. Classiquement, augmentation de la contrainte effective appliquée ; le comportement très dilatant aux faibles contraintes devient progressivement contractant lorsque le niveau de contrainte augmente. 7. La température n'a pas d'impact significatif sur le comportement déviatorique des échantillons de sable bitumineux et de sable reconstitués saturé de bitume, Ces résultats sont en accord avec ceux de la bibliographie

T. Adachi and F. Oka, An elasto-plastic constitutive model for soft rock with strain softening, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.233-247, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.1610190402

J. G. Agar, Behaviour of oil sands at elevated temperatures, 1984.

J. G. Agar, N. R. Morgenstern, and J. D. Scott, Thermal expansion and pore pressure generation in oil sands, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.23, issue.3, pp.327-333, 1986.
DOI : 10.1139/t86-046

J. G. Agar, N. R. Morgenstern, and J. D. Scott, Shear strength and stress???strain behaviour of Athabasca oil sand at elevated temperatures and pressures, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.24, issue.1, pp.1-10, 1987.
DOI : 10.1139/t87-001

K. Ahmed, K. Khan, and M. A. Mohamad-hussein, Prediction of Wellbore Stability Using 3D Finite Element Model in a Shallow Unconsolidated Heavy-Oil Sand in a Kuwait Field, SPE 120219, SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, pp.15-18, 2009.

A. M. Al-bahlani and T. Babadagli, SAGD laboratory experimental and numerical simulation studies: A review of current status and future issues, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol.68, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.petrol.2009.06.011

M. Aubertin, L. Li, R. Simon, and B. Bussière, Un critère de plasticité et de rupture pour les géomatériaux à porosité variable, 56th Annual Canadian Geotechnical Conference and 4th Joint IAH-CNC and CGS Groundwater Specialty Conference, 2003.

P. Avseth, J. Dvorkin, G. Mavko, and J. Rykkje, Rock physics diagnostic of north sea sands: Link between microstructure and seismic properties, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.96, issue.17, pp.2761-2764, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL008468

P. Avseth, T. Mukerji, G. Mavko, and J. And-dvorkin, Rock-physics diagnostics of depositional texture, diagenetic alterations, and reservoir heterogeneity in high-porosity siliciclastic sediments and rocks ??? A review of selected models and suggested work flows, GEOPHYSICS, vol.75, issue.5, pp.75-75, 2010.
DOI : 10.1190/1.3483770

B. Bacaud and F. David, La chaîne des huiles lourdes: un nouveau modèle de business pour une nouvelle ressource, pp.11-18, 2008.

R. Bachrach, J. Dvorkin, and A. M. Nur, Seismic velocities and Poisson???s ratio of shallow unconsolidated sands, GEOPHYSICS, vol.65, issue.2, pp.559-564, 2000.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1444751

R. Bachrach and P. Avseth, Rock physics modeling of unconsolidated sands: Accounting for nonuniform contacts and heterogeneous stress fields in the effective media approximation with applications to hydrocarbon exploration, GEOPHYSICS, vol.73, issue.6, pp.73-197, 2008.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2985821

M. L. Batzle, D. H. Han, and R. Hofmann, Fluid mobility and frequency-dependent seismic velocity ??? Direct measurements, GEOPHYSICS, vol.71, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2006.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2159053

M. L. Batzle, R. Hofmann, and D. H. Han, Heavy oils-seismic properties. The Leading Edge, pp.750-756, 2006.

A. Bauer, F. Korndorffer, and A. Van-der-linden, Thermal Rock Physics of Heavy-Oil Saturated Sands, Paper in 45th U.S. Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium, 2011.

L. A. Bayrock and J. D. Root, Geology of the Peace-Athabasca River Delta Region, Alberta. Alberta Research Council, pp.72-73, 1972.

H. D. Beggs and J. R. Robinson, Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil Systems, Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol.27, issue.09, pp.1140-1141, 1975.
DOI : 10.2118/5434-PA

J. Behura, M. L. Batzle, R. Hofmann, and J. Dorgan, Heavy oils: Their shear story, GEOPHYSICS, vol.72, issue.5, pp.175-183, 2007.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2756600

J. S. Bell and E. A. Babcock, The stress regime of the western Canadian basin and implications for hydrocarbon production, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geologists, vol.34, pp.364-378, 1986.

Y. Bernabe, D. T. Fryer, and J. A. Hayes, The effect of cement on the strength of granular rocks, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.96, issue.14, pp.1511-1514, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92GL01288

J. G. Berryman, M. , and G. W. , Exact results for generalized Gassmann???s equations in composite porous media with two constituents, GEOPHYSICS, vol.56, issue.12, pp.1950-1960, 1991.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443006

M. H. Bhuiyan, M. I. Kolstø, and R. M. Holt, Mechanical And Acoustical Properties of Sand -Clay Mixtures Under Stress, 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium and 5th U.S.- Canada Rock Mechanics Sym, pp.27-30, 2010.

M. A. Biot, General Theory of Three???Dimensional Consolidation, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.155-164, 1941.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1712886

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368635

M. A. Biot, Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid???Saturated Porous Solid. I. Low???Frequency Range, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.28, issue.2, pp.168-191, 1956.
DOI : 10.1121/1.1908239

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368668

G. Birrell, Heat transfer ahead of a SAGD steam chamber: a study of thermocouple data from Phase B of the Underground Test Facility (Dover Project) Paper 2001-88, Pet. Soc. of CIM's Can, Int. Pet. Conf, pp.12-14, 2001.

