J. M. Elsen, Méthodes de détection : approche multiQTL. Séminaire, "QTL. De la détection à l'utilisation", Batz-sur-Mer, pp.11-21, 2001.

O. Filangi, C. Moreno, H. Gilbert, A. Legarra, P. et al., QTLMap, a Software for QTL Detection in Outbred Populations, Proc. 9th World Congr, p.787, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01193540

V. Fillon, M. Vignoles, R. P. Crooijmans, M. A. Groenen, R. Zoorob et al., FISH mapping of 57 BAC clones reveals strong conservation of synteny between Galliformes and Anseriformes, Animal Genetics, vol.27, issue.2, pp.303-307, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01313.x

Y. Gao, Z. Q. Du, W. H. Wei, X. J. Yu, X. M. Deng et al., Mapping quantitative trait loci regulating chicken body composition traits, Animal Genetics, vol.85, issue.6, pp.952-954, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01911.x

H. Gilbert, P. , and L. Roy, Comparison of three multitrait methods for QTL detection, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.35, issue.3, pp.281-304, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-35-3-281
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894447

H. Gilbert, P. , L. Roy, C. Moreno, D. Robelin et al., QTLMAP, a software for QTL detection in outbred population, Ann. Hum. Genet, vol.72, issue.5, p.694, 2008.

B. Goffinet, P. , L. Roy, D. Boichard, J. M. Elsen et al., Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. III. Heteroskedastic model and models corresponding to several distributions of the QTL effect, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.31, issue.4, pp.341-350, 1999.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-31-4-341
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199719

P. Green, K. Falls, and S. Crooks, Documentation for CRIMAP, 1990.

Z. L. Hu, C. A. Park, E. R. Fritz, and J. M. Reecy, QTLdb: A Comprehensive Database Tool Building Bridges between Genotypes and Phenotypes, Proc. 9th World Congr, 2010.

Y. Huang, C. S. Haley, F. Wu, S. Hu, J. Hao et al., Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass and meat quality traits in Beijing ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), Animal Genetics, vol.90, issue.2, pp.114-119, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01571.x

Y. Huang, C. S. Haley, S. Hu, J. Hao, C. Wu et al., Detection of quantitative trait loci for body weights and conformation traits in Beijing ducks, Animal Genetics, vol.18, issue.5, pp.525-526, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01637.x

M. Kileh-wais and J. M. Elsen, QTL detection from regression analysis of ???generalized de-regressed proof??? information, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.149, issue.4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2011.00981.x

S. A. Knott, J. M. Elsen, and C. S. Haley, Methods for multiple-marker mapping of quantitative trait loci in half-sib populations, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.93, issue.1-2, pp.71-80, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00225729

E. S. Lander and D. Botstein, Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps, Genetics, vol.121, pp.185-199, 1989.

M. Lillehammer, B. J. Hayes, T. H. Meuwissen, and M. E. Goddard, Gene by environment interactions for production traits in Australian dairy cattle, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.92, issue.8, pp.4008-4017, 2009.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.2008-1484

A. F. Mcrae, S. C. Bishop, G. A. Walling, A. D. Wilson, and P. M. Visscher, Mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci for growth and carcass traits in a complex commercial sheep pedigree, Animal Science, vol.143, issue.02, pp.135-141, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/324471

C. Marie-etancelin, H. Chapuis, J. M. Brun, C. Larzul, M. M. Richard et al., Genetics and selection of mule ducks in France: a review, World's Poultry Science Journal, vol.58, issue.5, pp.187-207, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/0007166031000085445a

C. Marie-etancelin, B. Basso, S. Davail, K. Gontier, X. Fernandez et al., Genetic parameters of product quality and hepatic metabolism in fattened mule ducks, Journal of Animal Science, vol.89, issue.3, pp.669-679, 2011.
DOI : 10.2527/jas.2010-3091

K. Maruyama, M. K. Akbar, and C. M. Turk, Growth pattern and carcase development in male ducks selected for growth rate, British Poultry Science, vol.7, issue.2, pp.233-239, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/00071669987656

K. Maruyama, B. Vinyard, M. K. Akbar, D. J. Shafer, and C. M. Turk, Growth curve analyses in selected duck lines, British Poultry Science, vol.51, issue.5, pp.574-582, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.18.1.1

