I. 2. Résultats-expérimentaux and .. , 83 III.2.1. Transformations à l'échelle moléculaire, p.89

F. Addiego, Caractérisation de la variation volumique du polyéthylène au cours de la déformation plastique en traction et en fluage, Thèse de doctorat de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 2006.

N. Alberola, J. Y. Cavaille, and J. Perez, Mechanical ?? and ?? relaxations in polyethylene???I. Glass transitions of polyethylene, European Polymer Journal, vol.28, issue.8, pp.935-948, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-3057(92)90322-S
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310327

N. Alberola, J. Y. Cavaille, and J. Perez, Mechanical ?? and ?? relaxations in polyethylene???II. Physical models of the mechanical ?? relaxation in polyethylene, European Polymer Journal, vol.28, issue.8, pp.949-953, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-3057(92)90323-T
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310326

A. S. Argon and J. G. Hannoosh, Initiation of crazes in polystyrene, Philosophical Magazine, vol.7, issue.5, pp.1195-1216, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00754905

A. S. Argon and R. Cohen, Crazing and toughness of block copolymers and blends. Advanced Polymer Science, pp.91-92, 1990.

S. Arsène and J. Bai, A new approach to measuring transverse properties of structural tubing by a ring test, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, vol.24, pp.386-391, 1996.

S. Arsène and J. Bai, A new approach to measuring transverse properties of structural tubing by a ring test: experimental investigation, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, vol.26, pp.26-30, 1998.

[. Procedure and R. , An assessment procedure for the high temperature response of structures. Nuclear Electric plc, 1990.

L. Audouin, V. Langlois, J. Verdu, and J. C. De-bruijn, Role of oxygen diffusion in polymer ageing: kinetic and mechanical aspects, Journal of Materials Science, vol.23, issue.1, pp.569-583, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00445968

L. Audouin, V. Gueguen, A. Tcharkhtchi, and J. Verdu, Closed loop" mechanistic schemes for hydrocarbon polymer oxidation, Journal of Polymer Science, vol.33, pp.921-927, 1995.

B. Azhdar, W. Yu, T. Reitberger, and U. W. Gedde, A new method for assessing the efficiency of stabilizers in polyolefins exposed to chlorinated water media, Polymer Testing, vol.28, issue.6, pp.661-667, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2009.05.010

C. Baudet, J. Grandidier, and L. Cangémi, A damage model for the blistering of polyvinylidene fluoride subjected to carbon dioxide decompression, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1909-1926, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmps.2011.04.010

H. Ben00-]-ben-hadj-hamouda, Endommagement et fissuration en fluage de polyéthylènes extrudés : Approche globale ? Approche locale, 2000.

H. Ben01-]-ben-hadj-hamouda, M. Simoes-betbeder, F. Grillon, P. Blouet, N. Billon et al., Creep damage mechanisms in polyethylene gas pipes, Polymer, pp.42-5425, 2001.

H. Ben07-]-ben-hadj-hamouda, L. Laiarinandrasana, and R. Piques, Viscoplastic behaviour of a medium density polyethylene (MDPE): Constitutive equations based on double nonlinear deformation model, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.23, issue.8, pp.1307-1327, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijplas.2006.11.007

B. Hadj-hamouda, H. Laiarinandrasana, L. Piques, and R. , Fracture mechanics global approach concepts applied to creep slow crack growth in a medium density polyethylene (MDPE) Engineering Fracture Mechanics, pp.2187-2204, 2007.

H. Ben09-]-ben-hadj-hamouda, L. Laiarinandrasana, and R. Piques, A local approach to creep fracture by slow crack growth in an MDPE: Damage modelling, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.86, issue.2-3, pp.228-238, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2008.09.002

. [. Beremin, Calculs élastoplastiques par la method des elements finis d'éprouvettes axisymétriques entaillées circulairement, Journal de la Mécanique, vol.4, issue.3, 1980.

J. Besson, D. Steglich, and W. Brocks, Modeling of crack growth in round bars and plane strain specimens, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.38, issue.46-47, pp.8259-8284, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7683(01)00167-6

N. C. Billingham and P. D. Calvert, Development in Polymer Stabilization, 1980.

E. G. Scotted, Applied Science Publishes, p.139

A. Blaise, Caractérisation microstructurale d'un PEHD semi-cristallin déformé, par tomographie X et diffraction de lumière polarisée, Thèse de doctorat de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 2011.