M. Blaizot, Les huiles lourdes: quelles perspective? Technoscoop, pp.4-10, 2008.

I. V. Blazhnov, N. P. Malomuzh, and S. V. Lishchuk, Temperature dependence of density, thermal expansion coefficient and shear viscosity of supercooled glycerol as a reflection of its structure, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.121, issue.13, pp.6435-6441, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1789474

R. Brown and J. Korringa, ON THE DEPENDENCE OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF A POROUS ROCK ON THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE PORE FLUID, GEOPHYSICS, vol.40, issue.4, pp.608-616, 1975.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1440551

R. Burridge and J. B. Keller, Poroelasticity equations derived from microstructure, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.70, issue.4, pp.1140-1146, 1981.
DOI : 10.1121/1.386945

R. M. Butler, Thermal Recovery of oil and bitumen, GravDrain Inc, 1997.

P. M. Byrne, H. Cheung, and L. Yan, Soil parameters for deformation analysis of sand masses, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.24, issue.3, pp.366-376, 1987.
DOI : 10.1139/t87-047

T. Cadoret, Effet de la saturation eau/gaz sur les propriétés acoustiques des roches, 1993.

R. G. Campanella, M. , and J. K. , Influence of temperature variations on soil behavior, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division ASCE, issue.SM3, pp.94-709, 1968.

M. R. Cervenan, F. E. Vermeulen, and F. S. Chute, Thermal conductivity and specific heat of oil sand samples, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.18, issue.5, pp.926-931, 1981.
DOI : 10.1139/e81-089

R. J. Chalaturnyk, Geomechanics of SAGD in Heavy Oil Reservoirs, 1996.

R. Chalaturnyk and P. Li, When Is It Important to Consider Geomechanics in SAGD Operations? Paper 2001-046, presented at the Petroleum Society's Canadian International Petroleum Conference, pp.12-14, 2001.

D. E. Chapman, Hydrogeologic characterization of a newly constructed saline sodic clay overburden hill, 2008.

R. M. Christensen, Theory of Viscoelasticity, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.38, issue.3, 1982.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3408900

R. Ciz and S. A. Shapiro, Generalization of Gassmann equations for porous media saturated with a solid material, GEOPHYSICS, vol.72, issue.6, pp.75-79, 2007.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2772400

R. Ciz, E. H. Saenger, B. Gurevich, and S. A. Shapiro, Temperature-dependent poroelastic and viscoelastic effects on microscale-modelling of seismic reflections in heavy oil reservoirs, Geophysical Journal International, vol.176, issue.3, pp.822-832, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04016.x

K. A. Clark, Hot water separation of Alberta bituminous sand, Trans. Can. Inst. Min. Metall, vol.47, pp.257-274, 1944.

S. P. Clark, Handbook of Physical Constants, Geol. Soc. Am, 1966.

J. L. Colliat-dangus, Comportement des matériaux granulaires sous fortes contraintes. Influence de la nature minéralogique du matériau étudié, 1986.

I. F. Collins and P. A. Kelly, A thermomechanical analysis of a family of soil models, G??otechnique, vol.52, issue.7, pp.52-507, 2002.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.2002.52.7.507

I. F. Collins and B. Muhunthan, On the relationship between stress???dilatancy, anisotropy, and plastic dissipation for granular materials, G??otechnique, vol.53, issue.7, pp.53-611, 2003.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.611

P. M. Collins, Geomechanical effects on the SAGD process. SPE 97905, International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Sym, pp.1-3, 2005.

P. M. Collins, Consideration of Geomechanical Parameters in the Optimization of the SAGD Process. SPE ATW Technologies for Thermal Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery and Production, pp.14-15, 2006.

P. M. Collins, M. R. Carlson, D. A. Walters, and A. Settari, Geomechanical and Thermal Reservoir Simulation Demonstrates SAGD Enhancement Due to Shear Dilation, SPE/ISRM Rock Mechanics Conference, 2002.
DOI : 10.2118/78237-MS

F. M. Conly, R. W. Crosley, and J. V. Headley, Characterizing sediment sources and natural hydrocarbon inputs in the lower Athabasca River, Canada, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, vol.1, issue.3, pp.187-199, 2002.
DOI : 10.1139/s02-013

J. Czarnecki, B. Radoe, L. L. Schramm, and R. Slavchev, On the nature of Athabasca Oil Sands, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol.114, issue.115, pp.114-115, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cis.2004.09.009

J. Dautriat, Comportement Hydromecanique de roches reservoirs sous contraintes : Relations entre évolution de perméabilité et échelles des mécanismes d'endommagement, 2009.

A. Das and M. Batzle, Modeling studies of heavy oil in between solid and fluid properties. The Leading Edge, pp.1116-1123, 2008.

