazônia 2003, 2003.

M. Lentini, D. Pereira, D. Celentano, and R. Pereira, Fatos florestais de Amazônica, 2005.

S. L. Lewis, G. Lopez-gonzalez, and B. Sonke, Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests, Nature, vol.88, issue.7232, pp.1003-1007, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nature07771
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00364821

A. E. Lugo, Comparison of Tropical Tree Plantations with Secondary Forests of Similar Age, Ecological Monographs, vol.62, issue.1, pp.1-41, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2937169

H. F. Maître, Projet de recherches sylvicoles sur les peuplements naturels en forêt dense guyanaise. Ministère de la recherche et de la technologie, 1982.

Y. Malhi, A. D. Nobre, and J. Grace, Carbon dioxide transfer over a Central Amazonian rain forest, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.34, issue.189, pp.593-612, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JD02647

Y. Malhi, T. R. Baker, and O. L. Phillips, The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots, Global Change Biology, vol.65, issue.10, pp.563-591, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1009844226078

Y. Malhi, L. E. Aragao, and D. B. Metcalfe, Comprehensive assessment of carbon productivity, allocation and storage in three Amazonian forests, Global Change Biology, vol.33, issue.D20, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01780.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032150

P. Marco, Impact de l'intensité d'exploitation sur la stabilité des groupes fonctionnels d'espèces arborées en forêt tropicale humide, Rapport Master 2. Master Sciences de l'environnement et de la terre, 2008.

M. A. Marini and F. I. Garcia, Conservação de aves no Brasil, pp.95-102, 2005.

M. Marquesini and G. Edwards, Madeira ilegal e predatória na região de Santarém ? um estudo de caso. Greenpeace Campanha Amazônia, 2001.

O. R. Masera, J. F. Garza-caligaris, and M. Kanninen, Modeling carbon sequestration in afforestation, agroforestry and forest management projects: the CO2FIX V.2 approach, Ecological Modelling, vol.164, issue.2-3, pp.177-199, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00419-2

H. Mattson-marn and W. B. Jonkers, Logging damage in tropical high forest, 1981.

P. H. May, V. Neto, and F. C. , Barriers to certification of forest management in the Brazilian Amazon: the importance of costs, Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Pró- Natura, International Institute for Environment and Development ? IIED, Deustche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 2000.

S. D. Miller, M. L. Goulden, and M. C. Menton, BIOMETRIC AND MICROMETEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS OF TROPICAL FOREST CARBON BALANCE, Ecological Applications, vol.14, issue.sp4, pp.114-126, 2004.
DOI : 10.1890/02-6005

J. F. Molino and D. Sabatier, Tree Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests: A Validation of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, Science, vol.294, issue.5547, pp.1702-1704, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1060284

F. Montagnini and C. Et-porras, Evaluating the Role of Plantations as Carbon Sinks: An Example of an Integrative Approach from the Humid Tropics, Environmental Management, vol.22, issue.3, pp.459-470, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s002679900119

M. Cruia, A. P. Veiga, J. B. Ludonino, and R. M. , Caracterização dos sistemas de produção da agricultura familiar de Paragominas-PA: a pecuária e propostas de desenvolvimento, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, vol.55, 1999.

P. Moura-costa, TROPICAL FORESTRY PRACTICES FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION, Ambio, vol.25, pp.279-283, 1996.
DOI : 10.1142/9789814261043_0014

P. Moura-costa and C. Wilson, An equivalence factor between CO2 avoided emissions and sequestration ? description and applications in forestry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for, Global Change, vol.5, issue.1, pp.51-60, 2000.

P. Moutinho and S. Schwartzman, Tropical deforestation and climate change, 2005.

T. Neeff, P. M. Graca, L. V. Dutra, and C. D. Freitas, Carbon budget estimation in Central Amazonia: Successional forest modeling from remote sensing data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.94, issue.4, pp.508-522, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.002

B. W. Nelson, R. Mesquita, J. L. Pereira, S. G. De-souza, G. T. Batista et al., Allometric regressions for improved estimate of secondary forest biomass in the central Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.117, issue.1-3, pp.149-167, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00475-7

D. C. Nepstad, A. Verissimo, and A. Alencar, Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forest by logging and fire, Nature, vol.398, pp.555-508, 1999.

D. Nepstad, G. Carvalho, and A. C. Barros, Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.154, issue.3, pp.395-407, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00511-4

E. Niesten and R. Rice, Sustainable forest management and conservation incentive agreements, International Forestry Review, vol.6, issue.1, pp.56-60, 2004.
DOI : 10.1505/ifor.6.1.56.32065

E. Niesten and R. Rice, Gestion durable des for??ts et incitations directes ?? la conservation de la biodiversit??, Tiers-Monde, vol.45, issue.177, pp.127-150, 2004.
DOI : 10.3406/tiers.2004.5451

E. M. Nogueira, B. W. Nelson, and P. M. Fearnside, Volume and biomass of trees in central Amazonia: influence of irregularly shaped and hollow trunks, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.227, issue.1-2, pp.14-21, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.004

E. M. Nogueira, B. W. Nelson, and P. M. Fearnside, Tree height in Brazil's ???arc of deforestation???: Shorter trees in south and southwest Amazonia imply lower biomass, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.255, issue.7, pp.2963-2972, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.002

J. F. Oates, Myth and reality in the rain forest: how conservation strategies are failing West Africa, 1999.

M. Obersteiner, G. Kindermann, E. Rametsteiner, and B. Sohngen, Economics of avoiding deforestation. Proceddings of the Climate Change Mitigation Measures in the Agro-Forestry Sector and Biodiversity Futures, 2006.

