R. R. Alfano and S. L. Shapiro, Observation of Self-Phase Modulation and Small-Scale Filaments in Crystals and Glasses, Physical Review Letters, vol.24, issue.11, p.592, 1970.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.592

G. Yang and Y. R. Sheng, Spectral broadening of ultrashort pulses in a nonlinear medium, Optics Letters, vol.9, issue.11, p.510, 1984.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.9.000510

S. Brouers, A. N. Blacher, A. K. Lagarkov, P. Sarychev, V. M. Gadenne et al., Theory of giant Raman scattering from semicontinuous metal films, Physical Review B, vol.55, issue.19, p.13234, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.55.13234

S. Gresillon, L. Aigouy, A. C. Boccara, J. C. Rivoal, X. Quelin et al., Experimental Observation of Localized Optical Excitations in Random Metal-Dielectric Films, Physical Review Letters, vol.82, issue.22, p.4520, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4520

V. M. Shalaev and P. , Electromagnetic properties of small-particle composites, Physics Reports, vol.272, issue.2-3, p.61, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0370-1573(95)00076-3

D. J. Bergman and D. Stroud, Solid State Phys, Stauuer and A. Aharony,Introduction to Percolation Theory, 1991.

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, Optical Constants of the Noble Metals, Physical Review B, vol.6, issue.12, p.4370, 1972.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.6.4370

S. Gresillon, Transmission-mode apertureless near-field microscope: optical and magneto-optical studies, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, vol.1, issue.2, pp.178-184, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/1464-4258/1/2/011

P. Gadenne, Y. Yagil, and G. Deutscher, measurements of semicontinuous gold films during deposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.66, issue.7, p.3019, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.344187

P. Yagil, C. Gadenne, G. Julien, and . Deutcher, Optical properties of thin semicontinuous gold films over a wavelength range of 2.5 to 500 ??m, Physical Review B, vol.46, issue.4, p.2503, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.46.2503

]. E. Bibliographie-1 and . Synge, A suggested method for extending microscopic resolution into the ultra-microscopic region, Philosophical Magazine, vol.6, p.3566362, 1928.

G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, . Ch, E. Gerber, and . Weibel, Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap, Applied Physics Letters, vol.40, issue.2, p.1788180, 1982.
DOI : 10.1063/1.92999

G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, . Ch, E. Gerber, and . Weibel, Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Physical Review Letters, vol.49, issue.1, p.57761, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57

G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, and C. Gerber, Atomic Force Microscope, Physical Review Letters, vol.56, issue.9, p.9300933, 1986.

J. Vigoureux, Microscopie optique champ proche. Images pour la physique, p.86693, 1993.

E. A. Ash and G. Nicholls, Super-resolution Aperture Scanning Microscope, Nature, vol.6, issue.5357, p.5100512, 1972.
DOI : 10.1038/237510a0

D. W. Pohl, W. Denk, and M. Lanz, Optical stethoscopy: Image recording with resolution ??/20, Applied Physics Letters, vol.44, issue.7, p.6511653, 1984.
DOI : 10.1063/1.94865

G. A. Massey, Microscopy and pattern generation with scanned evanescent waves, Applied Optics, vol.23, issue.5, p.6588659, 1984.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.23.000658

D. Courjon, K. Sarayeddine, and M. Spajer, Scanning tunneling optical microscopy, Optics Communications, vol.71, issue.112, p.23328, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0030-4018(89)90297-6

F. De-fornel, J. P. Goudonnet, L. Salomon, and E. Lesniewska, An evanescent eld optical microscope. SPIE Optical storage and scanning technology, p.77784, 1989.

R. C. Reddick, R. J. Warmack, and . Ferrell, New form of scanning optical microscopy, Physical Review B, vol.39, issue.1, p.7677770, 1989.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.39.767

E. Lesniewskaf, L. Def-ornel, J. P. Salomon, and . Goudonnet, First images obtained in the near infrared spectrum with the photon scanning tunneling microscope, Optics Communications, vol.102, p.115, 1993.

A. Harootunian, E. Betzig, M. Isaacson, and A. Lewis, Super-resolution uorescence near--eld scanning optical microscopy, Applied Physics Letters, issue.11, p.496744676, 1986.

F. Zenhausern, Y. Martin, and H. K. Wickramasinghe, Scanning Interferomatric Aperturless Microscopy: Optical Imaging at 10 Angstrom Resolution, SCIENCE, vol.269, p.108331085, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.269.5227.1083

N. Garcia and M. Nieto-vesperinas, Theory for the aperturless near--eld optical microscope: image resolution, Applied Physics Letters, issue.25, p.66339993400, 1995.

