M. Acar, T. Jerome, A. Mettetal, and . Van-oudenaarden, Stochastic switching as a survival strategy in fluctuating environments, Nature Genetics, vol.63, issue.4, pp.471-475, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ng.110

A. Bar-even, J. Paulsson, N. Maheshri, M. Carmi, E. O. Shea et al., Noise in protein expression scales with natural protein abundance, Nature Genetics, vol.15, issue.6, pp.636-643, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.092538799

H. David and . Bechhofer, Bacillus subtilis mrna decay: new parts in the toolkit, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: RNA, vol.2, issue.3, pp.387-394, 2011.

A. Becskei, B. B. Kaufmann, and A. Van-oudenaarden, Contributions of low molecule number and chromosomal positioning to stochastic gene expression, Nature Genetics, vol.3, issue.9, pp.937-944, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/bies.950171112

G. Otto and . Berg, A model for the statistical fluctuations of protein numbers in a microbial population, Journal of theoretical biology, vol.71, issue.4, pp.587-603, 1978.

A. Jonathan, . Bernstein, B. Arkady, P. Khodursky, S. Lin et al., Global analysis of mrna decay and abundance in escherichia coli at single-gene resolution using two-color fluorescent dna microarrays, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.999697-9702, 2002.

F. Brandt, A. Stephanie, . Etchells, O. Julio, . Ortiz et al., The Native 3D Organization of Bacterial Polysomes, Cell, vol.136, issue.2, pp.261-271, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.016

L. Cai, N. Friedman, and . Xie, Stochastic protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level, Nature, vol.311, issue.7082, pp.358-362, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04599

C. Condon, H. David, and . Bechhofer, Regulated RNA stability in the Gram positives, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.148-154, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2011.01.010

D. R. Cox, Renewal theory, 1962.

F. H. Crick, On Protein Synthesis. The Symposia of the Society for, Experimental Biology, vol.12, pp.138-163, 1958.

F. Crick, Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, Nature, vol.215, issue.5258, pp.561-563, 1970.
DOI : 10.1038/227561a0

P. Murray and . Deutscher, Degradation of rna in bacteria: comparison of mrna and stable rna, Nucleic acids research, vol.34, issue.2, pp.659-666, 2006.

J. Elf, G. Li, and . Xie, Probing Transcription Factor Dynamics at the Single-Molecule Level in a Living Cell, Science, vol.316, issue.5828, pp.3161191-1194, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1141967

B. Michael, . Elowitz, J. Arnold, . Levine, D. Eric et al., Stochastic gene expression in a single cell, Science, vol.297, issue.5584, pp.1183-1186, 2002.

P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511801655
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00072739

V. Fromion, E. Leoncini, and P. Robert, Stochastic Gene Expression in Cells: A Point Process Approach, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, vol.73, issue.1, pp.195-211, 2013.
DOI : 10.1137/120879592
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00708096

T. Daniel and . Gillespie, Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions. The journal of physical chemistry, pp.2340-2361, 1977.

B. V. Gnedenko and A. N. Kolmogorov, Limit distributions for sums of independent random variables. Translated from the Russian, annotated, and revised by K. L. Chung. With appendices by, 1968.

L. Alfred and . Goldberg, Protein degradation and protection against misfolded or damaged proteins, Nature, vol.426, issue.6968, pp.895-899, 2003.

I. Golding, J. Paulsson, M. Scott, . Zawilski, C. Edward et al., Real-Time Kinetics of Gene Activity in Individual Bacteria, Cell, vol.123, issue.6, pp.1025-1036, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.031

W. J. Gordon and G. Newell, Closed Queuing Systems with Exponential Servers, Operations Research, vol.15, issue.2, pp.254-265, 1967.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.15.2.254

H. Grosjean and W. Fiers, Preferential codon usage in prokaryotic genes: the optimal codon-anticodon interaction energy and the selective codon usage in efficiently expressed genes, Gene, vol.18, issue.3, pp.199-209, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90157-3

C. Gustafsson, S. Govindarajan, and J. Minshull, Codon bias and heterologous protein expression, Trends in Biotechnology, vol.22, issue.7, pp.346-353, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.04.006

H. Bremer and P. P. Dennis, Modulation of chemical composition and other parameters of the cell by growth rate, Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology, 1996.