A. A. De-oliveira and S. A. Mori, A central Amazonian terra firme forest. I. High tree species richness on poor soils, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.8, issue.9, pp.1219-1244, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008908615271

J. Ometto, A. D. Nobre, H. R. Rocha, P. Artaxo, and L. A. Martinelli, Amazonia and the modern carbon cycle: lessons learned, Oecologia, vol.118, issue.1???2, pp.483-500, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-005-0034-3

T. Osborne and C. Kiker, Carbon offsets as an economic alternative to large-scale logging: a case study in Guyana, Ecological Economics, vol.52, issue.4, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.003

I. Parmentier, Y. Malhi, and B. Senterre, The odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree ?-diversity of African rain forests relative to Amazonian rain forests?, Journal of Ecology, vol.36, issue.5, pp.1058-1071, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1117715

D. Pearce, F. E. Putz, and J. K. Vanclay, Sustainable forestry in the tropics: panacea or folly? Forest Ecology and Management, pp.229-247, 2003.

R. Pelissier and B. Riera, Dix ans de dynamique d'une forêt dense humide de Guyane française, pp.21-33, 1993.

R. Pereira, J. Zweede, G. P. Asner, and M. Keller, Forest canopy damage and recovery in reduced-impact and conventional selective logging in eastern Para, Brazil, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.168, issue.1-3, pp.77-89, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00732-0

D. Sabatier and M. F. Prevost, Quelques données sur la composition et la diversité des peuplements forestiers de Guyane française, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, vol.219, pp.31-55, 1989.

C. R. Sanquetta, Experiências de monitoramento no bioma Mata Atlântica com uso de parcelas permanentes, 2008.

J. Sathaye, W. Makundi, and L. Dale, GHG Mitigation Potential, Costs and Benefits in Global Forests: A Dynamic Partial Equilibrium Approach, The Energy Journal, vol.2006, issue.01, pp.127-172, 2007.
DOI : 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-VolSI2006-NoSI3-7

D. S. Schimel, Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle, Global Change Biology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.77-91, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00002772

L. Schmitt, Recherches sylvicoles sur les peuplements naturels en forêt dense guyanaise: phase preliminaire: localisation du dispositif principal, 1984.

L. Schmitt, Etude des peuplements naturels en forêt dense guyanaise: compte rendu de mise en application des traitements sylvicoles sur le dispositif de Paracou, 1989.

E. D. Schulze, C. Wirth, and M. Heimann, CLIMATE CHANGE: Managing Forests After Kyoto, Science, vol.289, issue.5487, pp.2058-2059, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.289.5487.2058

R. Seroa-da-motta and C. A. Amaral, Estimating timber depreciation in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Finance Working Paper, ACC, pp.35-38, 1998.

J. N. Silva, The behaviour of the tropical rain forest of the Brazilian Amazon after logging, p.302, 1989.

P. Sist, Reduced-impact logging in the tropics: objectives, principles and impact of research, International Forestry Review, vol.2, issue.1, pp.3-10, 2000.

P. Sist, N. Picard, and S. Gourlet-fleury, Sustainable cutting cycle and yields in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of Borneo, Annals of Forest Science, vol.60, issue.8, pp.803-814, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/forest:2003075
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883755

P. Sist, D. Sheil, K. Kartawinata, and H. Priyadi, Reduced-impact logging in Indonesian Borneo: some results confirming the need for new silvicultural prescriptions, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.179, issue.1-3, pp.415-427, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00533-9

P. Sist, R. Fimbel, D. Sheil, R. Nasi, and M. H. Chevallier, Towards sustainable management of mixed dipterocarp forests of South-east Asia: moving beyond minimum diameter cutting limits, Environmental Conservation, vol.30, issue.4, pp.364-374, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0376892903000389

P. Sist and N. Brown, Silvicultural intensification for tropical forest conservation: a response to Fredericksen and Putz, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.13, issue.12, pp.2381-2385, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000048022.19415.48

P. Sist and F. N. Ferreira, Sustainability of reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.243, issue.2-3, pp.199-209, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.014

E. D. Sotta, P. Meir, and Y. Malhi, Soil CO2 efflux in a tropical forest in the central Amazon, Global Change Biology, vol.93, issue.1, pp.601-617, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/95GB02148

M. E. Soulé and J. W. Terborgh, Conserving Nature at Regional and Continental Scales: A Scientific Program for North America, BioScience, vol.49, issue.10, pp.809-817, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1313572

S. W. Stone, Economics trends in the timber industry of the Brazilian Amazon: evidence from Paragominas, 24p. CREED Working Paper Series, issue.6, 1996.

B. J. Stokes, N. Higuchi, and A. C. Hummel, Harvesting in the Várzea forests of the Brazilian Amazon, Proceedings of the FAO/IUFRO Satellite Meeting held in conjunction with the IUFRO XX World Congress, pp.4-0547, 1995.