G. Boisot, Mécanismes et modélisation mécanique de la déformation, de l'endommagement et de la rupture du PolyAmide 11 pur et renforcé choc, 2009.

G. Boisot, C. Fond, L. Laiarinandrasana, and G. Hochstetter, Damage mechanisms in rubber-toughened polyamide 11, 14 th international conference on Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers, 2009.

G. Boisot, L. Laiarinandrasana, J. Besson, C. Fond, and G. Hochstetter, Experimental investigations and modeling of volume change induced by void growth in polyamide 11, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.48, issue.19, pp.2642-2654, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2011.05.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00624022

J. L. Bolland and G. Gee, Kinetic studies in the chemistry of rubber and related materials. II. The kinetics of oxidation of unconjugated olefins, Transactions of the Faraday Society, vol.42, pp.236-243, 1946.
DOI : 10.1039/tf9464200236

J. L. Bolland and G. Gee, Kinetic studies in the chemistry of rubber and related materials. III. Thermochemistry and mechanisms of olefin oxidation, Transactions of the Faraday Society, vol.42, pp.244-252, 1946.
DOI : 10.1039/tf9464200244

R. H. Boyd, Relaxation processes in crystalline polymers: experimental behaviour ??? a review, Polymer, vol.26, issue.3, pp.323-474, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-3861(85)90192-2

R. H. Boyd, Relaxation processes in crystalline polymers: molecular interpretation ??? a review, Polymer, vol.26, issue.8, pp.1123-1133, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-3861(85)90240-X

P. W. Bridgman, Studies in large plastic flow and fracture with special emphasis on the effects of hydrostatic pressure. McGraw-Hill, Chapter I, The effect of nonuniformities of stress at the neck of a tension specimen, pp.9-37, 1952.

N. Brown, Intrinsic lifetime of polyethylene pipelines, Polymer Engineering & Science, vol.94, issue.4, pp.477-480, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.20696

J. Cador, Le renouvellement du patrimoine en canalisations d'eau potable In : Le patrimoine des canalisations d'AEP en France, 2002.

G. Cailletaud and K. Saï, Study of plastic/viscoplastic models with various inelastic mechanisms, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.11, issue.8, pp.991-1005, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-6419(95)00040-2

J. G. Calvert and J. N. Pitts, Photochemistry, pp.8150-827, 1966.

P. D. Calvert and N. C. Billingham, Loss of additives from polymers: A theoretical model, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.24, issue.2, pp.357-370, 1979.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1979.070240205

D. J. Carlsson and D. M. Wiles, The Photodegradation of Polypropylene Films. II. Photolysis of Ketonic Oxidation Products, Macromolecules, vol.2, issue.6, pp.587-597, 1969.
DOI : 10.1021/ma60012a006

S. Castagnet and Y. Deburck, Relative influence of microstructure and macroscopic triaxiality on cavitation damage in a semi-crystalline polymer, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.448, issue.1-2, pp.56-66, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.100

M. Challier, J. Besson, L. Laiarinandrasana, and R. Piques, Damage and fracture of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) at 20??C: Experiments and modelling, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.73, issue.1, pp.79-90, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2005.06.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00154563

B. Choi, Z. Zhou, A. Chudnovsky, S. S. Stivala, K. Sehanobish et al., Fracture initiation associated with chemical degradation: observation and modeling, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.42, issue.2, pp.681-695, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.06.028

B. Choi, A. Chudnovsky, and K. Sehanobish, Stress Corrosion Cracking in Plastic Pipes: Observation and Modeling, International Journal of Fracture, vol.49, issue.6, pp.81-88, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10704-007-9092-3

P. Chopard, Etude du comportement des branchements en polyéthylène utilisés pour le transport d'eau potable en présence de chlore, Congrès ASTEE, 2008.