A. Das and M. Batzle, A combined effective medium approach for modeling the viscoelastic properties of heavy oil reservoirs, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009, pp.1589-1593, 2009.
DOI : 10.1190/1.3255273

A. Das and M. Batzle, Frequency dependent elastic properties and attenuation in heavy???oil sands: comparison between measured and modeled data, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2010, p.2547, 2010.
DOI : 10.1190/1.3513369

V. De-la-cruz and T. J. Spanos, Thermomechanical coupling during seismic wave propagation in a porous medium, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.61, issue.B1, pp.637-642, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/JB094iB01p00637

P. Delage, D. Tessier, and M. Marcel-audiguier, Use of the cryoscan apparatus for observation of freeze-fractured planes of a sensitive Quebec clay in scanning electron microscopy. Technical note, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol.20, issue.1, pp.111-114, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0148-9062(83)91642-X

P. Delage and F. M. Pellerin, Influence De La Lyophilisation Sur La Structure D'une Argile Sensible Du Quebec, Clay Minerals, vol.19, issue.2, pp.151-160, 1984.
DOI : 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.2.03

P. Delage, N. Sultan, and Y. J. Cui, On the thermal consolidation of Boom clay, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.37, issue.2, pp.343-354, 2000.
DOI : 10.1139/t99-105

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00723062

C. S. Desai, Further on unified hierarchical models based on alternative correction of damage approach, 1987.

A. Dilay and J. Eastwood, Spectral analysis applied to seismic monitoring of thermal recovery. The Leading Edge, pp.1117-1122, 1995.

F. L. Dimaggio and I. S. Sandler, Material model for granular soils, ASCE, J. Eng. Mech. Div, vol.97, issue.EM3, pp.935-950, 1971.

S. N. Domenico, ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF UNCONSOLIDATED POROUS SAND RESERVOIRS, GEOPHYSICS, vol.42, issue.7, pp.1339-1368, 1977.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1440797

J. M. Duncan, P. Byrne, K. S. Wong, and P. Mabrt, Strength, stress-strain and bulk modulus parameters for finite element analyses of stresses and movements in soil masses, 1980.

M. B. Dusseault, The geotechnical characteristics of the Athabasca oil sands, 1977.

M. B. Dusseault, Stress and Volume Changes in Gas Saturated Very Dense Sands. The Future of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, pp.312-319, 1979.

M. B. Dusseault, Sample disturbance in Athabasca oil sand, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.85-92, 1980.

M. B. Dusseault, Coupling geomechanics and transport in petroleum engineering, Proc. SHIRMS Int. Conf on Geomechanics, pp.16-19, 2008.

M. B. Dusseault, Geomechanical challenges in petroleum reservoir exploitation, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, vol.131, issue.3, pp.669-678, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s12205-011-0007-5

M. B. Dusseault and N. Morgenstern, Shear strength of Athabasca Oil Sands, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.15, issue.2, pp.216-238, 1978.
DOI : 10.1139/t78-021

M. B. Dusseault and H. R. Van-domselaar, Unconsolidated sand sampling in Canadian and Venezuelan waters, Revista Technica Intevep, vol.2, issue.2, pp.165-174, 1982.

M. B. Dusseault, S. Yin, L. Rothenburg, and H. Han, Seismic monitoring and geomechanics simulation. The Leading Edge, pp.610-620, 2007.

M. B. Dusseault and P. M. Collins, 24. Geomechanics Effects in Thermal Processes for Heavy-Oil Exploitation, pp.20-23, 2008.
DOI : 10.1190/1.9781560802235.ch24

J. Dvorkin and A. Nur, Dynamic poroelasticity: A unified model with the squirt and the Biot mechanisms, GEOPHYSICS, vol.58, issue.4, pp.524-533, 1993.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443435

J. Dvorkin, R. Nolen-hoeksema, and A. Nur, The squirt???flow mechanism: Macroscopic description, GEOPHYSICS, vol.59, issue.3, pp.428-438, 1994.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443605

J. Dvorkin, G. Mavko, and A. Nur, Squirt flow in fully saturated rocks, GEOPHYSICS, vol.60, issue.1, pp.97-107, 1995.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443767

J. Dvorkin and A. Nur, Elasticity of high???porosity sandstones: Theory for two North Sea data sets, GEOPHYSICS, vol.61, issue.5, pp.1363-1370, 1996.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1444059

J. Eastwood, ???waves in Cold Lake oil sands: Comparison of theory and experiment, GEOPHYSICS, vol.58, issue.6, pp.863-872, 1993.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443470

J. J. Fitzgerald, Black Gold with Grit, 1978.

M. Fleury, Caract??risation de structures poreuses par relaxom??trie RMN, Revue de l'Institut Fran??ais du P??trole, vol.53, issue.4, pp.489-493, 1998.
DOI : 10.2516/ogst:1998041

M. Fleury, F. Deflandre, C. Salze, and E. Cheruvier, Comparison of NMR laboratory and log measurements in a bitumen sand, Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts, pp.22-25, 2002.

J. M. Florez-nino and V. Vega, Rock Physics for 4D Modeling of Heavy Oil Sands in Petromonagas Field. World Heavy Oil Congress, Proceedings, pp.3-5, 2009.