E. D. Telles, P. B. De-camargo, and L. A. Martinelli, Influence of soil texture on carbon dynamics and storage potential in tropical forest soils of Amazonia, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.17, pp.1-12, 2003.

H. Ter-steege, N. Pitman, and D. Sabatier, A spatial model of tree ?-diversity and -density for the Amazon, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.12, issue.11, pp.2255-2277, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1024593414624

J. Terborgh, Requiem for Nature, 1999.

S. E. Trumbore, E. A. Davidson, and P. B. De-camargo, Belowground cycling of carbon in forests and pastures of eastern Amazonia, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.5, issue.4, pp.515-528, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95GB02148

I. M. Turner, The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest, p.298, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511542206

C. Uhl and I. C. Viera, Ecological Impacts of Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon: A Case Study from the Paragominas Region of the State of Para, Biotropica, vol.21, issue.2, pp.98-106, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2388700

R. Zachow, Situação atual dos planos de manejo florestal sustentável na Amazônia Legal, 1998.

E. Josué and . Ribeiro-ferreira, Above-ground biomass dynamics after reduced-impact logging in Eastern Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, pp.367-373, 2010.

J. Chave, C. Andalo, S. Brown, M. A. Cairns, J. Q. Chambers et al., Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests, Oecologia, vol.24, issue.D16, pp.87-99, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x

R. S. Defries, R. A. Houghton, M. C. Hansen, C. B. Field, D. Skole et al., Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 1990s, Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. USA 99, pp.14256-14261, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.182560099

L. Durrieu-de-madron, Mortalité des arbres en forêt primaire de Guyane française, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, vol.239, pp.43-57, 1994.

P. M. Fearnside, Wood density for estimating forest biomass in Brazilian Amazonia, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.90, issue.1, pp.59-87, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03840-6

S. Gourlet-fleury, J. M. Guehl, and O. Laroussinie, Ecology and management of a neotropical rainforest. Lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana, p.311, 2004.

G. S. Hartshorn and J. L. Whitmore, Anthropogenic disturbance and tropical forestry: implications for sustainable management In, Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground, pp.467-486, 1999.

R. A. Houghton, Aboveground Forest Biomass and the Global Carbon Balance, Global Change Biology, vol.45, issue.6, pp.945-958, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/35078060

M. Keller, M. Palace, and G. Hurtt, Biomass estimation in the Tapajos National Forest, Brazil, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.154, issue.3, pp.371-382, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00509-6

W. F. Laurence, P. M. Fearnside, S. G. Laurance, P. Delamonica, T. E. Lovejoy et al., Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass: a landscape-scale study, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.118, issue.1-3, pp.127-138, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00494-0

S. L. Lewis, A. Monteagudo, D. A. Neill, P. Nuñez-vargas, N. C. Pitman et al., The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests, Global Change Biology, vol.12, pp.1107-1138, 2006.

C. E. Lovelock, T. A. Kursar, J. B. Skillman, and K. Winter, Photoinhibition in tropical forest understorey species with short- and long-lived leaves, Functional Ecology, vol.12, issue.4, pp.553-560, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9452(96)04363-4

.. Y. Malhi, D. Wood, T. Baker, J. Wright, O. Phillips et al., The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests, Global Change Biology, vol.53, issue.7, pp.1107-1138, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467498000455

D. Mollicone, A. Freibauer, E. D. Schulze, S. Braatz, G. Grassi et al., Elements for the expected mechanisms on ???reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation, REDD??? under UNFCCC, Environmental Research Letters, vol.2, issue.4, p.45024, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045024

D. Nepstad, A. Verissimo, A. Alencar, C. Nobre, E. Lima et al., Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire, Nature, vol.398, issue.6727, pp.505-508, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/19066

E. M. Nogueira, B. W. Nelson, and P. M. Fearnside, Wood density in dense forest in central Amazonia, Brazil, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.208, issue.1-3, pp.261-286, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.12.007

E. M. Nogueira, P. M. Fearnside, B. W. Nelson, R. I. Barbosa, and E. W. Keizer, Estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from wood-volume inventories, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.256, issue.11, pp.1853-1867, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.022

L. Oliveira, Efeito da exploração de madeira e de diferentes intensidades de desbates sobre a dinâmica da vegetação de uma área de 136 há na floresta nacional de Tapajós, 2005.

O. L. Phillips, Y. Malhi, N. Higuchi, W. F. Laurance, P. V. Núñez et al., Changes in the Carbon Balance of Tropical Forests: Evidence from Long-Term Plots, Science, vol.282, issue.5388, pp.439-442, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.282.5388.439

O. L. Phillips, L. E. Aragao, S. L. Lewis, J. B. Fisher, J. Lloyd et al., Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest, Science, vol.323, issue.5919, pp.1344-1347, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1164033
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032111

M. A. Pinard and F. E. Putz, Retaining Forest Biomass by Reducing Logging Damage, Biotropica, vol.28, issue.3, pp.278-295, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2389193

F. E. Putz, K. H. Redford, J. G. Robinson, R. Fimbel, and G. M. Blate, Biodiversity conservation in the context of tropical forest management. The World Bank Environment Department, Biodiversity series-Impact Studies, 2000.