R. Bachelot, P. Gleyzes, and A. C. Boccara, Near--eld optical microscope based on local perturbation of diiraction spot, Optics Letters, vol.20, issue.18, p.192441926, 1995.

A. Lahrech, R. Bachelot, P. Gleyzes, and A. C. Boccara, Infrared-reeectionmode near--eld microscopy using an apertureless probe with a resolution of =600, Optics Letters, vol.21, issue.17, p.131551317, 1996.

Y. Inouye and S. Kawata, Reeection-mode near--eld optical microscope with a metallic probe tip for observing ne structures in semiconductor materials, Optics Communications, vol.134, p.31135, 1996.

T. Sugiura, T. Okada, Y. Inouye, and S. Kawata, Gold-bead scanning near--eld optical microscope with laser-force position control, Optics Letters, vol.22, issue.22, p.166331665, 1997.
DOI : 10.1364/ol.22.001663

L. Malmqvist and H. M. Hertz, Scanned probe optical microscopy using a non intrusiveprobe, Near--eld Optics, p.1411146, 1993.

J. Koglin, U. C. Fischer, and H. Fuchs, Material contrast in scanning near--eld optical microscopy at 1-10 nm resolution, Physical Review B, vol.55, issue.12, p.797777984, 1997.

M. Specht, J. D. Perdanig, W. M. Heckl, and T. W. Hhnsch, Scanning plasmon near-field microscope, Physical Review Letters, vol.68, issue.4, p.4766479, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.476

E. Betzig and R. J. Chichester, Single Molecules Observed by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy, Science, vol.262, issue.5138, p.142221425, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.262.5138.1422

U. C. Fischer and D. W. , Observation of single-particle plasmons by near--eld optical microscopy, Physical Review Letters, vol.62, issue.4, p.4588461, 1989.

W. E. Moerner, T. Plakhotnik, T. Irngartinger, U. P. Wild, D. W. Pohl et al., Near-Field Optical Spectroscopy of Individual Molecules in Solids, Physical Review Letters, vol.73, issue.20, p.73276442767, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2764

K. Michael, P. Lewis, A. Wolanin, D. G. Gafni, and . Steel, Near--eld scanning optical microscopy of single molecules by femtosecond two-photon excitation, Optics Letters, vol.23, issue.14, p.111111113, 1998.

T. J. Silva and S. Schultz, Development of scanned near--eld optical microscope for magneto-optic Kerr imaging of magnetic domains with 10nm resolution, Near--eld Optics, p.2633272, 1993.

E. Betzig, J. K. Trautman, J. S. Weiner, T. D. Harris, and R. Wolfe, Polarization contrast in near--eld scanning optical microscopy, AppliedOptics, issue.22, pp.3145633-4568, 1992.

D. P. Tsai, J. Kovacs, Z. Wang, M. Moskovits, V. M. Shalaev et al., Photon Scanning Tunneling MicroscopyImagesof Optical Excitations of Fractal Metal Colloid Cluster, Physical Review Letters, issue.26, p.72414994152, 1994.

R. Bachelot, Etude et rralisation d'un microscope optique en champ proche utilisant une sonde sans ouverture, Thhse de doctorat, 1996.

A. I. Oliva, A. Romero, J. L. Peea, E. Anguiano, and M. Aguilar, Electrochemical preparation of tungsten tips for a scanning tunneling microscope, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.67, issue.5, p.191771921, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1146996

P. Gleyzes, P. K. Kuo, and A. C. Boccara, Bistable Behaviour of a Vibrating Tip Near a Solid Surface, Applied Physics Letters, issue.25, p.58298992991, 1991.

V. Ffodossiev, RRsistance des mattriaux, 1976.

F. Fred, T. D. Froehlich, and . Milster, Detection of probe dither motion in near--eld scanning optical microscopy, Applied Optics, vol.34, issue.31, p.727337279, 1995.

R. L. Fork, O. E. Martinez, and J. P. Gordon, Negative dispersion using pairs of prisms, Optics Letters, vol.9, issue.5, p.1500152, 1984.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.9.000150

T. Kaino, Polymer optical bers, editor, Polymers for lightwave and integrated optics, technology and applications, Optical engineering, p.1138, 1992.

R. Laddada, S. Benrezzak, P. M. Adam, G. Viardot, J. L. Bijeon et al., Detection of an evanescent eld scattered by silicon tips in an apertureless scanning near--eld optical microscope, European physical journal : applied physics, vol.6, p.1711178, 1999.