J. Nadaf, H. Gilbert, F. Pitel, C. Berri, K. Feve et al., Identification of QTL controlling meat quality traits in an F2 cross between two chicken lines selected for either low or high growth rate, BMC Genomics, vol.8, issue.1, pp.155-162, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-8-155

J. Nadaf, F. Pitel, H. , M. J. Duclos, F. Vignoles et al., QTL for several metabolic traits map to loci controlling growth and body composition in an F2 intercross between high- and low-growth chicken lines, Physiological Genomics, vol.38, issue.3, pp.241-249, 2009.
DOI : 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90384.2008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01193471

H. B. Park, L. Jacobsson, P. Wahlberg, P. B. Siegel, and L. Andersson, QTL analysis of body composition and metabolic traits in an intercross between chicken lines divergently selected for growth, Physiological Genomics, vol.25, issue.2, pp.216-223, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00113.2005

D. L. Roldan, A. M. Dodero, F. Bidinost, H. R. Taddeo, D. Allain et al., Merino sheep: a further look at quantitative trait loci for wool production, animal, vol.25, issue.08, pp.1330-1340, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s003350030007

R. Rouvier, G. Guy, D. Rousselot-paillet, and B. Poujardieu, ) brown Tsaiya and Pekin, for growth and fatty liver traits, British Poultry Science, vol.20, issue.4, pp.509-517, 1994.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-21-3-377

M. Siwek, S. J. Cornelissen, A. J. Buitenhuis, M. G. Nieuwland, H. Bovenhuis et al., Quantitative Trait Loci for Body Weight in Layers Differ from Quantitative Trait Loci Specific for Antibody Responses to Sheep Red Blood Cells, Poultry Science, vol.83, issue.6, pp.853-861, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/ps/83.6.853

B. M. Skinner, L. B. Robertson, H. G. Tempest, E. J. Langley, D. Ioannou et al., Comparative genomics in chicken and Pekin duck using FISH mapping and microarray analysis, BMC Genomics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.357-367, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-10-357

L. Théron, X. Fernandez, N. Marty-gasset, C. Pichereaux, M. Rossignol et al., Identification by Proteomic Analysis of Early Post-mortem Markers Involved in the Variability in Fat Loss during Cooking of Mule Duck ???Foie Gras???, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.59, issue.23, pp.12617-12628, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/jf203058x

Z. G. Vitezica, C. Marie-etancelin, M. D. Bernadet, X. Fernandez, and C. Robert-granie, Comparison of nonlinear and spline regression models for describing mule duck growth curves, Poultry Science, vol.89, issue.8, pp.1778-1784, 2010.
DOI : 10.3382/ps.2009-00581

P. Wahlberg, O. Carlborg, M. Foglio, X. Tortoir, A. C. Syvänen et al., Genetic analysis of an F2 intercross between two chicken lines divergently selected for body-weight, BMC Genomics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.248-260, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-10-248

J. L. Weller, Y. Kashi, and M. Soller, Power of Daughter and Granddaughter Designs for Determining Linkage Between Marker Loci and Quantitative Trait Loci in Dairy Cattle, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.73, issue.9, pp.2525-2537, 1990.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78938-2

D. Wright, S. Kerje, K. Lundström, J. Babol, K. Schütz et al., Quantitative trait loci analysis of egg and meat production traits in a red junglefowl?????White Leghorn cross, Animal Genetics, vol.84, issue.6, pp.529-534, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/18.2.339

M. H. Ye, J. L. Chen, G. P. Zhao, M. Q. Zheng, and J. Wen, Markers with the Content of Intramuscular Fat in Beijing-You Chicken, Animal Biotechnology, vol.29, issue.1, pp.14-24, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00037-6

B. Abasht, J. C. Dekkers, and S. J. Lamont, Review of Quantitative Trait Loci Identified in the Chicken, Poultry Science, vol.85, issue.12, pp.2079-2096, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/ps/85.12.2079

L. Almasy and J. Blangero, Multipoint Quantitative-Trait Linkage Analysis in General Pedigrees, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.62, issue.5, pp.1198-1211, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/301844

M. Ambo, A. S. Moura, M. C. Ledur, L. F. Pinto, E. E. Baron et al., Quantitative trait loci for performance traits in a broiler ?? layer cross, Animal Genetics, vol.85, issue.2, pp.200-208, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01824.x

G. Atzmon, S. Blum, M. Feldman, A. Cahaner, U. Lavi et al., QTLs Detected in a Multigenerational Resource Chicken Population, Journal of Heredity, vol.99, issue.5, pp.528-538, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esn030

G. Atzmon, S. Blum, M. Feldman, U. Lavi, and J. Hillel, Detection of agriculturally important QTLs in chickens and analysis of the factors affecting genotyping strategy, Cytogenetic and Genome Research, vol.117, issue.1-4, pp.327-337, 2007.
DOI : 10.1159/000103195

R. Babilé, La production de foie gras de canards de barbarie (cairina moschata) : Aspects génétiques, nutritionnels et technologiques, p.315, 1989.