F. E. Putz, P. Sist, and T. S. Fredericksen, Reduced-impact logging: Challenges and opportunities, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.256, issue.7, pp.1427-1433, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.036
URL : http://ufdc.ufl.edu/LS00000921/00083

F. E. Putz, P. A. Zuidema, M. A. Pinard, R. G. Boot, J. A. Sayer et al., Improved Tropical Forest Management for Carbon Retention, PLoS Biology, vol.172, issue.7, pp.1368-1369, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060166.sd001

D. Sheil, D. Burslem, and D. Alder, The Interpretation and Misinterpretation of Mortality Rate Measures, The Journal of Ecology, vol.83, issue.2, pp.331-333, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2261571

D. Sheil and M. Van-heist, Ecology for tropical forest management, International Forestry Review, vol.2, pp.261-270, 2000.

J. N. Silva, J. O. De-carvalho, J. Lopes, C. Do, B. F. De-almeida et al., Growth and yield of a tropical rain forest in the Brazilian Amazon 13 years after logging, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.71, issue.3, pp.267-274, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(94)06106-S

J. M. Silva, J. O. Carvalho, J. C. Lopes, R. P. Oliveira, and L. C. Oliveira, Growth and yield studies in the Tapajos region, central Brazilian Amazon, Commonwealth Forestry Review, vol.75, pp.3325-3329, 1996.

P. Sist and N. Nguyen-thé, Logging damage and the subsequent dynamics of a dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan (1990???1996), Forest Ecology and Management, vol.165, issue.1-3, pp.85-103, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00649-1

N. R. De-graaf, R. L. Poels, and R. Van-rampaey, Effect of silvicultural treatment on growth and mortality of rainforest in Surinam over long periods, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.124, issue.2-3, pp.123-135, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00057-2

C. Han and B. P. Carlin, Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods for Computing Bayes Factors, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.96, issue.455, pp.1122-1132, 2001.
DOI : 10.1198/016214501753208780

F. E. Harrell, Regression Modeling Strategies. Corrected, 2001.

N. Higuchi, J. Chambers, and J. Santos, DIN??MICA E BALAN??O DO CARBONO DA VEGETA????O PRIM??RIA DA AMAZ??NIA CENTRAL, FLORESTA, vol.34, issue.3, pp.295-304, 2004.
DOI : 10.5380/rf.v34i3.2417

L. Kammesheidt, P. Köhler, and A. Huth, Sustainable timber harvesting in Venezuela: a modelling approach, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.38, issue.4, pp.756-770, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00629.x

D. A. King, S. J. Davies, and N. S. Noor, Growth and mortality are related to adult tree size in a Malaysian mixed dipterocarp forest, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.223, issue.1-3, pp.152-158, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.066

R. K. Kobe, S. W. Pacala, and J. A. Silander, Juvenile Tree Survivorship as a Component of Shade Tolerance, Ecological Applications, vol.5, issue.2, pp.517-532, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/1942040

P. Köhler and A. Huth, The effects of tree species grouping in tropical rainforest modelling: Simulations with the individual-based model Formind, Ecological Modelling, vol.109, issue.3, pp.301-321, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00066-0

J. P. Lescure and R. Boulet, Relationships Between Soil and Vegetation in a Tropical Rain Forest in French Guiana, Biotropica, vol.17, issue.2, pp.155-164, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/2388508

R. A. Lima and L. C. Moura, Gap disturbance regime and composition in the 10, 2008.

C. Loehle, Tree life history strategies: the role of defenses, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.18, issue.2, pp.209-222, 1987.
DOI : 10.1139/x88-032

A. Miller, Subset Selection in Regression, 2002.

R. A. Monserud, Simulation of forest tree mortality, Forest Science, vol.22, issue.3, pp.438-444, 1976.

F. Morneau, Effets d'un gradient d'engorgement sur la structure et la dynamique d'une forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française), p.256, 2007.

H. C. Muller-landau, Interspecific and Inter-site Variation in Wood Specific Gravity of Tropical Trees, Biotropica, vol.82, issue.1, pp.20-32, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00542.x

H. C. Muller-landau, S. J. Wright, O. Calderón, R. Condit, and S. P. Hubbell, Interspecific variation in primary seed dispersal in a tropical forest, Journal of Ecology, vol.23, issue.108, pp.653-667, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01399.x

A. J. Van-noordwijk and G. De-jong, Acquisition and Allocation of Resources: Their Influence on Variation in Life History Tactics, The American Naturalist, vol.128, issue.1, pp.137-142, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/284547

S. W. Pacala, C. D. Canham, and J. A. Silander, Forest models defined by field measurements: I. The design of a northeastern forest simulator, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.23, issue.10, 1980.
DOI : 10.1139/x93-249

P. D. Phillips, C. P. Azecedo, and B. De-degen, An individual-based spatially explicit simulation model for strategic forest management planning in the eastern Amazon, Ecological Modelling, vol.173, issue.4, pp.335-354, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.09.023

F. E. Putz, P. D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalvo, and A. Aiello, Uprooting and snapping of trees: structural determinants and ecological consequences, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.13, issue.5, pp.1011-102, 1983.
DOI : 10.1139/x83-133

A. E. Raftery, M. A. Newton, J. M. Satagopan, and P. Krivitsky, Estimating the integrated likelihood via posterior simulation using the harmonic mean identity (with discussion), Bayesian Statistics 8, pp.1-45, 2007.