J. C. Canit and J. Badoz, New design for a photoelastic modulator, Applied Optics, vol.22, issue.4, p.5922594, 1983.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.22.000592

G. Bruhat and . Electricitt, Cours de physique ggnnrale, Masson et Cie, 1947.

J. J. Bowman, T. B. Senior, and P. L. Uslenghi, Electromagnetic and Acoustic Scattering by Simple Shapes. Hemisphere publishing corporation, 1987.

H. Cory, A. C. Boccara, J. Rivoal, and A. Lahrech, Electric eld intensity variation in the vicinity of a perfectly conducting conical probe: application to near--eld microscopy. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, pp.1200-124, 1998.

J. Mathews and R. L. Walker, Mathematical methods of physics.A ddison, 1970.

J. Van-bladel, Singular electromagnetic eld and sources. The IEEE/OUP Series on Electromagnetic wavetheory, 1997.

J. F. Olivier, C. Martin, and . Girard, Controlling and tuning strong optical eld gradients at a local probe microscope tip apex, Applied Physics Letters, vol.70, issue.6, p.7055707, 1997.

J. F. Olivier, C. Martin, A. Girard, and . Dereux, Generalized Field Propagator for Electromagnetic Scattering and Light Connnement, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.4, p.5266529, 1995.

L. Aigouy, A. Lahrech, S. Grrsillon, H. Cory, A. C. Boccara et al., Polarization eeects in aperturless scanning near--eld microscopy: an experimental study, Optics Letters, vol.24, issue.4, p.1877189, 1999.

L. Novotny, R. X. Bian, X. Sunney, and . Xie, Theory of Nanometric Optical Tweezers, Physical Review Letters, vol.79, issue.4, p.6455648, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.645

M. Lax, W. H. Louisell, and W. B. Mcknight, From Maxwell to paraxial wave optics, Physical Review A, vol.11, issue.4, p.136551370, 1975.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.11.1365

G. P. Agrawal and D. N. Pattanyak, Gaussian beam propagation beyond the paraxial approximation, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.69, issue.4, pp.5755-578, 1979.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSA.69.000575

L. W. Davis, Theory of electromagnetic beams, Physical Review A, vol.19, issue.3, pp.11777-1179, 1979.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.19.1177

R. J. Champeau, Cours d''lectromagnntisme.P h ysique, premier cycle scientique, 1991.

L. Novotny, E. J. Ssnchez, X. Sunney, and . Xie, Near--eld optical imaging using metal tips illuminated by higher-order Hermite-Gaussian beams, Ultramicroscopy, vol.71, p.21129, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/s0304-3991(97)00077-6

S. Grrsillon, H. Cory, J. Rivoal, and A. C. Boccara, Transmission-mode aperturless near--eld microscope: optical and magneto-optical studies, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, vol.1, issue.2, p.1788184, 1999.

B. Hecht, H. Bielefeldt, Y. Inouye, D. W. Pohl, and L. Novotny, F acts and artifacts in near--eld optical microscopy, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.81, issue.6, pp.24922-2498, 1997.

P. Gleyzes, Contribution l'ammlioration de la rrsolution en microscopie optique : proolommtrie diiirentielle picommtrique et imagerie en champ proche, Thhse de doctorat, 1993.

W. Marek and . Kowarz, Homogeneous and evanescent contributions in scalar neareld diiraction, Applied Optics, vol.35, issue.17, p.305553063, 1995.

R. Laddada, Ralisation d'un microscope optique en champ proche sonde sans ouverture : tudes exprimentale et thhorique du contraste des images optiques, Thhse de doctorat, 1999.

D. Van-labeke and D. Barchiesi, Probes for scanning tunneling optical microscopy: a theoretical comparison, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.10, issue.10, p.219332201, 1993.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.10.002193
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00130602

R. Carminati and J. Greeet, Equivalence of constant-height and constant-intensity images in scanning near--eld optical microscopy, Optics Letters, vol.21, issue.16, p.120881210, 1996.

H. Poincarrr, Leeons sur la thhorie mathhmatique de la lumiire.C o u r sd e physique mathhmatique, p.1889

A. Sommerfeld, Mathematische theorie des Diiraction,volume 1 of Gesammelte Schriften.F riedr, 1968.

A. Sommerfeld, Optics,volume 4 of Lectures on theoretical physics, 1967.

H. Cory, A. C. Boccara, J. Rivoal, and S. Grrsillon, Electric eld diiraction by a semi-innnite perfectly conducting plane of small thickness: application to near--eld microscopy, 1999.