E. Forgues, J. Meunier, F. X. Gresillon, C. Hubans, and D. Druesne, Continuous high???resolution seismic monitoring of SAGD, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2006, pp.3165-3169, 2006.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2370186

F. Gassmann, ELASTIC WAVES THROUGH A PACKING OF SPHERES, GEOPHYSICS, vol.16, issue.4, pp.673-685, 1951.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1437718

K. Gautam, M. Batzle, and R. Hofmann, Effects of fluids on attenuation of elastic waves, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2003, pp.1592-1595, 2003.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1817604

J. E. Gillott, Methods of sample preparation for microstructurel analysis of soil, Soil Microscopy, Proceedings of the 4 th International Working-Meeting on Soil Micromorphology, pp.143-164, 1973.

J. Graham, M. C. Alfaro, and G. Ferris, Compression and strength of dense sand at high pressures and elevated temperatures, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.41, issue.6, pp.1206-1212, 2004.
DOI : 10.1139/t04-047

T. L. Grills, Monitoring Thermal Heavy Oil Reservoirs From Outside the Well bore. CHOA Technical Luncheon, 2007.

B. Gurevich, Effect of fluid viscosity on elastic wave attenuation in porous rocks, GEOPHYSICS, vol.67, issue.1, pp.264-270, 2002.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1451798

B. Gurevich, C. , and R. , Shear wave dispersion and attenuation in periodic systems of alternating solid and viscous fluid layers, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.43, issue.25-26, pp.7673-7683, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.03.024

B. Gurevich, K. Osypov, R. Ciz, and D. Makarynska, Modeling elastic wave velocities and attenuation in rocks saturated with heavy oil, GEOPHYSICS, vol.73, issue.4, pp.115-122, 2008.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2940341

D. Han, J. Liu, and M. Batzle, Acoustic property of heavy oil ??? measured data, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2006, pp.1903-1907, 2006.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2369898

D. Han and M. Batzle, Velocity of heavy???oil sand, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2007, pp.1619-1623, 2007.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2792805

D. Han, J. Liu, and M. Batzle, Shear velocity as the function of frequency in heavy oils, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2007, pp.1716-1719, 2007.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2792824

D. Han, Q. Yao, and H. Zhao, Complex properties of heavy???oil sand, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2007, pp.1609-1613, 2007.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2792803

D. Han, J. Liu, and M. Batzle, Seismic property of heavy oils: Measured data. The Leading Edge, pp.1108-1115, 2008.

D. Han, J. Liu, and M. Batzle, Velocity and dispersion of heavy oils. Back to Exploration ? 2008 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention, pp.493-497, 2008.

D. Han, H. Zhao, and Q. Yao, Measured Velocity Data on Heavy Oil Sands. Back to Exploration ? 2008 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention, pp.498-502, 2008.

T. He and D. R. Schmitt, Measurement of Elastic Frame Properties on Weakly Consolidated Sandstone in Support of Fluid Substitution Studies, CSEG Annual Meeting, 2004.

K. Hedlin, L. Mewhort, and G. Margrave, Delineation of steam flood using seismic attenuation. CSEG expanded abstracts, 2002.

F. J. Hein and R. A. Marsh, Regional geologic framework, depositional models and resource estimates of the oil sands of Alberta, Canada, Proceedings World Heavy Oil Congress, pp.10-12, 2008.

I. Henaut, L. Barre, J. F. Argillier, F. Brucy, and R. Bouchard, Rheological and Structural Properties of Heavy Crude Oils in Relation With Their Asphaltenes Content, SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, 2001.
DOI : 10.2118/65020-MS

C. Hickey, J. Eastwood, and T. J. Spanos, Seismic wave propagation in oil sands, Alberta Oil Sands Technology and Research Authority J. Res, vol.7, pp.67-81, 1991.

A. Hinkle, Relating chemical and physical properties of heavy oils, 2007.

B. E. Hornby and W. F. Murphy, Vp/Vs in unconsolidated oil sands: Shear from Stoneley, GEOPHYSICS, vol.52, issue.4, pp.502-513, 1987.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1442320

B. E. Hornby, L. M. Schwartz, and J. A. Hudson, Anisotropic effective???medium modeling of the elastic properties of shales, GEOPHYSICS, vol.59, issue.10, pp.1570-1583, 1994.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443546

J. Ivory, N. Bjorndalen, J. Chang, M. London, O. Akinlade et al., Handbook of Canadian heavy oil and oil sand properties for reservoir simulation, AERI/ARC Core Industry Research Program, pp.607-631, 2007.

K. P. Jakobsen and P. V. Lade, Implementation algorithm for a single hardening constitutive model for frictional materials, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.6, issue.7, pp.661-681, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.217

A. Kato, S. Onozuka, and T. Nakayama, Elastic property changes in a heavy oil reservoir during steam injection. The Leading Edge, pp.1124-1131, 2008.

