F. Bibliographieabbott, E. Abbott, and F. Firestone, Specifying surface quality -a method based on accurate measurement and comparison, Mech. Eng, vol.55, pp.569-572, 1933.

G. Anciaux and J. Molinari, Contact mechanics at the nanoscale, a 3D multiscale approach, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.53, issue.11, pp.1041-1067, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/nme.2488

M. Anciaux, G. Anciaux, and J. Molinari, Sliding of rough surfaces and energy dissipation with a 3D multiscale approach, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.17, issue.1, pp.1255-1271, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/nme.2845

. Aramaki, The Contact Between Rough Surfaces With Longitudinal Texture???Part I: Average Contact Pressure and Real Contact Area, Journal of Tribology, vol.115, issue.3, pp.419-424, 1993.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2921653

. As, Surface roughness characterization for fatigue life predictions using finite element analysis, International Journal of Fatigue, vol.30, issue.12, pp.2200-2209, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2008.05.020

. Barbe, Intergranular and intragranular behavior of polycrystalline aggregates. Part 1: F.E. model, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.17, issue.4, pp.513-536, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-6419(00)00061-9

. Barbe, Intergranular and intragranular behavior of polycrystalline aggregates.Part 2: Results, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.17, issue.4, pp.537-563, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-6419(00)00062-0

G. Bayada and M. Chambat, New Models in the Theory of the Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Rough Surfaces, Journal of Tribology, vol.110, issue.3, pp.402-407, 1988.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3261642

. Bayada, An Average Flow Model of the Reynolds Roughness Including a Mass-Flow Preserving Cavitation Model, Journal of Tribology, vol.127, issue.4, pp.793-802, 2005.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2005307
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00008082

J. Bear, Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, Soil Science, vol.120, issue.2, 1972.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-197508000-00022

. Beaurin, Microstructural and mechanical properties evolutions of plasma transferred arc deposited Norem02 hardfacing alloy at high temperature, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.528, issue.15, pp.5096-5105, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msea.2011.02.077
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00938383

V. Berthe, D. Berthe, and P. Vergne, An elastic approach to rough contact with asperity interactions, Wear, vol.117, issue.2, pp.211-222, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1648(87)90256-0

. Berveiller, . Zaoui, M. Berveiller, and A. Zaoui, An extension of the self-consistent scheme to plastically-flowing polycrystals, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.26, issue.5-6, pp.325-344, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(78)90003-0

. Besson, Application of object-oriented programming techniques to the finite element method. Part II-Application to material behaviors, pp.567-588, 1998.

B. Bhushan, Contact mechanics of rough surfaces in tribology : multiple asperity contact, Tribology Letters, vol.4, issue.1, pp.1-35, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019186601445

B. Bhushan, Surface roughness analysis and measurement techniques . in Modern tribology handbook, pp.49-119, 2000.

. Bottiglione, Leakage mechanism in flat seals, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.106, issue.10, pp.104902-104909, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3254187

. Bottiglione, Fluid leakage in seals: An approach based on percolation theory, Tribology International, vol.42, issue.5, pp.731-737, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.triboint.2008.10.002

. Broadbent, . Hammersley, S. R. Broadbent, and J. M. Hammersley, Percolation processes, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol.16, issue.03, pp.629-641, 1957.
DOI : 10.1017/S0305004100032680

S. Brown, Fluid flow through rock joints: The effect of surface roughness, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.316, issue.B2, pp.1337-1347, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/JB092iB02p01337

. Brown, Applicability of the Reynolds Equation for modeling fluid flow between rough surfaces, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.28, issue.18, pp.2537-2540, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95GL02666

. Buczkowski, . Kleiber, R. Buczkowski, and M. Kleiber, A stochastic model of rough surfaces for finite element contact analysis, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.169, issue.1-2, pp.43-59, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-7825(98)00175-3

. Bush, The elastic contact of a rough surface, Wear, vol.35, issue.1, pp.87-111, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1648(75)90145-3

. Cailletaud, . Pilvin, G. Cailletaud, and P. Pilvin, Utilisation de modèles polycristallins pour le calcul par éléments finis. Revue européenne des éléments finis, pp.515-541, 1994.

B. Carbone, G. Carbone, and F. Bottiglione, Asperity contact theories: Do they predict linearity between contact area and load?, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.56, issue.8, pp.2555-2572, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmps.2008.03.011

. Cha, Molecular dynamics simulation of single asperity contact, Acta Materialia, vol.52, issue.13, pp.3983-3996, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.05.014

T. Christensen, D. Christensen, and K. Tonder, The Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Rough Bearing Surfaces of Finite Width, Journal of Lubrication Technology, vol.93, issue.3, pp.324-330, 1971.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3451579

. Ciulli, Rough contacts between actual engineering surfaces. Part II. Contact mechanics, Wear, vol.264, pp.1116-1128, 2008.