R. Babilé, G. Matheron, and B. Poujardieu, La production de foie gras de canards m??les de Barbarie : relation entre la croissance et la production de foie, Annales de Zootechnie, vol.37, issue.4, pp.219-252, 1988.
DOI : 10.1051/animres:19880401

. Canards-de-barbarie, Aptitude à l'engraissement. INRA Production Animale, pp.131-141

E. Baeza, M. R. Salichon, G. Marche, and H. Juin, Effet du sexe sur la croissance et sur les caractéristiques technologiques et sensorielles du pectoralis major (filet) chez le canard de barbarie, 2èmes Journées de la Recherche Avicole, pp.191-194, 1997.

E. Baéza, J. Williams, D. Guémené, &. J. Duclos, and M. , Sexual dimorphism for growth in Muscovy ducks and changes in insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH) and triiodothyronine (T3) plasma levels, Reproduction Nutrition Development, vol.41, issue.2, pp.173-179, 2001.
DOI : 10.1051/rnd:2001120

J. M. Brun and C. Larzul, ), British Poultry Science, vol.44, issue.1, pp.40-45, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/0007166031000085445a

J. M. Brun, M. M. Richard, C. Marie-etancelin, R. Rouvier, and C. Larzul, Le canard mulard : Déterminisme génétique d'un hybride intergénérique, INRA Prod. Anim, vol.18, pp.295-308, 2005.

J. M. Brun, N. Sellier, Y. H. Hu, and R. Rouvier, Fertility and embryonic mortality in the intergeneric cross between the common duck and the muscovy duck: Candling vs. Opening the eggs, 1st World Conf, pp.193-198, 1999.

A. J. Buitenhuis, T. B. Rodenburg, Y. M. Van-hierden, M. Siwek, S. J. Cornelissen et al., Erratum to "Mapping quantitative trait loci affecting feather pecking behavior and stress response in laying hens, Poultry Science, vol.85, pp.1115-1116, 2006.

R. L. Campos, K. Nones, M. C. Ledur, A. S. Moura, L. F. Pinto et al., Quantitative trait loci associated with fatness in a broiler-layer cross, Animal Genetics, vol.85, issue.5, pp.729-736, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01910.x

O. Carlborg, L. Andersson, and B. P. Kinghorn, The use of a genetic algorithm for simultaneous mapping of multiple interacting quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.155, pp.2003-2010, 2000.

O. Carlborg, S. Kerje, K. Schütz, L. Jacobsson, P. Jensen et al., A Global Search Reveals Epistatic Interaction Between QTL for Early Growth in the Chicken, Genome Research, vol.13, issue.3, pp.413-421, 2003.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.528003

J. Castaing, J. Albar, and J. F. Serin, Valorisation par le porc charcutier de coproduits d'industries agro-alimentaires du sud de la france : Farine de maïserie, remoulage demi-blanc, farine basse de rizJournées Rech, pp.223-230, 1995.

H. Chapuis and C. Larzul, Comment estimer simultanément les paramètres génétiques des caractères de gavage dans les deux lignées parentales du mulard en vue d'une sélection plus efficace ? JRPFG, pp.18-19, 2006.

G. Churchill and R. Doerge, Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping, Genetics, vol.138, pp.963-971, 1994.

D. Hirwa, C. Yan, W. Wallace, P. Nie, Q. Luo et al., Effects of the thyroid hormone responsive spot 14?? gene on chicken growth and fat traits, Poultry Science, vol.89, issue.9, pp.1981-1991, 2010.
DOI : 10.3382/ps.2009-00582

A. Darvasi, A. Weinreb, V. Minke, J. I. Weller, and M. Soller, Detecting marker-QTL linkage and estimating QTL gene effect and map location using a saturated genetic map, Genetics, vol.134, pp.943-951, 1993.