M. K. Kim and P. V. Lade, Single hardening constitutive model for frictional materials, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.5, issue.4, pp.307-324, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0266-352X(88)90009-2

K. M. Kosar, The Effect of Heated Foundations on Oil Sand, 1983.

K. M. Kosar, Geotechnical Properties of Oil Sands and Related Strata, 1989.

G. T. Küster and M. N. Töksöz, VELOCITY AND ATTENUATION OF SEISMIC WAVES IN TWO???PHASE MEDIA: PART I. THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS, GEOPHYSICS, vol.39, issue.5, pp.587-606, 1974.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1440450

P. V. Lade and M. K. Kim, Single hardening constitutive model for frictional materials II. Yield critirion and plastic work contours, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.6, issue.1, pp.13-29, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0266-352X(88)90053-5

P. V. Lade and M. K. Kim, Single hardening constitutive model for frictional materials III. Comparisons with experimental data, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.6, issue.1, pp.31-47, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0266-352X(88)90054-7

M. Landrø, Discrimination between pressure and fluid saturation changes from time???lapse seismic data, GEOPHYSICS, vol.66, issue.3, pp.836-844, 2001.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1444973

O. Lerat, F. Adjemian, A. Baroni, G. Etienne, G. Renard et al., Modelling of 4D Seismic Data for the Monitoring of Steam Chamber Growth During the SAGD Process, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, issue.6, pp.49-70, 2010.

K. C. Leurer and J. And-dvorkin, Intergranular squirt flow in sand: grains with viscous cement, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.37, issue.8, pp.1133-1144, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7683(98)00299-6

K. C. Leurer and J. Dvorkin, Viscoelasticity of precompacted unconsolidated sand with viscous cement, GEOPHYSICS, vol.71, issue.2, pp.31-40, 2006.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2187795

P. Li, R. J. Chalaturnyk, and M. Polikar, Issues With Reservoir Geomechanical Simulations of the SAGD Process, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol.43, issue.05, pp.30-40, 2004.
DOI : 10.2118/04-05-02

D. E. Lumley, 4???D seismic monitoring of an active steamflood, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1995, pp.203-206, 1995.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1887497

M. Mainguy, Géomécanique des huiles lourdes en injection de vapeur, p.57, 2008.

D. Makarynska, B. Gurevich, J. Behura, and M. Batzle, Fluid substitution in rocks saturated with viscoelastic fluids, GEOPHYSICS, vol.75, issue.2, pp.115-122, 2010.
DOI : 10.1190/1.3360313

D. Marcial, P. Delage, and Y. J. Cui, On the high stress compression of bentonites, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.39, issue.4, pp.812-820, 2002.
DOI : 10.1139/t02-019

X. Mathieu, Géologie de l'Athabasca et de l'Orénoque, pp.35-41, 2008.

H. Matsuoka and T. Nakai, A new failure criterion for soils in three dimensional stresses, IUTAM Conference on Deformation and Failure of Granular Materials, pp.253-263, 1982.

G. Mavko and A. Nur, Melt squirt in the asthenosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1444-1448, 1975.
DOI : 10.1029/JB080i011p01444

G. Mavko and D. Et-jizba, Estimating grain???scale fluid effects on velocity dispersion in rocks, GEOPHYSICS, vol.56, issue.12, pp.1940-1949, 1991.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443005

G. Mavko, T. Mukerji, and J. And-dvorkin, The rock physics handbook ? Tools for Seismic analysis in porous media, 1998.

A. K. Mehrotra and W. Y. Svrcek, Viscosity of compressed athabasca bitumen, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol.21, issue.4, pp.844-847, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/cjce.5450640520

H. Mochinaga, S. Onozuka, F. Kono, T. Ogawa, A. Takahashi et al., Properties of oil sands and heavy oil in Athabasca. Back to Exploration -2006 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention, pp.39-44, 2006.

N. R. Morgenstern, Geotechnical Engineering and Frontier Resource Development. Twenty-first ranking lecture, pp.303-365, 1981.

G. D. Mossop, Geology of the Athabasca Oil Sands, Science, vol.207, issue.4427, pp.145-152, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.207.4427.145

T. J. Mraz, K. Rajeshwar, and J. B. Dubow, Thermophysical characterization of oil sands. 2. Acoustic properties, Fuel, vol.61, issue.3, pp.61-240, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(82)90119-3

B. Muhunthan and D. Olcott, Elastic energy and shear work, G??otechnique, vol.52, issue.7, pp.541-544, 2002.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.2002.52.7.541

T. Nakayama, A. Takahashi, L. Skinner, and A. Kato, Monitoring an oil-sands reservoir in northwest Alberta using time-lapse 3D seismic and 3D P-SV convertedwave data. The Leading Edge, pp.1158-1175, 2008.

T. N. Nasr and O. R. Ayodele, Thermal techniques for the recovery oh heavy oil bitumen. Technical paper SPE 97488 presented at the SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific, pp.5-6, 2005.

A. Nur and G. Simmons, The effect of viscosity of a fluid phase on velocity in low porosity rocks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.7, issue.2, pp.99-108, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(69)90021-1

A. Nur, C. Tosaya, and D. Vo-thanh, Seismic monitoring of thermal enhanced oil recovery oil recovery processes. Paper in 54th Ann, Internat. Mtg. Soc. Explor. Geophys, pp.337-340, 1984.

O. Connell, R. J. Budiansky, and B. , Viscoelastic properties of fluid-saturated cracked solids, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.60, issue.36, pp.5719-5736, 1977.
DOI : 10.1029/JB082i036p05719

F. Oka and T. Adachi, A constitutive equation of geologic materials with memory, Proc. of Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, pp.293-300, 1985.