A. Hilfinger and J. Paulsson, Separating intrinsic from extrinsic fluctuations in dynamic biological systems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.29, pp.12167-12172, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1018832108

L. John, O. Ingraham, F. C. Maaløe, and . Neidhardt, Growth of the bacterial cell, pp.267-315, 1983.

J. Farren, J. Isaacs, . Hasty, R. Charles, J. J. Cantor et al., Prediction and measurement of an autoregulatory genetic module, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.100, issue.13, pp.7714-7719, 2003.

K. Itakura, T. Hirose, R. Crea, D. Arthur, . Riggs et al., Expression in Escherichia coli of a chemically synthesized gene for the hormone somatostatin, Science, vol.198, issue.4321, pp.1981056-1063, 1977.
DOI : 10.1126/science.412251

F. Jacob, D. Perrin, C. Sanchez, and J. Monod, The operon: a group of genes whose expression is coordinated by an operator, Comptes Rendus, pp.250-1727, 1960.

H. Jasiulewicz and W. Kordecki, Convolutions of Erlang and of Pascal distributions with applications to reliability, pp.231-238, 2003.

B. Benjamin, Q. Kaufmann, . Yang, T. Jerome, A. Mettetal et al., Heritable stochastic switching revealed by single-cell genealogy, PLoS biology, vol.5, issue.9, p.239, 2007.

P. Frank and . Kelly, Reversibility and Stochastic Networks, 1979.

D. Kennell and H. Riezman, Transcription and translation initiation frequencies of the Escherichia coli lac operon, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.114, issue.1, pp.1-21, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90279-0

B. Thomas, . Kepler, C. Timothy, and . Elston, Stochasticity in transcriptional regulation: origins, consequences, and mathematical representations, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.6, pp.3116-3136, 2001.

M. Andrzej, J. Kierzek, P. Zaim, and . Zielenkiewicz, The effect of transcription and translation initiation frequencies on the stochastic fluctuations in prokaryotic gene expression, Journal of Biological Chemistry, issue.11, pp.2768165-8172, 2001.

J. F. Kingman, Poisson processes. Oxford studies in probability, 1993.

S. Minoru and . Ko, A stochastic model for gene induction, Journal of theoretical biology, vol.153, issue.2, pp.181-194, 1991.

M. S. Ko, H. Nakauchi, and N. Takahashi, The dose dependence of glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression results from changes in the number of transcriptionally active templates, EMBO J, vol.9, pp.2835-2842, 1990.

R. Sidney and . Kushner, mrna decay in escherichia coli comes of age, Journal of bacteriology, vol.184, issue.17, pp.4658-4665, 2002.

H. Maamar, A. Raj, and D. Dubnau, Noise in Gene Expression Determines Cell Fate in Bacillus subtilis, Science, vol.317, issue.5837, pp.317526-529, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1140818

H. Harley, A. Mcadams, and . Arkin, Stochastic mechanisms in gene expression, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.814-819, 1997.

H. Harley, A. Mcadams, and . Arkin, Simulation of prokaryotic genetic circuits, Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol.27, issue.1, pp.199-224, 1998.

T. Jerome, D. Mettetal, . Muzzey, M. Juan, . Pedraza et al., Predicting stochastic gene expression dynamics in single cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.19, pp.7304-7309, 2006.

R. Milo, P. Jorgensen, U. Moran, G. Weber, and M. Springer, BioNumbers--the database of key numbers in molecular and cell biology, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.38, issue.Database, pp.750-753, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkp889

B. Munsky, G. Neuert, and A. Van-oudenaarden, Using Gene Expression Noise to Understand Gene Regulation, Science, vol.336, issue.6078, pp.183-187, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1216379

R. John, S. G. Newman, . Ihmels, K. David, M. Breslow et al., Single-cell proteomic analysis of s. cerevisiae reveals the architecture of biological noise, Nature, issue.7095, pp.441840-846, 2006.

J. R. Norris, Markov chains, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511810633

A. Novick and M. Weiner, ENZYME INDUCTION AS AN ALL-OR-NONE PHENOMENON, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.43, issue.7, p.553, 1957.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.43.7.553
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528498

M. Ertugrul, M. Ozbudak, I. Thattai, A. D. Kurtser, A. Grossman et al., Regulation of noise in the expression of a single gene, Nature genetics, vol.31, issue.1, pp.69-73, 2002.