A. Darvasi, Experimental strategies for the genetic dissection of complex traits in animal models, Nature Genetics, vol.383, issue.1, pp.19-24, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0198-19

S. Davail, N. Rideau, G. Guy, J. André, D. Hermier et al., Hormonal and metabolic responses to overfeeding in three genotypes of ducks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, pp.707-715, 2003.

F. Duhart, Pour une ethnozoologie historique des palmipèdes en Europe : la naissance du foie gras moderne (XVIe-XIXe s.). 6e Journ. Rech. Palmipèdes à Foie Gras pp, pp.9-12, 2004.

J. M. Elsen, B. Mangin, B. Goffinet, D. Boichard, L. Roy et al., Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. I. General introduction, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.31, issue.3, pp.213-224, 1999.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-31-3-213
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199719

J. M. Faure, D. Guémené, and G. Guy, Is there avoidance of the force feeding procedure in ducks and geese?, Animal Research, vol.50, issue.2, pp.157-164, 2001.
DOI : 10.1051/animres:2001111
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00889846

. Qtlmap, Software for QTL Detection in Outbred Populations, Proceedings of the 9th WCGALP, pp.1-6

V. Fillon, M. Vignoles, A. Garrigues, R. P. Croojmans, M. A. Groenen et al., Comparative avian cytogenetics : Establishment of chromosome correspondence by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, British Poultry Science, vol.42, pp.23-24, 2001.

J. L. Foulley, D. Gianola, and R. Thompson, Prediction of genetic merit from data on binary and quantitative variates with an application to calving difficulty, birth weight and pelvic opening, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.15, issue.3, pp.401-424, 1983.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-15-3-401
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00893577

M. S. Genizi, The efficiency of experimental designs for the detection of linkage between a marker locus and a locus affecting a quantitative trait in segregating populations, Biometrics, vol.34, pp.47-55, 1978.

A. W. George, P. M. Visscher, and C. Haley, Mapping quantitative trait loci in complex pedigrees: a two-step variance component approach, Genetics, vol.156, pp.2081-2092, 2000.

H. Gilbert, L. Roy, and P. , Comparison of three multitrait methods for QTL detection, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.35, issue.3, 2001.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-35-3-281
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894447

H. Gilbert, Multidimensionnalité pour la détection de gènes influençant des caractères quantitatifs. Application à l'espèce porcine, p.188, 2003.

H. Gilbert, L. Roy, and P. , Comparison of three multitrait methods for QTL detection, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.35, issue.3, pp.281-304, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-35-3-281
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894447

H. Gilbert, L. Roy, and P. , Methods for the detection of multiple linked QTL applied to a mixture of full and half sib families, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.39, issue.2, pp.139-158, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-39-2-139
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894583

U. Gille and F. V. Salomon, Heart and body growth in ducks, Growth Dev. Aging, vol.58, pp.75-81, 1994.

B. Goffinet, L. Roy, P. Boichard, D. Elsen, J. M. Mangin et al., Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. III. Heteroskedastic model and models corresponding to several distributions of the QTL effect, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.31, issue.4, pp.341-350, 1999.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-31-4-341
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199719

P. Green, K. Falls, and S. Crooks, CRI-MAP Documentation, Version 2.4, 1990.

D. Guémené and G. Guy, The past, present and future of forcefeeding and " foie gras " production. World's Poultry Science, pp.211-222, 2004.

D. Guémené, G. Guy, L. Mirabito, J. Sevère, and J. Faure, Bien-être et élevage des palmipèdes, INRA Prod. Anim, vol.20, pp.53-58, 2007.

D. Guémené, H. Chapuis, M. Boulay, and M. Garreau-mills, Plasma corticosterone levels in male chickens from two divergently selected lines for featherpecking11th European Poultry Conference, 2002.

G. Guy, D. Rousselot-pailley, and D. Gourichon, Comparaison des performances de l'oie, du canard mulard et du canard de Barbarie soumis au gavage, Annales de Zootechnie, vol.44, issue.3, pp.297-305, 1995.
DOI : 10.1051/animres:19950308
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00889185

G. Guy, D. Hermier, S. Davail, M. Bely, J. M. André et al., Meat production and force-feeding ability of different types of ducks, 1st World Waterfowl Conference, pp.1-4, 1999.