. Dubois, Numerical evaluation of tyre/road contact pressures using a multi-asperity approach, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, vol.54, issue.1, pp.84-94, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2011.09.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00776524

P. Duvivier, Étude expérimentale et modélisation du contact électrique et mécanique quasi statique entre surfaces rugueuses d'or : application aux micro-relais MEMS, 2010.

. Eid, A Combined Molecular Dynamics and Finite Element Analysis of Contact and Adhesion of a Rough Sphere and a Flat Surface, Tribology Transactions, vol.55, issue.6, pp.920-928, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.12.014

R. Farhat, C. Farhat, and F. Roux, Implicit parallel processing in structural mechanics, Computational Mechanics Advances, vol.2, pp.1-124, 1994.

G. Farin, Curves and surfaces for CAGD : a practical guide, 2002.

. Forest, Mechanics of Nano- Objects, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00675612

. Frêne, Lubrification hydrodynamique : paliers et butées, 1990.

. Fröba, ] in Dependence on Temperature at Atmospheric Pressure, CN)2], and [OMA][NTf2] in Dependence on Temperature at Atmospheric Pressure, pp.12420-12430, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/jp804319a

. Giannakopoulos, . Suresh, A. Giannakopoulos, and S. Suresh, Indentation of solids with gradients in elastic properties: Part I. Point force, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.34, issue.19, pp.2357-2392, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7683(96)00171-0

T. Greenwood, J. Greenwood, and J. Tripp, The contact of two nominally flat rough surfaces, ARCHIVE: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1847-1982 (vols 1-196), vol.185, issue.1970, pp.625-633, 1970.
DOI : 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1970_185_069_02

W. Greenwood, J. Greenwood, and J. Williamson, Contact of Nominally Flat Surfaces, Proc. Royal Soc, pp.300-319, 1966.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1966.0242

Y. Guilhem, Étude numérique des champs mécaniques locaux dans les agrégats polycristallins d'acier 316L sous chargement de fatigue, 2011.

I. Hagesawa, E. Hagesawa, and H. Izuchi, On steady flow through a channel consisting of an uneven wall and a plane wall -Part 1. Case of no relative motion in two walls, Bulletin of JSME, vol.26, pp.514-520, 1983.

S. Harp, S. Harp, and R. Salant, An Average Flow Model of Rough Surface Lubrication With Inter-Asperity Cavitation, Journal of Tribology, vol.123, issue.1, pp.123-134, 2001.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1332397

S. Harp and R. Salant, Inter-asperity cavitation and global cavitation in seals:, Tribology International, vol.35, issue.2, pp.113-121, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-679X(01)00103-7

L. He and J. Zhu, The fractal character of processed metal surfaces, Wear, vol.208, issue.1-2, pp.17-24, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1648(96)07330-9

V. Hendircks, C. Hendircks, and M. Visscher, Accurate Real Area of Contact Measurements on Polyurethane, Journal of Tribology, vol.117, issue.4, pp.607-611, 1995.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2831523

R. Hill, Continuum micro-mechanics of elastoplastic polycrystals, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.13, issue.2, pp.89-101, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(65)90023-2

. Jackson, . Green, R. Jackson, and I. Green, A Finite Element Study of Elasto-Plastic Hemispherical Contact Against a Rigid Flat, Journal of Tribology, vol.127, issue.2, pp.343-354, 2005.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1866166

Y. Jeng and P. Wang, An Elliptical Microcontact Model Considering Elastic, Elastoplastic, and Plastic Deformation, Journal of Tribology, vol.125, issue.2, pp.232-240, 2003.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1537744

K. Johnson, Contact mechanics, 1987.

. Kogut, . Etsion, L. Kogut, and I. Etsion, Elastic-Plastic Contact Analysis of a Sphere and a Rigid Flat, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.69, issue.5, pp.657-662, 2002.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1490373

. Komvopoulos, K. Ye-]-komvopoulos, and N. Ye, Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Analysis for the Head-Disk Interface With Fractal Topography Description, Journal of Tribology, vol.124, issue.4, pp.775-784, 2002.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1467088

. Konzuk, . Kueper, J. Konzuk, and B. Kueper, A study on the use of cubic-law based models for simulating flow through discrete rough-walled fractures, Proceedings , Fractured Rock Aquifers, pp.13-15, 2002.

. Konzuk, . Kueper, J. Konzuk, and B. Kueper, Evaluation of cubic law based models describing single-phase flow through a rough-walled fractured, Water Resour. Res, vol.40, pp.1-17, 2004.