R. Development and C. Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, 2004.

R. B. Lang, M. Bois, and P. , Statistical analysis of extreme events in a nonstationary context via a Bayesian framework: case study with peak-over-threshold data, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol.21, issue.2, pp.97-112, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00452224

B. Riera, Chablis et cicatrisation en forêt guyanaise, 1983.

C. P. Robert, Analyse Statistique Bayésienne, 1992.

C. P. Robert and G. Casella, Monte Carlo Statistical Methods, p.645, 1999.

G. E. Schwarz, Estimating the Dimension of a Model, The Annals of Statistics, vol.6, issue.2, pp.461-464, 1978.
DOI : 10.1214/aos/1176344136

M. D. Swaine and D. Lieberman, Note on the calculation of mortality rates, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.3, pp.ii-iii, 1987.

M. D. Swaine, D. Lieberman, and F. E. Putz, ABSTRACT, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.3, issue.04, pp.259-369, 1987.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467400002339

D. Tilman and S. Pacala, The maintenance of species richness in plant communities, Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, pp.13-25, 1993.

I. M. Turner, Tree Seedling Growth and Survival in a Malaysian Rain Forest, Biotropica, vol.22, issue.2, pp.146-154, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/2388407

H. De-foresta, P. Charles-dominique, C. Erard, and M. F. Prévost, Zoochorie et premiers stades de la régénération naturelle après coupe en forêt guyanaise, pp.369-400, 1984.

J. Freitas, H. Cruz, and P. L. Barros, Nota Técnica: Regulamentação de parâmetros técnicos em PMFS no âmbito do CONAMA, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2008.

S. Gourlet-fleury, Modélisation individuelle spatialement explicite de la dynamique d'un peuplement de forêt dense tropicale humide, 1997.

S. Gourlet-fleury, G. Cornu, and S. Jésel, Using models to predict recovery and assess tree species vulnerability in logged tropical forests: A case study from French Guiana, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.209, issue.1-2, pp.69-86, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.010

F. E. Harrell, Regression Modeling Strategies, p.568, 2001.

N. Higuchi, Short-term growth of an undisturbed tropical moist forest in theBrazilian Amazon, 1987.

A. M. Holthuijen and J. H. Boerboom, The Cecropia Seedbank in the Surinam Lowland Rain Forest, Biotropica, vol.14, issue.1, pp.62-67, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/2387761

N. C. Houter and T. L. Pons, Gap size effects on photoinhibition in understorey saplings in tropical rainforest, Plant Ecology, vol.125, issue.1, pp.43-51
DOI : 10.1007/s11258-004-5775-2

A. Huth and T. Ditzer, Simulation of the growth of a lowland Dipterocarp rain forest with FORMIX3, Ecological Modelling, vol.134, issue.1, pp.1-25, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00328-8

L. Kammesheidt, P. Kohler, and A. Huth, Sustainable timber harvesting in Venezuela: a modelling approach, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.38, issue.4, pp.756-770, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00629.x

S. P. Long, S. Humphries, and P. G. Falkowski, Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis in Nature, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.633-662, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pp.45.060194.003221

I. A. Macdonald, C. Thibaud, W. Strahm, and D. Strasberg, Effects of Alien Plant Invasions on Native Vegetation Remnants on La R??union (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean), Environmental Conservation, vol.15, issue.01, pp.51-61, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00081.x

. Meyer, Histoire de l'introduction et de l'invasion de Miconia calvescens à Tahiti, pp.107-119, 1994.

S. S. Mulkey and R. W. Pearcy, Interactions between Acclimation and Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis of a Tropical Forest Understorey Herb, Alocasia macrorrhiza, during Simulated Canopy Gap Formation, Functional Ecology, vol.6, issue.6, pp.719-729, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2389969

J. Popma, F. Bongers, and M. J. Werger, Gap-Dependence and Leaf Characteristics of Trees in a Tropical Lowland Rain Forest in Mexico, Oikos, vol.63, issue.2, pp.207-214, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/3545380

L. Poorter, F. Bongers, F. Sterck, J. Wöll, and H. , Beyond the regeneration phase: differentiation of height-light trajectories among tropical tree species, Journal of Ecology, vol.18, issue.2, pp.256-267, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150452

M. F. Prévost, Mise en évidence de graines d'espèces pionnières dans le sol de forêt primaire de Guyane, pp.121-127, 1981.

B. Riera, Chablis et cicatrisation en forêt guyanaise, p.163, 1983.

B. Riera, H. Puig, and J. P. Lescure, La dynamique de la forêt naturelle, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, vol.219, pp.69-78, 1990.

A. R. Ruschel, Dinâmica da composição florística e do crescimento de uma floresta explorada há 18 anos na Flona Tapajós, p.341, 2008.

D. Sabatier, Fructification et dissémination en forêt guyanaise : l'exemple de quelques espèces ligneuses, des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, pp.143-147, 1983.