K. Oldakowvski, Stress induced permeability changes of Athabasca oils sands, 1994.

O. Omotoso and R. J. Mikula, High surface areas caused by smectitic interstratification of kaolinite and illite in Athabasca oil sands, Applied Clay Science, vol.25, issue.1-2, pp.37-47, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clay.2003.08.002

J. A. Ortigao, Soil mechanics in the light of critical state, 1995.

M. Ortiz-osornio and D. Schmitt, Q Inversion in a Heavy Oil Sand. Back to Exploration ? 2008 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention, pp.489-492, 2008.

J. M. Pestana and A. J. Whittle, Compression model for cohesionless soils, G??otechnique, vol.45, issue.4, pp.611-631, 1995.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1995.45.4.611

H. D. Plewes, Undrained Strength of Athabasca Oil Sands, 1987.

M. Prasad, Acoustic measurements in unconsolidated sands at low effective pressure and overpressure detection, GEOPHYSICS, vol.67, issue.2, pp.405-412, 2002.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1468600

M. Prasad and R. Meissner, Attenuation mechanisms in sands: Laboratory versus theoretical (Biot) data, GEOPHYSICS, vol.57, issue.5, pp.710-719, 1992.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443284

S. R. Pride, J. G. Berryman, and J. M. Harris, Seismic attenuation due to wave-induced flow, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.128, issue.B1, p.1201, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JB002639

G. Priol, Comportement mécanique différé et mouillabilité d'une craie pétrolifère, Thèse de doctorat, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 2005.

D. R. Prowse and E. D. Wallace, Some Physical Properties of Bitumen and Oil Sand, 1983.

P. Rasolofosaon and B. Zinszner, Petroacoustic Characterization of Reservoir Rocks for Seismic Monitoring Studies. Laboratory Measurement of Hertz and Gassmann Parameters, Oil & Gas Science and Technology, vol.58, issue.6, pp.615-635, 2003.
DOI : 10.2516/ogst:2003043

G. Renard, J. F. Nauroy, and C. Deruyter, Production froide des huiles visqueuses. Oil and Gas Science and Technology ? Rev, IFP, vol.55, issue.1, 2000.

R. Becerra and J. L. , Discrimination des fluides à partir de la sismique en réservoir gréseux à huile lourde peu consolidé par des techniques statistiques : applications à la caractérisation de réservoir et au monitoring sismique, 2009.

K. H. Roscoe and J. B. Burland, On the generalized stress-strain behaviour of ''wet clay, Engineering plasticity, pp.535-609, 1968.

P. W. Rowe, The Stress-Dilatancy Relation for Static Equilibrium of an Assembly of Particles in Contact, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.269, issue.1339, pp.500-527, 1962.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1962.0193

A. M. Samieh, Behavioural characteristics and constitutive modelling of Athabasca tar sand at low effective stresses, 1995.

A. M. Samieh and R. C. Wong, Deformation of Athabasca oil sand at low effective stresses under varying boundary conditions, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.34, issue.6, pp.985-990, 1997.
DOI : 10.1139/t97-048

A. M. Samieh and R. C. Wong, Modelling the responses of Athabasca oil sand in triaxial compression tests at low pressure, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.35, issue.2, pp.395-406, 1998.
DOI : 10.1139/t97-079

E. S. Santos and F. H. Ferreira, Mechanical Behavior of a Brazilian Off-Shore Carbonate Reservoir, 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium and 5th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Sym, pp.27-30, 2010.

T. Schanz and P. A. Vermeer, Angles of friction and dilatancy of sand, G??otechnique, vol.46, issue.1, pp.145-151, 1996.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1996.46.1.145

T. Schanz, P. A. Vermeer, and P. G. Bonnier, Formulation and verification of the Hardening Soil Model, Computational Geotechnics, pp.281-290, 1999.

D. R. Schmitt, Seismic attributes for monitoring of a shallow heated heavy oil reservoir: A case study, GEOPHYSICS, vol.64, issue.2, pp.368-377, 1999.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1444541

D. R. Schmitt, Oil Sands and Geophysics. CSEG Recorder, pp.5-11, 2004.

D. R. Schmitt, Rock Physics and Time-Lapse Monitoring of Heavy-Oil Reservoirs. SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, 2003.

A. N. Schofield and C. P. Wroth, Critical state soil mechanics, 1968.

J. D. Scott, S. A. Proskin, and D. P. Adhikary, The Relationship Between Absolute Permeability and Stress State for Heavy Oil Sand, Eastern Oil Shale Symposium, 1991.