J. Krim, Surface science and the atomic-scale origins of friction: what once was old is new again, Surface Science, vol.500, issue.1-3, pp.741-758, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01529-1

E. Kröner, Zur plastischen verformung des vielkristalls, Acta Metallurgica, vol.9, issue.2, pp.155-161, 1961.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6160(61)90060-8

. Kucharski, Finite-elements model for the contact of rough surfaces, Wear, vol.177, issue.1, pp.1-13, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0043-1648(94)90112-0

J. Lephilibert, Robinetterie industrielle, 1993.

P. Lorenz, B. Lorenz, and B. Persson, Leak rate of seals: Comparison of theory with experiment, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.86, issue.4, p.44006, 2009.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/86/44006

A. Love, The Stress Produced in a Semi-Infinite Solid by Pressure on Part of the Boundary, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.228, issue.659-669, pp.377-420, 1929.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.1929.0009

. Ludwig, Characterization of polycrystalline materials using synchrotron X-ray imaging and diffraction techniques, JOM, vol.199, issue.5775, pp.22-28, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11837-010-0176-6
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00534470

. Ludwig, The three-dimensional microstructure of polycrystalline materials unravelled by synchrotron light, Actualité Chimique, pp.356-35762, 2011.

B. Majumdar, A. Majumdar, and B. Bhushan, Role of Fractal Geometry in Roughness Characterization and Contact Mechanics of Surfaces, Journal of Tribology, vol.112, issue.2, pp.205-216, 1990.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2920243

B. Majumdar, A. Majumdar, and B. Bhushan, Fractal Model of Elastic-Plastic Contact Between Rough Surfaces, Journal of Tribology, vol.113, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1991.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2920588

B. Majumdar, A. Majumdar, and B. Bhushan, Elastic-plastic contact model of bifractal surfaces, Wear, vol.35, pp.87-111, 1992.

. Martin, Numerical multi-scale simulations of the mechanical behavior of ??-metastable titanium alloys Ti5553 and Ti17, Procedia Engineering, vol.10, pp.1803-1808, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.300

. Moreno, Flow and tracer transport in a single fracture: A stochastic model and its relation to some field observations, Water Resources Research, vol.93, issue.B3, pp.2033-2048, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/WR024i012p02033

. Mourzenko, Permeability of a Single Fracture; Validity of the Reynolds Equation, Journal de Physique II, vol.5, issue.3, pp.465-482, 1995.
DOI : 10.1051/jp2:1995133
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00248173

. Mulakaluri, . Persson, N. Mulakaluri, and B. Persson, Adhesion between elastic solids with randomly rough surfaces: Comparison of analytical theory with molecular-dynamics simulations, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.96, issue.6, pp.66003-66009, 2011.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/96/66003

C. Méric, L. Méric, and G. Cailletaud, Single Crystal Modeling for Structural Calculations: Part 2???Finite Element Implementation, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, vol.113, issue.1, pp.171-182, 1991.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2903375

. Méric, Single Crystal Modeling for Structural Calculations: Part 1???Model Presentation, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, vol.113, issue.1, pp.162-170, 1991.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2903374

T. Neuzil, C. Neuzil, and J. Tracy, Flow through fractures, Water Resources Research, vol.15, issue.5, pp.191-199, 1981.
DOI : 10.1029/WR017i001p00191

. Noël, Viscometer using drag force measurements, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.82, issue.2, pp.23909-23916, 2011.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3556445

. Paggi, . Zavarise, M. Paggi, and G. Zavarise, Contact mechanics of microscopically rough surfaces with graded elasticity, European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, vol.30, issue.5, pp.696-704, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2011.04.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00769686

C. Patir, N. Patir, and H. Cheng, An Average Flow Model for Determining Effects of Three-Dimensional Roughness on Partial Hydrodynamic Lubrication, Journal of Lubrication Technology, vol.100, issue.1, pp.12-17, 1978.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3453103

C. Patir, N. Patir, and H. Cheng, Application of Average Flow Model to Lubrication Between Rough Sliding Surfaces, Journal of Lubrication Technology, vol.101, issue.2, pp.220-230, 1979.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3453329

. Pei, Finite element modeling of elasto-plastic contact between rough surfaces, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.53, issue.11, pp.2385-2409, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmps.2005.06.008

B. Persson, Theory of rubber friction and contact mechanics, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.8, pp.3840-3861, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1388626

B. Persson, Contact mechanics for randomly rough surfaces, Surface Science Reports, vol.61, issue.4, pp.201-227, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surfrep.2006.04.001

B. Persson, Fluid dynamics at the interface between contacting elastic solids with randomly rough surfaces, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.22, issue.26, p.265004, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/22/26/265004

B. Persson, Contact mechanics for layered materials with randomly rough surfaces, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.24, issue.9, p.95008, 2012.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/24/9/095008

. Persson, On the nature of surface roughness with application to contact mechanics, sealing, rubber friction and adhesion, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.17, issue.1, pp.1-62, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/17/1/R01