J. N. Silva, The behaviour of the tropical rain forest of the Brazilian Amazon after logging, p.302, 1989.

G. E. Schwarz, Estimating the Dimension of a Model, The Annals of Statistics, vol.6, issue.2, pp.461-464, 1978.
DOI : 10.1214/aos/1176344136

M. Swaine and T. Whitmore, On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests, Vegetatio, vol.103, issue.1-2, pp.81-86, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00044629

S. C. Thomas and F. A. Bazzaz, ASYMPTOTIC HEIGHT AS A PREDICTOR OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN MALAYSIAN RAIN FOREST TREES, Ecology, vol.80, issue.5, pp.1607-1622, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00384257

J. K. Vanclay, A growth model for north Queensland rainforests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.27, issue.3-4, pp.245-271, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(89)90110-2

J. K. Vanclay, Growth models for tropical forests: a synthesis of models and methods, Forest Science, vol.41, pp.7-42, 1995.

. Paiement-pour-le-stockage-de-carbone, les cycles de rotation devront prendre donc en compte la dynamique de l'accumulation de biomasse en plus de la capacité du peuplement à reconstituer le stock de bois d'oeuvre. Pour ce faire il est essentiel que la législation prenne en compte toutes les composantes de la gestion forestière et en

D. Alder and J. N. Silva, An empirical cohort model for management of Terra Firme forests in the Brazilian Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.130, issue.1-3, pp.141-157, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00196-6

C. P. Azevedo, Dinâmica de florestas submetidas a manejo na Amazônia oriental: experimentação e simulação, 2006.

P. Barreto, P. Amaral, E. Vidal, and C. Uhl, Costs and benefits of forest management for timber production in eastern Amazonia, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.108, issue.1-2, pp.9-26, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00251-X

S. C. Bauch, G. S. Amacher, and M. F. , Costs of harvesting, transportation and milling in the Brazilian Amazon: Estimation and policy implications, Forest Policy and Economics, vol.9, issue.8, pp.903-915, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.forpol.2006.07.004

L. Blanc, M. Echard, and B. Herault, Dynamics of aboveground carbon stocks in a selectively logged tropical forest, Ecological Applications, vol.61, issue.6, pp.1397-1404, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00670.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00598787

J. Blaser and C. Robledo, Initial analysis on the mitigation potential in the forestry sector, 2007.

H. Bossel and H. Krieger, Simulation model of natural tropical forest dynamics, Ecological Modelling, vol.59, issue.1-2, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3800(91)90127-M

N. V. Brokaw, The Definition of Treefall Gap and Its Effect on Measures of Forest Dynamics, Biotropica, vol.14, issue.2, pp.158-160, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/2387750

J. Q. Chambers, N. Higuchi, and L. M. Teixeira, Response of tree biomass and wood litter to disturbance in a Central Amazon forest, Oecologia, vol.14, issue.4, pp.596-611, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-004-1676-2

J. Chave, Study of structural, successional and spatial patterns in tropical rain forests using TROLL, a spatially explicit forest model, Ecological Modelling, vol.124, issue.2-3, pp.233-254, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00171-4

E. Dauber, T. S. Fredericksen, and M. Peña, Sustainability of timber harvesting in Bolivian tropical forests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.214, issue.1-3, pp.294-304, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.019

C. Fargeot, E. Forni, and R. Nasi, Réflexions sur l'aménagement des forêts de production dans le bassin du Congo, Bois et forêts des tropiques, vol.281, pp.19-34, 2004.

M. A. Freitas and L. P. Rosa, Strategies for reducing carbon emissions on the tropical rain forest: the case of the Brazilian Amazon. Energy Conversion and Management, pp.757-762, 1996.

P. R. Van-gardingen, M. J. Mcleish, and P. D. Phillips, Financial and ecological analysis of management options for logged-over Dipterocarp forests in Indonesian Borneo, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.183, issue.1-3, pp.1-29, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00097-5

P. R. Van-gardingen, D. Valle, and I. Thompson, Evaluation of yield regulation options for primary forest in Tapaj??s National Forest, Brazil, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.231, issue.1-3, pp.184-195, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.047

M. Gazel, Croissance des Arbres et Productivité des Peuplements en Forêt Dense Equatoriale de Guyane, Office National des Forêts, 1983.

S. Gourlet-fleury, Modélisation individuelle spatialement explicite de la dynamique d'un peuplement de forêt dense tropicale humide, 1997.

S. Gourlet-fleury, G. Cornu, H. Dessard, and N. Picard, Modelling forest dynamics for practical management purposes, pp.41-52, 2004.

N. R. De-graaf, A silvicultural system for natural regeneration of tropical rainforest in Suriname. Wageningem, The Netherlands, p.250, 1986.

R. E. Gullison, P. C. Frumhoff, and J. C. Canadell, ENVIRONMENT: Tropical Forests and Climate Policy, Science, vol.316, issue.5827, pp.985-986, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1136163

G. S. Hartshorn, Tree falls and tropical forest dynamics Tropical trees as living systems, pp.617-638, 1978.

N. Higuchi, Short-term growth of an undisturbed tropical moist forest in theBrazilian Amazon, 1987.

M. Lentini, D. Pereira, D. Celentano, and R. Pereira, Fatos florestais de Amazônica, 2005.

B. Merry, D. Soares-filho, and G. Nepstad, Balancing Conservation and Economic Sustainability: The Future of the Amazon Timber Industry, Environmental Management, vol.297, issue.5586, pp.395-407, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00267-009-9337-1

F. Morneau, Effets d'un gradient d'engorgement sur la structure et la dynamique d'une forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française), 2007.