S. A. Shapiro and A. Kaselow, Porosity and elastic anisotropy of rocks under tectonic stress and pore-pressure changes, GEOPHYSICS, vol.70, issue.5, pp.27-38, 2005.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2073884

P. Sheng, Effective-medium theory of sedimentary rocks, Physical Review B, vol.41, issue.7, pp.4507-4512, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.41.4507

P. Sheng, Consistent modeling of the electrical and elastic properties of sedimentary rocks, GEOPHYSICS, vol.56, issue.8, pp.1236-1243, 1991.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443143

D. Smith-magowan, A. Skauge, and L. Hepler, Specific Heats of Athabasca Oil Sands And Components, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol.21, issue.03, pp.28-32, 1982.
DOI : 10.2118/82-03-02

G. Solano and D. R. Schmitt, VSP study of attenuation in oil sands. CSEG expanded abstracts, 2004.

W. H. Somerton, Porous Rock-Fluid Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures, pp.183-197, 1982.
DOI : 10.1130/SPE189-p183

J. W. Spencer, Stress relaxations at low frequencies in fluid-saturated rocks: Attenuation and modulus dispersion, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.5, issue.B3, pp.1803-1812, 1981.
DOI : 10.1029/JB086iB03p01803

J. W. Spencer, M. E. Cates, and D. D. Thompson, Frame moduli of unconsolidated sands and sandstones, GEOPHYSICS, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1352-1361, 1994.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443694

J. Sulem, I. Vardoulakis, E. Papamichos, A. Oulahna, and J. Tronvoll, Elasto-plastic modelling of Red Wildmoor sandstone, Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, pp.215-245, 1999.

K. Takamura, Microscopic structure of athabasca oil sand, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol.65, issue.4, pp.538-545, 1982.
DOI : 10.1002/cjce.5450600416

M. Tanaka, K. Endo, and S. Onozulka, Estimation of Steam-Chamber Extent Using 4D Seismic. Canadian International Petroleum Conference, pp.16-18, 2009.

P. Tarif, Mesure de l'atténuation des ondes compressionelles ultrasoniques dans les roches: application à la mesure de l'anisotropie d'atténuation, 1986.

U. Theune, Seismic monitoring of heavy oil reservoirs: rock physics and finite element modelling, 2004.

M. N. Toksöz, D. H. Johnson, and A. Timur, Attenuation of seismic waves in dry and saturated rocks: I. Laboratory measurements, GEOPHYSICS, vol.44, issue.4, pp.681-690, 1979.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1440969

C. Tosaya, A. Nur, D. Vo-thanh, D. Prat, and G. , Laboratory Seismic Methods for Remote Monitoring of Thermal EOR, SPE Reservoir Engineering, vol.2, issue.02, pp.235-242, 1987.
DOI : 10.2118/12744-PA

A. Touhidi-baghini, Absolute permeability of McMurray Formation Oil Sands at Low Confining Stresses, 1998.

N. K. Tovey and K. Y. Wong, The preparation of soils and other geological materials for the scanning electron microscope, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soil Structure, pp.176-183, 1973.

B. Tremblay, K. Oldakowski, and A. Settari, Geomechanical properties of oil sands at low effective stress. 48th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society, pp.97-104, 1997.

D. Tsiklauri and I. Beresnev, Properties of elastic waves in a non-Newtonian Maxwell fluid-saturated porous medium, Transport in Porous Media, pp.39-50, 2003.

A. Tutuncu, A. Podio, and M. Sharma, An experimental investigation of factors influencing compressional??? and shear???wave velocities and attenuations in tight gas sandstones, GEOPHYSICS, vol.59, issue.1, pp.77-86, 1994.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1443536

A. R. Vasquez, M. S. Sanchez, C. A. Consultores, J. Mclennan, Q. Guo et al., Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Unconsolidated Sands and Its Applications to the Heavy Oil SAGD Project in the Tia Juana Field, Venezuela, Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, pp.21-23, 1999.
DOI : 10.2118/54009-MS

H. Vaziri, Non-linear temperature and consolidation analysis of gassy soils, 1986.

H. Vaziri, A new constitutive stress strain model for describing the geomechanical behavior of oil sands. 40th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM, Paper #89-40-67, pp.89-129, 1989.

P. A. Vermeer, A double hardening model for sand, G??otechnique, vol.28, issue.4, pp.413-433, 1978.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1978.28.4.413

D. Vo-thanh, Effects of fluid viscosity on shear???wave attenuation in saturated sandstones, GEOPHYSICS, vol.55, issue.6, pp.712-722, 1990.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1442883

J. B. Walsh, New analysis of attenuation in partially melted rock, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.2, issue.6, pp.4333-4337, 1969.
DOI : 10.1029/JB074i017p04333

D. A. Walters and R. C. Wong, The hydraulic and mechanical response of an oil sand fracture under a varying confining pressure, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.36, issue.2, pp.262-271, 1999.
DOI : 10.1139/t98-099

K. Walton, The effective elastic moduli of a random packing of spheres, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.35, issue.2, pp.213-226, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(87)90036-6

R. G. Wan, D. H. Chan, and K. M. Kosar, A constitutive model for the effective stress.strain behaviour of oil sands, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol.30, pp.89-98, 1991.

Z. Wang and A. Nur, Effect of Temperature on Wave Velocities in Sands and Sandstones With Heavy Hydrocarbons, SPE Reservoir Engineering, vol.3, issue.01, pp.158-164, 1988.
DOI : 10.2118/15646-PA

Z. Wang and A. Nur, Wave velocities in hydrocarbon???saturated rocks: Experimental results, GEOPHYSICS, vol.55, issue.6, pp.723-733, 1990.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1442884

Z. Wang, A. Nur, and M. L. Batzle, Acoustic Velocities in Petroleum Oils, Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol.42, issue.02, pp.192-200, 1990.
DOI : 10.2118/18163-PA

Z. Wang, M. L. Batzle, and A. Nur, Effect of different pore fluids on seismic velocities in rocks, Can. J. Explor. Geophys, vol.26, pp.104-112, 1990.