D. Gianola and J. L. Foulley, Sire evaluation for ordered categorical data with a threshold model, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.15, issue.2, pp.201-224, 1983.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-15-2-201
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00893566

C. Hackett and W. J. , Genetic Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Traits with Ordinal Distributions, Biometrics, vol.51, issue.4, pp.1252-1263, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2533257

J. B. Haldane, The combination of linkage values and the calculation of distance between the loci of linked factors, J. Genetics, vol.8, pp.299-309, 1919.

C. S. Haley and S. A. Knott, A simple regression method for mapping quantitative trait loci in line crosses using flanking markers, Heredity, vol.69, issue.4, pp.315-324, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.1992.131

C. S. Haley, S. A. Knott, and J. M. Elsen, Mapping quantitative trait loci in crosses between outbred lines using least squares, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1195-1207, 1994.

D. A. Harville and R. W. , A Mixed-Model Procedure for Analyzing Ordered Categorical Data, Biometrics, vol.40, issue.2, pp.393-408, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/2531393

D. Hermier, M. R. Salichan, G. Guy, R. Peresson, J. Mourot et al., La stéatose hépatique des palmipèdes gavés : Bases métaboliques et sensibilité génétique, pp.265-271, 1999.

Y. Hu, J. Poivey, R. Rouvier, S. Liu, and C. Tai, Heritabilities and genetic correlations of laying performance in Muscovy ducks selected in Taiwan, British Poultry Science, vol.74, issue.2, pp.180-185, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/animres:19830204

Y. H. Hu, J. P. Poivey, R. Rouvier, C. T. Wang, and C. Tai, Heritabilities and genetic correlations of body weights and feather length in growing Muscovy selected in Taiwan, British Poultry Science, vol.74, issue.5, pp.605-612, 1999.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78077-1

B. Imbert, Comparaison génétique des caractéristiques biochimiques du magret de canard, p.63, 2002.

L. Jacobsson, H. Park, P. Wahlberg, R. Fredriksson, M. Perez-enciso et al., Many QTLs with minor additive effects are associated with a large difference in growth between two selection lines in chickens, Genetical Research, vol.86, issue.02, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016672305007767

J. Jamrozik, L. R. Schaeffer, E. B. Burnside, and B. P. Sullivan, Threshold Models Applied to Holstein Conformation Traits, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.74, issue.9, pp.3196-3201, 1991.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78505-6

D. G. Jennen, A. L. Vereijken, H. Bovenhuis, R. P. Crooijmans, A. Veenendaal et al., Detection and Localization of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Fatness in Broilers, Poultry Science, vol.83, issue.3, pp.295-301, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/ps/83.3.295

P. Jensen, L. Keeling, K. Schütz, L. Andersson, P. Mormède et al., Feather pecking in chickens is genetically related to behavioural and developmental traits, Physiology & Behavior, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.52-60, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.029

R. C. Jansen, A general mixture model for mapping quantitative trait loci by using molecular markers, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.85, issue.2-3, pp.252-260, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00222867

R. C. Jansen, Interval mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.135, pp.205-211, 1993.

R. C. Jansen and P. Stam, High resolution of quantitative traits into multiple loci via interval mapping, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1447-1455, 1994.

R. C. Jansen, Controlling the type I and type II errors in mapping quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.138, pp.871-881, 1994.

R. C. Jansen, A general Monte Carlo method for mapping multiple quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.142, pp.305-311, 1996.

R. C. Jansen, D. L. Johnson, and J. A. Et-van-arendonk, A mixture model approach to the mapping of quantitative trait loci in complex populations with an application to multiple cattle families, Genetics, vol.148, pp.391-399, 1998.

C. Kao, Z. Zeng, and R. D. Teasdale, Multiple interval mapping for quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.152, pp.1203-1216, 1999.

S. J. Knapp, W. C. Bridges, J. Birkes, and D. , Mapping quantitative trait loci using molecular marker linkage maps, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.79, issue.5, pp.583-592, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00226869

H. Knizetova, J. Hyanek, L. Hyankova, and P. Belicek, Comparative study of growth curves in poultry, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.27, issue.4, pp.365-375, 1995.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-27-4-365
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894102

H. Knizetova, J. Hyanek, B. Knize, and H. Prochatzova, Analysis of growth curve of fowl. II. Ducks, Br. Poult. Sci, vol.22, pp.1027-1038, 1991.