O. L. Phillips and A. H. Gentry, Increasing Turnover Through Time in Tropical Forests, Science, vol.263, issue.5149, pp.954-958, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.263.5149.954

B. Rollet, Architecture des Forêts Denses Humides Sempervirentes de Plaine, 1973.

A. R. Ruschel, Dinâmica da composição florística e do crescimento de uma floresta explorada há 18 anos na Flona Tapajós, p.341, 2008.

L. Schmitt, Opération Forêt Naturelle ? Paracou: Exploitation du dispositif, p.13, 1986.

H. H. Shugart, D. C. West, and W. R. Emanuel, Patterns and dynamics of forests: an application of simulation models Forest Succession:Concepts and application, pp.74-94, 1981.

J. M. Silva, J. O. De-carvalho, and J. C. Lopes, Growth and yield of a tropical rain forest in the Brazilian Amazon 13 years after logging, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.71, issue.3, pp.267-274, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(94)06106-S

P. Sist and F. N. Ferreira, Sustainability of reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.243, issue.2-3, pp.199-209, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.014

S. W. Stone, Economics trends in the timber industry of the Brazilian Amazon: evidence from Paragominas, Ville Working Paper Series, issue.6, 1996.

J. Terborgh and E. Anderson, The composition of Amazonian forests: patterns at local and regional scales, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.14, issue.05, pp.645-664, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/S0266467498000455

J. K. Vanclay, A growth model for north Queensland rainforests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.27, issue.3-4, pp.245-271, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(89)90110-2

J. K. Vanclay, Modelling Forest Growth and Yield: applications to Mixed Tropical Forests, 1994.

A. Veríssimo, P. Barreto, and M. Mattos, Logging impacts and prospects for sustainable forest management in an old Amazonian frontier: The case of Paragominas, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.55, issue.1-4, pp.169-199, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1127(92)90099-U

E. Vidal, M. V. Viana, and J. F. Batista, Crescimento de floresta tropical três anos após colheita de madeira com e sem manejo florestal na Amazônia oriental, Scientia Forestalis, vol.61, pp.133-143, 2002.

E. Vidal, Dinâmica de florestas manejadas e sob exploração convencional na amazônia oriental, 2004.

T. C. Whitmore, An introduction to tropical rain forests, 1998.

J. A. Wiens, Landscape ecology: scaling from mechanisms to management, Perspectives in Ecology. A Glance from the VII International Congress of Ecology, pp.13-24, 1999.

. Les and . Long-terme, de l'exploitation sur la diversité des espèces et sur la structure des forêts tropicales et indiquent des pistes sur un système d'exploitation durable

. Finalement, il est important de mentionner que la capacité d'une forêt à se restaurer après plusieurs coupes ou après une exploitation intensive n'a pas été abordée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ce sujet reste encore ouvert

K. S. Bawa and R. Seidler, Natural forest management and conservation of biodiversity in tropical forests, Conservation Biology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.45-55, 1998.

N. V. Brokaw and S. M. Scheiner, Species Composition in Gaps and Structure of a Tropical Forest, Ecology, vol.70, issue.3, pp.538-541, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/1940196

J. Bulkan, Land-Use Planning and Social Aspects of Sustainable Forest Management KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology, 2004.

L. Durrieu-de-madron, Mortalité, chablis et rôles des trouées dans le dispositif d'étude sylvicole de Paracou en Guyane française, 1993.

S. L. Collins and S. M. Glenn, Intermediate disturbance and its relationship to within-and between-patch dynamics, NZ J. Ecol, vol.21, pp.103-110, 1997.

C. Fargeot, E. Forni, and R. Nasi, Réflexions sur l'aménagement des forêts de production dans le bassin du Congo, pp.19-34, 2004.

B. Ferry, F. Morneau, and J. D. Bontemps, Higher treefall rates on slopes and waterlogged soils result in lower stand biomass and productivity in a tropical rain forest, Journal of Ecology, vol.82, issue.1, pp.106-116, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01604.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032100

S. Gourlet-fleury, G. Cornu, H. Dessard, and N. Picard, Modelling forest dynamics for practical management purposes, pp.41-52, 2004.

S. Gourlet-fleury, G. Cornu, S. Jésel, H. Dessard, J. Jourget et al., Using models to predict recovery and assess tree species vulnerability in logged tropical forests: A case study from French Guiana, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.209, issue.1-2, pp.69-85, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.010

M. Grieg-gran, The cost of avoiding deforestation. Update of the report prepared for the Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change, 2008.

A. Karsenty and S. Gourlet-fleury, Assessing Sustainability of Logging Practices in the Congo Basin's Managed Forests: the Issue of Commercial Species Recovery, Ecology and Society, vol.11, issue.1, p.26, 2006.
DOI : 10.5751/ES-01668-110126

M. K. Luckert and T. Williamson, Should sustained yield be part of sustainable forest management?, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.35, issue.2, pp.356-364, 2005.
DOI : 10.1139/x04-172

J. Liu and P. S. Ashton, FORMOSAIC: an individual-based spatially explicit model for simulating forest dynamics in landscape mosaics, Ecological Modelling, vol.106, issue.2-3, pp.177-200, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00191-9

A. E. Lugo, Comparison of Tropical Tree Plantations with Secondary Forests of Similar Age, Ecological Monographs, vol.62, issue.1, pp.1-41, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/2937169

L. Mazzei, P. Sist, A. Ruschel, F. E. Putz, P. Marco et al., Above-ground biomass dynamics after reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.259, issue.3, pp.367-373, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.031

F. Morneau, Effets d'un gradient d'engorgement sur la structure et la dynamique d'une forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française), p.256, 2007.