E. T. Hanson, The shadow of a straightedge, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematic and Physic, vol.237, p.35565, 1938.

R. F. Harrington, Time-harmonic electromagnetic elds. Electrical and electronic engineering series, 1961.
DOI : 10.1109/9780470546710
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015002091489

E. Betzig, J. K. Trautman, R. Wolfe, E. M. Gyorgy, P. L. Finn et al., Near--eld magneto-optics and high density data storage, Applied Physics Letters, issue.2, p.611422144, 1992.

V. Kottler, N. Essaidi, N. Ronarch, C. Chappert, and Y. Chen, Dichroic imaging of magnetic domains with a scanning near--eld optical microscope, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, issue.113, p.1653988400, 1997.

T. J. Silva, S. Schultz, and D. Weller, Scanning near--eld optical microscope for the imaging of magnetic domains in optically opaque materials, Applied Physics Letters, vol.65, issue.6, p.6588660, 1994.

L. Aigouy, S. Grrsillon, A. Lahrech, A. C. Boccara, J. Rivoal et al., Aperturless scanning near--eld magneto-optical microscopy of magnetic multilayers, Journal of Microscopy, issue.223, p.1942955298, 1999.

R. Reisfeld, Nanoparticles in amorphous solids and their nonlinear properties Nonlinear spectroscopy of solids, advances and applications,v olume 339 of NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics, p.4911529, 1994.

M. Moskovits, Surface-enhanced spectroscopy, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.57, issue.3, p.7833826, 1985.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.57.783

M. Quinten, A. Leitner, J. R. Krenn, and F. R. Aussenegg, Electromagnetic energy transport via linear chains of silver nanoparticles, Optics Letters, vol.23, issue.17, p.133111333, 1998.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.23.001331

W. Ekardt, Work function of small metal particles: Self-consistent spherical jellium-background model, Physical Review B, vol.29, issue.4, p.155881564, 1984.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.29.1558

U. Kreibig and P. Zacharias, Surface plasma resonances in small spherical silver and gold particles. Zeitschriit fur Physik, p.1288143, 1970.

D. M. Wood and N. W. Ashcroft, Quantum size eeects in the optical properties of small metallic particles, Physical Review B, vol.25, issue.10, p.625556273, 1982.

B. Palpant, B. Prrvel, J. Lermm, E. Cottancin, M. Pellarin et al., Optical properties of gold clusters in the size range 2???4 nm, Physical Review B, vol.57, issue.3, p.196331970, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.1963

B. Lamprecht, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, Femtosecond decay-time measurement of electron-plasma oscillation in nanolithographically designed silver particles, Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, vol.64, issue.2, p.2699272, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s003400050174

T. Klar, M. Perner, S. Grosse, G. Von-plessen, W. Spirkl et al., Surface-Plasmon Resonances in Single Metallic Nanoparticles, Physical Review Letters, vol.80, issue.19, p.424994252, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.4249

H. Hhvel, S. Fritz, A. Hilger, U. Kreibig, and M. Vollmer, Width of cluster plasmon resonances: Bulk dielectric functions and chemical interface damping, Physical Review B, vol.48, issue.24, p.4818178818188, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.48.18178

P. Melinon, V. Paillard, V. Dupuis, A. Perez, P. Jensen et al., FROM FREE CLUSTERS TO CLUSTER-ASSEMBLED MATERIALS, International Journal of Modern Physics B, vol.09, issue.04n05, p.3399397, 1995.
DOI : 10.1142/S021797929500015X

J. Lambe and S. L. Mccarthy, Light Emission from Electron Tunneling, Physical Review Letters, vol.37, issue.14, p.9233925, 1976.

G. T. Boyd, . Th, J. R. Rasing, Y. R. Leite, and . Shen, Local--eld enhancement on rough surfaces of metals, semi-metals, and semiconductors with the use of optical second-harmonic generation, Physical Review B, vol.30, issue.2, p.5199526, 1984.

P. Gadenne, Y. Yagil, and G. Deutscher, Transmittance and reeectance in situ measurements of semicontinuous gold lms during deposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.66, issue.7, p.301993025, 1989.

R. F. Voss, R. B. Laibowitz, and E. I. Allessandrini, Fractal (Scaling) Clusters in Thin Gold Films near the Percolation Threshold, Physical Review Letters, vol.49, issue.19, p.49144111444, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1441

Y. Gefen, A. Aharony, B. Benoit, S. Mandelbrot, and . Kirkpatrick, Solvable Fractal Family,andItsPossible Relation to the Backbone at Percolation, Physical Review Letters, issue.25, p.47177111774, 1981.