S. Knott, J. Elsen, and C. Haley, Methods for multiple-marker mapping of quantitative trait loci in half-sib populations, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.93, issue.1-2, pp.71-80, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00225729

A. B. Korol, Y. I. Ronin, and V. M. Kirzhner, Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci employing correlated trait complexes, Genetics, vol.140, pp.1137-1147, 1995.

A. B. Korol, Y. I. Ronin, A. M. Itskovich, J. Peng, and E. Nevo, Enhanced efficiency of quantitative trait loci mapping analysis based on multivariate complexes of quantitative traits, Genetics, vol.175, pp.1789-1803, 1995.

D. D. Kosambi, THE ESTIMATION OF MAP DISTANCES FROM RECOMBINATION VALUES, Annals of Eugenics, vol.31, issue.1, pp.172-175, 1944.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1943.tb02321.x

E. S. Lander and D. Botstein, Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using rflp linkage maps, Genetics, vol.121, pp.185-199, 1989.

E. S. Lander, P. Green, J. Abrahamson, A. Barlow, M. J. Daly et al., MAPMAKER: An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations, Genomics, vol.1, issue.2, pp.174-181, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0888-7543(87)90010-3

C. Larzul, Paramètres génétiques du gavage dans une population de canards communs, 5è Journ. Rech. Palmipèdes à Foie Gras pp, pp.33-36, 2002.

C. Larzul, G. Guy, and M. D. Bernadet, Feed efficiency, growth and carcass traits in female mule ducks, Arch. Gefügelk, vol.6, pp.265-268, 2004.

C. Larzul, B. Imbert, M. Bernadet, G. Guy, and H. Rémignon, ) ducks, Animal Research, vol.55, issue.3, pp.219-229, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/animres:2006010

L. Bihan-duval, E. Nadaf, J. Berri, C. Pitel, F. Graulet et al., Detection of a Cis eQTL Controlling BMCO1 Gene Expression Leads to the Identification of a QTG for Chicken Breast Meat Color, PLoS ONE, vol.397, issue.2, p.14825, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0014825.s004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00729320

L. Roy, P. Elsen, J. Boichard, D. Mangin, M. Bidanel et al., An algorithm for QTL detection in mixture of full and half sib families, 6th WCGALP. Armindale, pp.257-260, 1998.

G. A. Léveille, D. R. Romsos, Y. Y. Yeh, and E. K. Hea, Lipid Biosynthesis in the Chick. A Consideration of Site of Synthesis, Influence of Diet and Possible Regulatory Mechanisms, Poultry Science, vol.54, issue.4, pp.1075-7093, 1975.
DOI : 10.3382/ps.0541075

X. Liu, H. Zhang, H. Li, N. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Fine-Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Body Weight and Abdominal Fat Traits: Effects of Marker Density and Sample Size, Poultry Science, vol.87, issue.7, pp.1314-1319, 2008.
DOI : 10.3382/ps.2007-00512

Z. W. Luo and M. J. Kearsey, Maximum likelihood estimation of linkage between a marker gene and a quantitative locus, Heredity, vol.63, issue.3, pp.401-408, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.1989.114

B. Mangin, P. Thoquet, and N. H. Grimsley, Pleiotropic QTL Analysis, Biometrics, vol.54, issue.1, pp.88-99, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/2533998

B. Mangin, B. Goffinet, L. Roy, P. Boichard, D. Elsen et al., Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. II. Likelihood approximations and sire marker genotype estimations, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.31, issue.3, pp.225-237, 1999.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-31-3-225
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199719

C. Marie-etancelin, H. Chapuis, J. M. Brun, C. Larzul, M. M. Mialon-richard et al., Genetics and selection of mule ducks in France: a review, World's Poultry Science Journal, vol.58, issue.5, pp.187-208, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/0007166031000085445a

O. Martinez and R. N. Curnow, Estimating the locations and the sizes of the effects of quantitative trait loci using flanking markers, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.85, pp.480-488, 1992.

L. Migliore, I. Romboli, and C. Fedeli-avanzi, Génétique du plumage du canard de barbarie (cairina moschata) Une mise au point. Les colloques de l'INRA pp, pp.29-38, 1988.