E. Niesten and R. Rice, Sustainable forest management and conservation incentive agreements, International Forestry Review, vol.6, issue.1, pp.56-60, 2004.
DOI : 10.1505/ifor.6.1.56.32065

E. Niesten and R. Rice, Gestion durable des for??ts et incitations directes ?? la conservation de la biodiversit??, Tiers-Monde, vol.45, issue.177, pp.127-150, 2004.
DOI : 10.3406/tiers.2004.5451

J. F. Oates, Myth and reality in the rain forest: how conservation strategies are failing West Africa, 1999.

R. Pasquis and L. O. Machado, La récupération des terres dégradées: un enjeu socioenvironnemental prioritaire en Amazonie brésilienne, Confins, vol.1, 2007.

D. Pearce, F. E. Putz, and J. K. Vanclay, Sustainable forestry in the tropics: panacea or folly? Forest Ecology and Management, pp.229-247, 2003.

R. Pélissier, J. P. Pascal, F. Houllier, and H. Laborde, Impact of selective logging on the dynamics of a low elevation dense moist evergreen forest in the Western Ghats (South India) Forest Ecology and Management, pp.1-3107, 1998.

O. L. Phillips, P. Hall, A. H. Gentry, S. A. Sawyer, and R. Vasquez, Dynamics and species richness of tropical rain forests., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.2805-2809, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2805

P. D. Phillips, I. S. Thompson, J. N. Silva, P. R. Van-gardingen, and B. Degen, Scaling up models of tree competition for tropical forest population genetics simulation, Ecological Modelling, vol.180, issue.2-3, pp.419-434, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.029

F. E. Putz, G. M. Blate, and K. H. Redford, Tropical Forest Management and Conservation of Biodiversity: an Overview, Conservation Biology, vol.276, issue.1, pp.7-20, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008836306030

F. E. Putz, P. A. Zuidema, and M. A. Pinard, Improved Tropical Forest Management for Carbon Retention, PLoS Biology, vol.172, issue.7, pp.1368-1369, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060166.sd001

E. R. Rice, R. E. Gullison, and J. W. Reid, Can Sustainable Management Save Tropical Forests ?, Scientific American, vol.276, issue.4, pp.44-49, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0497-44

D. Sheil and D. F. Burslem, Disturbing hypotheses in tropical forests, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.18, issue.1, pp.18-26, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00005-8

P. Sist and F. N. Ferreira, Sustainability of reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.243, issue.2-3, pp.199-209, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.014

P. Sist, I. Drigo, T. Barbosa, L. Mazzei, and M. G. Piketty, La forêt amazonienne bresilienne : le rôle des populations rurales dans sa preservation, 2010.

M. E. Soulé and J. W. Terborgh, Conserving Nature at Regional and Continental Scales: A Scientific Program for North America, BioScience, vol.49, issue.10, pp.809-817, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/1313572

N. Stern, The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511817434

M. D. Swaine and T. C. Whitmore, On the definition of ecological species groups in tropical rain forests, Vegetatio, vol.103, issue.1-2, pp.81-86, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00044629

J. Terborgh, Requiem for Nature, 1999.

. Schmitt, discorrant sur l'exploitation pratiquée à Paracou décrit qu'«aucun plan de débardage n'a été réalise », rajoutant encore que « le conducteur de l'engin -ayant 15 ans d'expérience -opérait à sa guise» et « l'abatteur n'avait reçu aucune directive pour orienter préférentiellement la chute?[des arbres]». On pourrait penser que le type d'exploitation pratiquée sur ce site se ressemblerait à une exploitation communément appelée comme «conventionnelle», 1989.

A. Figure, Rélation entre la surface terrière exploitée et celle perude en consequence de l'exploitation

. Paracou, ); Paragominas: y = 0, pp.7038-7043, 1903.

L. Oliveira, Efeito da exploração de madeira e de diferentes intensidades de desbates sobre a dinâmica da vegetação de uma área de 136 há na floresta nacional de Tapajós, 2005.

L. M. Rossi, C. P. Azevedo, and J. R. Souza, Efeito da exploração em floresta sob manejo sustentável em escala comercial na Amazônia central, Simpósio latinoamericano sobre manejo florestal. Anais... Santa Maria: UFSM, pp.319-333, 2001.

A. R. Ruschel, Dinâmica da composição florística e do crescimento de uma floresta explorada há 18 anos na Flona Tapajós, p.341, 2008.

L. Schmitt, Etude des peuplements naturels en forêt dense guyanaise: compte rendu de mise en application des traitements sylvicoles sur le dispositif de Paracou, 1989.

P. Sist and F. N. Ferreira, Sustainability of reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.243, issue.2-3, pp.199-209, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.014