K. W. Winkler and A. Nur, Seismic attenuation: Effects of pore fluids and frictional???sliding, GEOPHYSICS, vol.47, issue.1, pp.1-15, 1982.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1441276

K. W. Winkler and W. F. Murphy, Acoustic velocity and attenuation in porous rocks A Handbook of Physical Constants, Rock Physics and Phase Relations, 1995.

K. Wolf, Laboratory measurements and reservoir monitoring of bitumen sand reservoirs, 2010.

K. Wolf, T. Vanorio, and G. Mavko, Measuring and monitoring heavy-oil reservoir properties. The Leading Edge, pp.1138-1147, 2008.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2978976

R. C. Wong, Shear Deformation of locked Sand in Triaxial Compression, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.23, issue.2, pp.158-170, 2000.

R. C. Wong, Residual strength of two natural structured soils (oil sand and shale) in triaxial compression, International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.23, issue.1, pp.413-422, 2001.

R. C. Wong, Strain-induced anisotropy in fabric and hydraulic parameters of oil sand in triaxial compression, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.40, issue.3, pp.489-500, 2003.
DOI : 10.1139/t03-005

R. C. Wong, Effect of Sample Disturbance Induced by Gas Exsolution on Geotechnical and Hydraulic Properties Measurements in Oil Sands, Canadian International Petroleum Conference, 2004.
DOI : 10.2118/2004-071

R. C. Wong, W. E. Barr, and P. R. Kry, Stress???strain response of Cold Lake oil sands, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.30, issue.2, pp.220-235, 1993.
DOI : 10.1139/t93-019

R. C. Wong, L. G. Ko, and R. Movassagh, A study of tortuosity in locked oil sand, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.35-40, 2004.

Y. Xu and S. Chopra, Deterministic mapping of reservoir heterogeneity in Athabasca oil sands using surface seismic data. The Leading Edge, pp.1186-1191, 2008.

D. P. Yale, T. Mayer, and J. Wang, Geomechanics of oil sands under injection, 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium and 5th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Sym, pp.27-30, 2010.

S. Zandi, Modélisation des effets géomécaniques de l'injection de vapeur dans les réservoirs de bruts lourds, 2011.

J. E. Zajic, D. G. Cooper, J. A. Marshall, and D. F. Gerson, Microstructure of Athabasca bituminous sand by freeze-fracture preparation and transmission electron microscopy, Fuel, vol.60, issue.7, pp.60-619, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-2361(81)90164-2

W. Zhang, S. Youn, and Q. Doan, Understanding Reservoir Architectures and Steam-Chamber Growth at Christina Lake, Alberta, by Using 4D Seismic and Crosswell Seismic Imaging, Paper SPE 97808 presented at the SPE/PS-CIM/CHOA International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium, pp.1-3, 2005.
DOI : 10.2118/97808-PA

Q. C. Zhou, H. B. Li, C. H. Yang, and C. W. Luo, Experimental Study on Mechanical Property of Thermo-Mechanical and Hydro-Mechanical Coupling Condition for a Sandstone, Key Engineering Materials, pp.326-328, 2006.

B. Zinszner and F. M. Pellerin, A Geoscientist's Guide to Petrophysics, p.384, 2007.

M. Zimmer, M. Prasad, and G. Mavko, Pressure and porosity influences on Vp-Vs ratio in unconsolidated sands. The Leading Edge, pp.178-183, 2002.

M. A. Zimmer, M. Prasad, G. Mavko, and A. Nur, Seismic velocities of unconsolidated sands: Part 1 ??? Pressure trends from 0.1 to 20 MPa, GEOPHYSICS, vol.72, issue.1, pp.72-73, 2007.
DOI : 10.1190/1.2399459

D. H. Doan, P. Delage, J. F. Nauroy, A. M. Tang, Y. et al., Microstructural characterization of a Canadian oil sand, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.49, issue.10, 2011.
DOI : 10.1139/t2012-072

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00773092

P. Delage, D. H. Doan, J. F. Nauroy, and A. M. Tang, The compression behaviour of Canadian oil sands, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01084234

D. H. Doan, J. F. Nauroy, P. Delage, A. Baroni, and M. Mainguy, Effect of temperature on ultrasonic velocities of unconsolidated sandstones reservoirs during the SAGD recovery process, Paper in 44 th US & 5 th U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/epjconf/20100636003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00630960

D. H. Doan, P. Delage, J. F. Nauroy, A. M. Tang, and M. Mainguy, On the high stress compression of Canadian oil sand, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00693199

D. H. Doan, J. F. Nauroy, P. Delage, A. M. Tang, and M. Mainguy, Acoustic properties of poorly cemented sandstones under temperature and stress, Paper in 45 th U.S. Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00693189

D. H. Doan, P. Delage, and J. F. Nauroy, Microstructure characterisation of Canadian Oil sands. ALERT workshop, 2005.

E. Preparation-, Evolution of acoustic properties of heavy oil sand during the SAGD process -Compressional-and shear-wave velocities and attenuations in oil sand reservoirs during the SAGD process: laboratory studies and viscoelastic modelling