Y. Gefen, A. Aharony, and S. Alexander, Anomalous Diiusion on Percolating Clusters, Physical Review Letters, vol.50, issue.1, p.77780, 1983.

R. W. Cohen, G. D. Cody, M. D. Coutts, and B. Abeles, Optical Properties of Granular Silver and Gold Films, Physical Review B, vol.8, issue.8, p.368993701, 1973.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.8.3689

D. M. Grannan, J. C. Garland, and D. B. Tanner, Critical Behavior of the Dielectric Constant of a Random Composite near the Percolation Threshold, Physical Review Letters, vol.46, issue.5, p.3755378, 1981.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.375

J. David, Y. Bergman, and . Imry, Critical Behavior of the Complex Dielectric Constant near the Percolation Threshold of a Heterogeneous Material, Physical Review Letters, issue.19, p.39122221225, 1977.

J. P. Marton, Optical Properties of Island Films of Metals at Long Wavelengths, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.40, issue.13, p.538335386, 1969.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1657398

Y. Yagil and G. Deutscher, Scaling and renormalization in transmittance of thin metal lms near the percolation threshold, Applied Physic Letters, vol.52, issue.5, pp.3733-374, 1988.

Y. Yagil, M. Yoseen, D. J. Bergman, G. Deutscher, and P. Gadenne, Scaling theory for the optical properties of semicontinuous metal lms, Physical Review B, vol.43, issue.13, p.11342211352, 1991.

J. David, D. Bergman, and . Stroud, Physical Properties of Macroscopically Inhomogeneous Media. Solid State Physics, p.1477269, 1992.

S. Grrsillon, L. Aigouy, A. C. Boccara, J. C. Rivoal, X. Quelin et al., Experimental Observation of Localized Optical Excitations in Random Metal-Dielectric Films, Physical Review Letters, vol.82, issue.22, p.82452004523, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4520

F. Abells, Optical properties of metals, 1972.

J. M. Ziman, Principles of the theory of solids, 1969.

F. Brouers, S. Blacher, A. N. Lagarkov, A. K. Sarichev, P. Gadenne et al., Theory of giant Raman scattering from semicontinuous metal lms, Physical Review B, issue.19, p.5513234413245, 1997.

M. Vladimir, A. K. Shalaev, and . Sarichev, Nonlinear optics of random metal-dielectricclms, Physical Review B, vol.57, issue.20, p.13265513288, 1998.

P. W. Anderson, Absence of Diiusion in Certain Random Lattices, Physical Review, vol.109, issue.5, p.149221505, 1958.

K. Efetov, Supersymmetry in Disorder and Chaos, 1997.

P. W. Anderson, The question of classical localization A theory of white paint?, Philosophical Magazine Part B, vol.52, issue.3, p.5055509, 1985.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.2169

K. Arya, Z. B. Su, and J. L. Birman, Localization of the Surface Plasmon Polariton Caused by Random Roughness and its Role in Surface-Enhanced Optical Phenomena, Physical Review Letters, vol.54, issue.14, p.54155991562, 1985.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.1559

B. Kramer and A. Mackinnon, Localization: theory and experiment, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.56, issue.12, p.146991564, 1993.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/56/12/001

Y. Yagil, P. Gadenne, C. Julien, and G. Deutscher, Optical properties of thin semicontinuous gold lms over a wavelength range of 2.5 to 500 m, Physical Review B, vol.46, issue.4, p.250332511, 1992.

N. Sergey, . Bozhelvolnyi, A. Vadim, V. Markel, W. Coello et al., Direct observation of localized dipolar excitations on rough nanostructured surfaces, Physical Review B, vol.58, issue.17, p.11441111148, 1998.

K. Arya, Z. B. Su, and J. L. Birman, Anderson Localization of Electromagnetic Waves in a Dielectric Medium of Randomly Distributed Metal Particles, Physical Review Letters, vol.57, issue.21, p.272552728, 1986.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2725

I. Sergey, B. Bozhelvolnyi, I. I. Vohnsen, A. V. Smolyaninov, and . Zayats, Direct observation of surface polariton localization caused by surface roughness, Optics Communications, vol.117, p.4177423, 1995.

P. Zhang, T. L. Haslett, C. Douketis, and M. Moskovits, Mode localization in self-aane fractal interfaces observed by near--eld microscopy, Physical Review B, vol.57, issue.24, p.15513315518, 1998.