B. Choi, A. Chudnovsky, R. Paradkar, W. Michie, Z. Zhou et al., Experimental and theoretical investigation of stress corrosion crack (SCC) growth of polyethylene pipes, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.94, issue.5, pp.859-867, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.016

X. Colin, B. Fayolle, L. Audouin, and J. Verdu, About a quasi-universal character of unstabilised polyethylene thermal oxidation kinetics, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.80, issue.1, pp.67-74, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00384-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00113813

X. Colin, B. Fayolle, L. Audouin, J. Verdu, and X. Duteurtre, Vieillissement thermooxydant des polymères: un pas vers la modélisation cinétique. Vieillissement et durabilité des matériaux, Lavoisier Tec&Doc, issue.3, pp.65-98, 2003.

X. Colin, L. Audouin, and J. Verdu, Determination of thermal oxidation rate constants by an inverse method. Application to polyethylene, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.86, issue.2, pp.309-321, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.022
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00084591

X. Colin, L. Audouin, and J. Verdu, Lifetime prediction of polyethylene pipes transporting drinking water in the presence of chlorine dioxyde, AIP Conference Proceedings, pp.281-284, 1042.

X. Colin, L. Audouin, J. Verdu, M. Rozental-evesque, B. Rabaud et al., Aging of polyethylene pipes transporting drinking water disinfected by chlorine dioxide. I. Chemical aspects, Polymer Engineering & Science, vol.50, issue.383, pp.1429-1437, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.21258

X. Colin, L. Audouin, J. Verdu, M. Rozental-evesque, B. Rabaud et al., Aging of polyethylene pipes transporting drinking water disinfected by chlorine dioxide. Part II-Lifetime prediction, Polymer Engineering & Science, vol.91, issue.8, pp.1642-1652, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.21387

J. P. Dear and N. S. Mason, The effects of chlorine depletion of antioxydants in polyethylene, Polymers & Polymer Composites, vol.9, pp.1-13, 2001.

J. P. Dear and N. S. Mason, Effect of chlorine on polyethylene pipes in water distribution networks, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol.1, issue.3, pp.97-111, 2006.
DOI : 10.1243/14644207JMDA88

R. Deblieck, D. J. Van-beek, K. Remerie, and I. M. Ward, Failure mechanisms in polyolefins: The role of crazing, shear yielding and the entanglement network, Polymer, pp.52-2979, 2011.

C. Decker, F. R. Mayo, and H. Richardson, Ageing and degradation of polyolefins. III. Polyethylene and ethylene-propylene copolymers, Journal of Polymer Science, issue.11, pp.2879-2898, 1973.

F. Détrez, Nanomécanismes de déformation des polymères semicristallins : Etude in situ par microscopie à force atomique et modélisation, 2008.

F. Djouani, E. Richaud, B. Fayolle, and J. Verdu, Kinetic studies of the thermal oxidation of phosphite-stabilized polyethylene films, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2011.

A. Donald and E. Kramer, Effect of molecular entanglements on craze microstructure in glassy polymers, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, vol.20, issue.5, pp.899-909, 1982.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1982.180200512

M. Dore, Chimie des oxydants et Traitement des Eaux, 1989.

A. Groupe-de-travail, . Coordonné, and J. Duguet, Réglementation et traitement des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine, 2006.

B. Fayolle, X. Colin, L. Audouin, and J. Verdu, Review: degradation-induced embrittlement in semi-crystalline polymers having their amorphous phase in rubbery state, Journal of Materials Science, vol.29, issue.22, pp.6999-7012, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10853-008-3005-3

B. Fayolle, E. Richaud, X. Colin, and J. Verdu, Mechanism of degradation induced embrittlement in polyethylene, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.92, issue.2, pp.231-238, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.11.012

B. Fayolle, Fragilisation des polymères induite par dégradation, 2009.

A. Cinétiques, Thèse d'Habilitation à Diriger la Recherche de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers

J. Gautier, T. Francais, M. Pouillot, and P. Hartmann, Sous produits d'oxydation du dioxyde de chlore, formation et devenir en réseau, pp.95-101, 1996.

E. Gaudichet-maurin, S. Oberti, S. Trottier, L. Carmier, L. Girardot et al., Durability of a novel multilayer plastic pipe in contact with chlorine dioxide, pp.5-7, 2009.