M. Ertugrul, M. Ozbudak, . Thattai, N. Han, . Lim et al., Multistability in the lactose utilization network of escherichia coli, Nature, issue.6976, pp.427737-740, 2004.

J. Paulsson, Summing up the noise in gene networks, Nature, vol.427, issue.6973, pp.415-418, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02257

J. Paulsson, Models of stochastic gene expression, Physics of Life Reviews, vol.2, issue.2, pp.157-175, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.plrev.2005.03.003

J. Paulsson, G. Otto, M. Berg, and . Ehrenberg, Stochastic focusing: Fluctuation-enhanced sensitivity of intracellular regulation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.7148-7153, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.110057697

H. Pearson, Genetics: What is a gene?, Nature, vol.309, issue.7092, pp.441398-401, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/441398a

J. Peccoud and B. Ycart, Markovian Modeling of Gene-Product Synthesis, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.48, issue.2, pp.222-234, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/tpbi.1995.1027

M. Pedersen, S. Nissen, N. Mitarai, S. Lo-svenningsen, K. Sneppen et al., The Functional Half-Life of an mRNA Depends on the Ribosome Spacing in an Early Coding Region, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.407, issue.1, pp.35-44, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.025

M. Piques, X. Waltraud, M. Schulze, B. Höhne, Y. Usadel et al., Ribosome and transcript copy numbers, polysome occupancy and enzyme dynamics in Arabidopsis, Molecular Systems Biology, vol.7, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.107.103713

A. Raj, C. S. Peskin, D. Tranchina, D. Y. Vargas, and S. Tyagi, Stochastic mRNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells, PLoS Biology, vol.280, issue.10, p.309, 2006.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040309.sv002

M. Jonathan, . Raser, K. Erin, and . Shea, Control of stochasticity in eukaryotic gene expression, Science, vol.304, issue.5678, pp.1811-1814, 2004.

R. David and . Rigney, Stochastic model of constitutive protein levels in growing and dividing bacterial cells, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.76, issue.4, pp.453-480, 1979.

R. David, . Rigney, C. William, and . Schieve, Stochastic model of linear, continuous protein synthesis in bacterial populations, Journal of theoretical biology, vol.69, issue.4, pp.761-766, 1977.

. Ph and . Robert, Stochastic Networks and Queues, Applications of Mathematics, vol.52, 2003.

N. Rosenfeld, J. W. Young, U. Alon, S. Peter, . Swain et al., Gene Regulation at the Single-Cell Level, Science, vol.307, issue.5717, p.1962, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1106914

V. Shahrezaei, S. Peter, and . Swain, Analytical distributions for stochastic gene expression, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.17256-17261, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0803850105

M. Gürol, . Süel, P. Rajan, J. Kulkarni, J. Dworkin et al., Tunability and noise dependence in differentiation dynamics, Science, issue.5819, pp.315-1716, 2007.

S. Peter, . Swain, B. Michael, E. D. Elowitz, and . Siggia, Intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to stochasticity in gene expression, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.12795-12800, 2002.

Y. Taniguchi, J. Paul, G. Choi, H. Li, M. Chen et al., Quantifying e. coli proteome and transcriptome with single-molecule sensitivity in single cells, Science, issue.5991, pp.329533-538, 2010.

M. Thattai and A. Van-oudenaarden, Intrinsic noise in gene regulatory networks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.8614-8619, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.151588598

D. James, . Watson, H. Francis, and . Crick, Molecular structure of nucleic acids, Nature, vol.171, issue.4356, pp.737-738, 1953.

Y. Eugenia, . Xu, A. Karl, . Zawadzki, R. James et al., Single-cell observations reveal intermediate transcriptional silencing states, Molecular cell, vol.23, issue.2, pp.219-229, 2006.

O. Yarchuk, N. Jacques, J. Guillerez, and M. Dreyfus, Interdependence of translation, transcription and mRNA degradation in the lacZ gene, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.226, issue.3, pp.581-596, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90617-S

J. Yu, J. Xiao, X. Ren, K. Lao, and . Xie, Probing Gene Expression in Live Cells, One Protein Molecule at a Time, Science, vol.311, issue.5767, pp.3111600-1603, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1119623