Y. Persson, B. Persson, and C. Yang, Theory of the leak-rate of seals, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.20, issue.31, pp.1-11, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/20/31/315011

. Pugliese, Rough contacts between actual engineering surfaces, Wear, vol.264, issue.11-12, pp.1116-1128, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.wear.2007.08.027

P. Raghavan, Dscpack : Domain-separator codes for the parallel solution of sparse linear systems, 2002.

. Sahlin, Rough surface flow factors in full film lubrication based on a homogenization technique, Tribology International, vol.40, issue.7, pp.1025-1034, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.triboint.2006.09.007

. Sahlin, A mixed lubrication model incorporating measured surface topography. Part 1: theory of flow factors, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, vol.39, issue.4, pp.335-351, 2009.
DOI : 10.1243/13506501JET658

G. Sahoo, P. Sahoo, and N. Ghosh, Finite element contact analysis of fractal surfaces, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.40, issue.14, pp.4245-4252, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/40/14/021

H. Schlichting, Boundary-layer Theory. 7 t h Ed, 1979.

. Schuller, A finite element model to include interfacial roughness into simulations of micromechanical tests, Computational Materials Science, vol.15, issue.3, pp.357-366, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-0256(99)00028-2

. Sellgren, A finite element-based model of normal contact between rough surfaces, Wear, vol.254, issue.11, pp.1180-1188, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1648(03)00332-6

. Sp?ker, Dry Sliding Contact Between Rough Surfaces at the Atomistic Scale, Tribology Letters, vol.10, issue.2, pp.279-285, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11249-011-9846-y

. Sp?ker, The effect of loading on surface roughness at the atomistic level, Computational Mechanics, vol.19, issue.1, pp.273-283, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00466-011-0574-9

. Tao, Contact mechanics of surfaces with various models of roughness descriptions, Wear, vol.249, issue.7, pp.539-545, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00536-1

M. Thompson, A comparison of methods to evaluate the behavior of finite element models with rough surfaces, Scanning, vol.24, issue.183, pp.353-369, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/sca.20252

J. Tripp, Surface Roughness Effects in Hydrodynamic Lubrication: The Flow Factor Method, Journal of Lubrication Technology, vol.105, issue.3, pp.458-465, 1983.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3254641

W. Tsang, Y. Tsang, and P. Witherspoon, Hydromechanical behavior of a deformable rock fracture subject to normal stress, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.16, issue.6, pp.9287-9298, 1981.
DOI : 10.1029/JB086iB10p09287

C. Vallet, Fuite liquide au travers d'un contact rugueux : application à l'étanchéité interne d'appareils de robinetterie, 2008.

. Vallet, Real versus synthesized fractal surfaces: Contact mechanics and transport properties, Tribology International, vol.42, issue.2, pp.250-259, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.triboint.2008.06.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413237

. Vallet, Sampling effect on contact and transport properties between fractal surfaces, Tribology International, vol.42, issue.8, pp.1132-1145, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.triboint.2009.02.013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413318

. Vergne, Elastic Behavior of Multiple Contacts: Asperity Interaction, Journal of Tribology, vol.107, issue.2, pp.224-228, 1985.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3261025

. Yastrebov, Rough surface contact analysis by means of the Finite Element Method and of a new reduced model, Comptes Rendus M??canique, vol.339, issue.7-8, pp.473-490, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crme.2011.05.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00624090

V. A. Yastrebov, Computational contact mechanics : geometry, detection and numerical techniques, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00657305

. Yeo, Effect of asperity interactions on rough surface elastic contact behavior: Hard film on soft substrate, Tribology International, vol.43, issue.8, pp.1438-1448, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.triboint.2010.01.021

. Zahouani, . Sidoroff, H. Zahouani, and F. Sidoroff, Rough surfaces and elasto-plastic contacts, Comptes Rendus de l'Acad??mie des Sciences - Series IV - Physics, vol.2, issue.5, pp.709-715, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1296-2147(01)01213-6

C. Zhao, Y. Zhao, and L. Chang, A Model of Asperity Interactions in Elastic-Plastic Contact of Rough Surfaces, Journal of Tribology, vol.123, issue.4, pp.857-864, 2001.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1338482

. Zhao, An Asperity Microcontact Model Incorporating the Transition From Elastic Deformation to Fully Plastic Flow, Journal of Tribology, vol.122, issue.1, pp.86-93, 2000.
DOI : 10.1115/1.555332

B. Zimmerman, R. Zimmerman, and G. Bodvarsson, Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures, Transport in Porous Media, pp.1-30, 1996.

. Zimmerman, Lubrication theory analysis of the permeability of rough-walled fractures, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol.28, issue.4, pp.325-331, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0148-9062(91)90597-F