U. W. Gedde, J. Viebke, H. Leijstrom, and M. Ifwarson, Long-term properties of hot-water polyolefin pipes???a review, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol.19, issue.177, pp.1773-1787, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.760342402

T. S. Gill, J. Knapp, S. W. Bradley, and W. L. Bradley, Long term durability of crosslinked polyethylene tubing used in chlorinated hot water systems, Plastics, Rubber and Composites, vol.28, issue.6, pp.309-313, 1990.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.760341708

P. Gisman and J. Hennekens, The influence of temperature and catalyst residues on the degradation of unstabilized polypropylene, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.39, issue.3, pp.271-277, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0141-3910(93)90001-Y

A. L. Gurson, Continuum theory of ductile rupture by void nucleation and growth : Part 1 : Yield criteria and flow rules for porous ductile media, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, pp.99-101, 1977.

G. G. Gutierrez, Oxydation des nanocomposites à matrice polyoléfinique, 2010.

J. Hassinen, M. Lundback, M. Ifwarson, and U. W. Gedde, Deterioration of polyethylene pipes exposed to chlorinated water, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.84, issue.2, pp.261-267, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.019

J. M. Haudin and C. , Introduction à la mécanique des polymères, chapitre Structures et morphologie des polymères semi-cristallins, J.M. Haudin, pp.97-115, 1995.

G. Holst, The chemistry of bleaching and oxidizing agents. Chemical review, pp.169-194, 1954.

Y. G. Husan and R. M. Koerner, Antioxidant Depletion Lifetime in High Density Polyethylene Geomembranes, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.124, issue.6, pp.532-541, 1988.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:6(532)

S. Humbert, Influence de la topologie moléculaire et de la microstructure sur les propriétés mécaniques des polyéthylènes, Thèse de doctorat de l'Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, 2009.

S. Humbert, O. Lame, J. M. Chenal, C. Rochas, and G. Vigier, New Insight on Initiation of Cavitation in Semicrystalline Polymers: In-Situ SAXS Measurements, Macromolecules, vol.43, issue.17, pp.43-7212, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/ma101042d
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00603084

M. Ifwarson and K. Aoyama, Results and experiences from tests on polyolefin pipes exposed to chlorinated water. Plastic Pipes X Conference, 1998.

I. Norme, Plastics piping and conducting systems ? Determination of the long-term hydrostatic strength of thermoplastics materials in pipe form by extrapolation, 2003.

T. Jondeau, Seuils de criticité de tailles de fissure sur des essais NOL Ring en PEHD, 2011.

L. M. Kachanov, Time of the rupture process under creep conditions, Isv. Akad. Nauk. SSR. Otd Tekh. Nauk, vol.8, pp.26-31, 1958.

L. M. Kachanov, Fundamentals of the theory of plasticity, pp.292-294, 1974.

R. P. Kambour, Structure and properties of crazes in polycarbonate and other glassy polymers, Polymer, vol.5, pp.143-155, 1964.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-3861(64)90128-4

R. P. Kambour, A review of crazing and fracture in thermoplastics, Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-154, 1973.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1973.230070101

H. H. Kausch, Energy considerations relating to crack propagation in thermoplastics, Kunstsoffe, vol.66, pp.538-544, 1976.

H. H. Kausch, Polymer Fracture, 1987.

S. Khatua and Y. L. Hsieh, Chlorine degradation of polyether-based polyurethane, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol.35, issue.15, pp.3263-3273, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19971115)35:15<3263::AID-POLA20>3.0.CO;2-8

N. Khelidj, X. Colin, L. Audouin, J. Verdu, C. Monchy-leroy et al., Oxidation of polyethylene under irradiation at low temperature and low dose rate. Part II. Low temperature thermal oxidation, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.91, issue.7, pp.91-1598, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.09.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199223

N. Khelidj, X. Colin, L. Audouin, J. Verdu, C. Monchy-leroy et al., Oxidation of polyethylene under irradiation at low temperature and low dose rate. Part I. The case of ???pure??? radiochemical initiation, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.91, issue.7, pp.91-1593, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.09.011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199223

E. Kramer, Microscopic and molecular fundamentals of crazing, Advanced Polymer Science, pp.52-53, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BFb0024055

E. Kramer, Craze fibril formation and breakdown, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol.22, issue.54, pp.761-769, 1984.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.760241006

E. Kramer and L. Berger, Fondamental processes of craze growth and fracture, Advanced Polymer Science, pp.91-92, 1990.

V. I. Kurashov, N. I. Kubysheva, and D. G. Pobedimskii, Influence of Ptoluidine on the oxidation of solid polypropylene in the presence of Cu(I) ion with triphenylphosphite complexes, Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya B, vol.22, pp.219-222, 1980.

M. Lafarge, Modélisation couplée comportement/endommagement et critères de rupture dans de domaine de la transition du PVDF, 2004.

L. Laiarinandrasana, Amorçage de fissure à haute température dans un acier inoxydable austénitique, 1994.

L. Laiarinandrasana, E. Gaudichet, S. Oberti, and C. Devilliers, Effects of aging on the creep behaviour and residual lifetime assessment of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.88, issue.2-3, pp.99-108, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2011.01.002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00595870

L. Laiarinandrasana, T. F. Morgeneyer, H. Proudhon, and E. Maire, Effect of multiaxial stress state on morphology and spatial distribution of voids in deformed semi-crystalline polymers assessed by X-ray tomography, Macromolecules, article en cours de soumission, 2011.

L. Laiarinandrasana, C. Devilliers, S. Oberti, E. Gaudichet, B. Fayolle et al., Ring tests on high density polyethylene: Full investigation assisted by finite element modeling, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.88, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2010.12.002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565851

V. Langlois, L. Audouin, J. Verdu, and P. Courtois, Thermooxidative aging of crosslinked linear polyethylene: Stabilizer consumption and lifetime prediction, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.40, issue.3, pp.399-409, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0141-3910(93)90150-H

X. Lefebvre, Fissuration fragile lente du polyamide 11 : Mécanismes et durée de vie en fatigue, 2002.

W. Limm and H. C. Hollifield, Modelling of additive diffusion in polyolefins, Food Additives and Contaminants, vol.11, issue.8, pp.949-967, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1950.120050304

X. Lu and N. Brown, The transition from ductile to slow crack growth failure in a copolymer of polyethylene, Journal of Materials Science, vol.23, issue.1, pp.411-416, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00714048

X. Lu and N. Brown, Unification of ductile failure and slow crack growth in an ethylene-octene copolymer, Journal of Materials Science, vol.24, issue.3, pp.612-620, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00588295

J. H. Magill, Spherulites: A personal review, Journal of Materials Science, vol.36, issue.13, pp.3143-3164, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1017974016928

S. Marie, S. Chapuliot, Y. Kayser, M. H. Lacire, B. Drubay et al., French RSE-M and RCC-MR code appendices for flaw analysis: Presentation of the fracture parameters calculation???Part I: General overview, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.84, issue.10-11, pp.590-600, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.05.003

S. Marie, S. Chapuliot, Y. Kayser, M. H. Lacire, B. Drubay et al., French RSE-M and RCC-MR code appendices for flaw analysis: Presentation of the fracture parameters calculation???Part II: Cracked plates, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.84, issue.10-11, pp.601-613, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.05.004

S. Marie, S. Chapuliot, Y. Kayser, M. H. Lacire, B. Drubay et al., French RSE-M and RCC-MR code appendices for flaw analysis: Presentation of the fracture parameters calculation???Part III: Cracked pipes, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.84, issue.10-11, pp.614-658, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.05.005

W. Ma, Vieillissement et comportement en fluage de polyéthylènes, 2011.

A. S. Michaels and H. J. Bixler, Solubility of gases in polyethylene, Journal of Polymer Science, vol.50, issue.154, pp.50-393, 1961.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1961.1205015411

H. Nakayasu, H. Markovitz, and D. J. Plazek, The Frequency and Temperature Dependence of the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of a High Density Polyethylene, Transactions of the Society of Rheology, vol.5, issue.1, pp.261-283, 1961.
DOI : 10.1122/1.548899

Y. Ohta and H. Yasuda, The influence of short branches on the ??, ?? and ??-relaxation processes of ultra-high strength polyethylene fibers, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.32, issue.13, pp.2241-2249, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/polb.1994.090321311

N. Ortuoste, N. S. Allen, M. Papanastasiou, A. Mcmahon, M. Edge et al., Hydraulic stability and hydrolisis reaction mechanism of bis, p.4, 2006.

A. Pawlak, Cavitation during tensile deformation of high-density polyethylene, Polymer, vol.48, issue.5, pp.1397-1409, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.12.054

A. Pawlak and A. Galeski, Cavitation during Tensile Deformation of Polypropylene, Macromolecules, vol.41, issue.8, pp.2839-2851, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ma0715122

A. Pawlak and A. Galeski, Cavitation during tensile drawing of annealed high density polyethylene, Polymer, vol.51, issue.24, pp.5771-5779, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.003

J. M. Perena, J. G. Fatou, and J. Guzman, Dynamic mechanical behavior of chlorinated polyethylene, Die Makromolekulare Chemie, vol.181, issue.6, pp.1349-1356, 1980.
DOI : 10.1002/macp.1980.021810615

R. Piques, E. Molinié, and A. Pineau, COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR DEFECTS IN THE CREEP RANGE, Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, vol.10, issue.9, pp.871-885, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7683(82)90071-3

A. Pineau, Defect Assessment Procedures in the Creep Range, High Temperature Structural Design, pp.12-355, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-1714-9_4

C. J. Plummer, N. Cudré-mauroux, and H. H. Kausch, Deformation and entanglement in semicrystalline polymers, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol.24, issue.4, pp.318-329, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.760340414

C. J. Plummer, A. Goldenberg, and A. Ghanem, Micromechanisms of slow crack growth in polyethylene under constant tensile loading, Polymer, vol.42, issue.23, pp.42-9551, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00476-1

C. J. Plummer, Microdeformation and Fracture in Semicrystalline Polymers,'' in Mechanical Properties of Polymers Based on Nanostructure and Morphology, p.216, 2005.

R. Popli and L. Mandelkern, The transition in ethylene copolymers: the ?transition, Polymer Bulletin, vol.9, pp.260-267, 1983.

[. Code, Règles de conception et de construction des matériels mécaniques des installations nucléaires. Appendix A16, 2007.

C. Regrain, Comportement, endommagement et fissuration par fluage du polyamide 6 ? Etude expérimentale et modélisation, 2009.

C. Regrain, L. Laiarinandrasana, and S. Toillon, Experimental and numerical study of creep and creep rupture behavior of PA6, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.76, issue.18, pp.2656-2665, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2009.04.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00438802

C. Regrain, L. Laiarinandrasana, S. Toillon, and K. Saï, Multi-mechanism models for semi-crystalline polymer: Constitutive relations and finite element implementation, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.25, issue.7, pp.1253-1279, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijplas.2008.09.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00390737

E. Richaud, Durabilité des géotextiles en polypropylène, 2006.

J. R. Rice, A Path Independent Integral and the Approximate Analysis of Strain Concentration by Notches and Cracks, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.35, issue.2, pp.379-386, 1968.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3601206

J. R. Rice, P. C. Paris, and J. G. Merkle, Some further results of J-integral analysis and estimates. Progress in flaw growth and fracture toughness testing, ASTM STP, vol.536, pp.231-245, 1973.

L. M. Rincon-rubio, B. Fayolle, L. Audouin, and J. Verdu, A general solution of the closed-loop kinetic scheme for the thermal oxidation of polypropylene, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.74, issue.1, pp.177-188, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00154-9

A. Rivaton, D. Lalande, and J. L. Gardette, Influence of the structure on the ??-irradiation of polypropylene and on the post-irradiation effects, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol.222, issue.1-2, pp.187-200, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nimb.2004.02.012

A. Rivaton, J. L. Gardette, and B. Mailhot, Basic Aspects of Polymer Degradation, Macromolecular Symposia, 225, pp.129-146, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/masy.200550711

A. Rivaton, S. Cambon, and J. L. Gardette, Radiochemical ageing of ethylene-propylene-diene elastomers. 4. Evaluation of some antioxidants, Polymer Degradation and Stability, pp.91-136, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00131397

R. J. Roe, H. E. Bair, and C. Gieniewski, Solubility and diffusion coefficient of antioxidants in polyethylene, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.18, issue.3, pp.843-856, 1974.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1974.070180319

E. Roguet, S. Castagnet, and J. Grandidier, Mechanical features of the rubbery amorphous phase in tension and torsion in a semi-crystalline polymer, Mechanics of Materials, vol.39, issue.4, pp.380-391, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mechmat.2006.06.003

O. Saito, Effects of High Energy Radiation on Polymers II. End-linking and Gel Fraction, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol.13, issue.12, pp.1451-1464, 1958.
DOI : 10.1143/JPSJ.13.1451

K. Saï, L. Laiarinandrasana, B. Naceur, I. Besson, J. Jeridi et al., Multi-mechanism damage-plasticity model for semi-crystalline polymer: Creep damage of notched specimen of PA6, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.528, issue.3, pp.1087-1093, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.071

N. E. Schlotter and P. Y. Furlan, A review of small molecule diffusion in polyolefins, Polymer, vol.33, issue.16, pp.3323-3342, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-3861(92)91089-K

G. Scott, Atmopsheric oxydation and antioxidants, 1965.

G. Scott, Mechanism of polymer stabilization, Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol.30, pp.267-289, 1972.

A. V. Tobolsky, D. J. Metz, and R. M. Mesrobian, Low temperatue autoxidation of hydrocarbons: the phenomenon of maximum rates, Journal of American Chemical Society, pp.72-1942, 1950.

J. Torres, C. C. Perry, A. J. Wagner, and D. Howard, Interaction of chlorine radicals with polyethylene and hydrocarbon thin films under vacuum conditions??????a comparison with atomic oxygen reactivity, Surface Science, vol.543, issue.1-3, pp.75-86, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0039-6028(03)00992-0

V. Tvergaard, Influence of voids on shear band instabilities under plane strain conditions, International Journal of Fracture, vol.6, issue.4, pp.389-407, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00036191

V. Tvergaard, On localization in ductile materials containing spherical voids, International Journal of Fracture, vol.18, pp.237-252, 1982.

V. Tvergaard and A. Needleman, Analysis of the cupcone fracture in a round tensile bar. Acta metallurgica et materialia, pp.157-169, 1984.

H. Utsumi, M. Hakoda, S. Shimbara, H. Nagaoka, Y. Chung et al., Active oxygene species generated during chlorination and ozonation, Water Science and Technology, vol.30, pp.91-99, 1994.

D. W. Van76-]-van-krevelen and P. J. Hoftyzer, Properties of polymers. Their estimation and correlation with chemical structure, p.406, 1976.

J. Verdu, J. Rychly, and L. Audouin, Synergism between polymer antioxidants???kinetic modelling, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.79, issue.3, pp.503-509, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00366-X

J. Viebke, E. Elble, M. Ifwarson, and U. W. Gedde, Degradation of unstabilized medium-density polyethylene pipes in hot-water applications, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol.1465, issue.17, pp.1354-1361, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.760341708

G. C. White, Handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants, 1999.

A. J. Whelton and A. M. Dietrich, Critical considerations for the accelerated ageing of high-density polyethylene potable water materials, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.94, issue.7, pp.1163-1175, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.013

B. Wunderlich, Macromolecular Physics, 1980.

W. Yu, B. Azdhar, D. Andersson, T. Reitberger, J. Hassinen et al., Deterioration of polyethylene pipes exposed to water containing chlorine dioxide, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.96, issue.5, pp.790-797, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.02.009

H. La-méthodologie-employée-est-directement-reprise-de-celle-utilisée-par, Ben Hadj Hamouda pour l'étude de la structure cristalline du polyéthylène

. Ensuite, pour obtenir une résolution maximale des lamelles, le mode opératoire est utilisé le suivant : 1 % pds / v (*) de KMnO 4 sont dissous dans un mélange de H 2 SO 4 concentré

. Cycle-de-lavage, 20 min avec un mélange de H 2 SO 4 et de H 2 O dans les proportions 2 : 7 refroidi dans la glace afin de dissiper la chaleur dégagée lors de la dilution de l'acide résiduel présent sur l'échantillon