S. Mignon-grasteau, C. Beaumont, J. Poivey, and H. De-rochambeau, Estimation of the genetic parameters of sexual dimorphism of body weight in 'label' chickens and Muscovy ducks, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.30, issue.5, pp.481-491, 1998.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-30-5-481
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894223

I. Misztal, Interbull Bull, pp.33-42, 1999.

J. Nadaf, F. Pitel, H. Gilbert, M. J. Duclos, F. Vignoles et al., QTL for several metabolic traits map to loci controlling growth and body composition in an F2 intercross between high- and low-growth chicken lines, Physiological Genomics, vol.38, issue.3, pp.241-249, 2009.
DOI : 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90384.2008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01193471

R. Nakamichi, Y. Ukai, and H. Kishino, Detection of closely linked multiple quantitative trait loci using a genetic algorithm, Genetics, vol.158, pp.463-475, 2001.

Q. Nie, M. Fang, L. Xie, X. Peng, H. Xu et al., Molecular characterization of the ghrelin and ghrelin receptor genes and effects on fat deposition in chicken and duck, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2009.

J. Noirault, D. Guemene, G. Guy, and J. M. Faure, Corticosterone plasma concentration in male mule ducks: Effects of sampling sites, repeated samplings and ACTH injections, British Poultry Science, vol.46, issue.2, pp.304-308, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/00071669987746

M. D. Olver, J. J. Preez, M. A. Kuyper, and D. J. Mould, The carcass composition and growth of the " mule " ducklings compared to purebred ducklings, Agroanimalia, vol.9, pp.7-12, 1977.

J. T. Ou, S. Q. Tang, D. X. Sun, and Y. Zhang, Polymorphisms of three neuroendocrine-correlated genes associated with growth and reproductive traits in the chicken, Poultry Science, vol.88, pp.722-727, 2009.

H. Park, L. Jacobsson, P. Wahlberg, P. B. Siegel, and L. Andersson, QTL analysis of body composition and metabolic traits in an intercross between chicken lines divergently selected for growth, Physiological Genomics, vol.25, issue.2, pp.216-223, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00113.2005

R. Pong-wong, A. W. George, J. A. Woolliams, and C. S. Haley, A simple and rapid method for calculating identity-by-descent matrices using multiple markers, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.33, issue.5, pp.453-471, 2001.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-33-5-453
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894384

B. Poujardieu, F. Guichard, and P. Laventure, Param??tres g??n??tiques de croissance et de gavage de la cane commune, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.26, issue.5, pp.463-472, 1994.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-26-5-463

T. S. Rabie, R. P. Crooijmans, H. Bovenhuis, A. L. Vereijken, T. Veenendaal et al., Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting susceptibility in chicken to develop pulmonary hypertension syndrome, Animal Genetics, vol.81, issue.Suppl.1, pp.468-476, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01346.x

A. Rebaï, B. Goffinet, and B. Mangin, Comparing Power of Different Methods for QTL Detection, Biometrics, vol.51, issue.1, pp.87-99, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2533317

N. Robin, R. Babilé, A. Peyhorgue, J. P. Dubois, and S. Leprettre, Facteurs de production et qualité des foies gras de canards et d'oies, pp.157-165, 2004.

Y. I. Ronin, V. M. Kirzhner, and A. B. Korol, Linkage between loci of quantitative traits and marker loci: multi-trait analysis with a single marker, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.90, issue.6, pp.776-786, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00222012

R. Rouvier, L'amélioration génétique en france : Le contexte et les acteurs les palmipèdes, INRA Prod. Anim., hors série, pp.39-43, 1992.

R. Rouvier, T. Lui, J. J. Tai, and C. , L'insémination artificielle des canes communes pour la production de mulards à taïwan. La situation actuelle. In : Insémination artificielles et amélioration génétique : Bilan et perspectives critiques, pp.360-367, 1984.

M. R. Salichon, G. Guy, D. Rousselot, and J. C. Blum, Composition de trois types de foies : Oie, canard mulard et canard de barbarie, 1ères Journ. Rech. Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, pp.13-21, 1993.

Y. Salichon, Elevage et gavage des palmipèdes pour la production du foie gras, 1991.

G. Seaton, C. S. Haley, S. A. Knott, M. Kearsey, and P. M. Visscher, QTL Express: mapping quantitative trait loci in simple and complex pedigrees, Bioinformatics, vol.18, issue.2, pp.339-379, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/18.2.339

I. Setiawan, R. Babilé, and A. Auvergne, Croissance et composition corporelle de 2 types g??n??tiques de canards mulards, Annales de Zootechnie, vol.43, issue.2, pp.185-196, 1994.
DOI : 10.1051/animres:19940208

D. P. Smith, D. L. Fletcher, and C. M. Papa, Post-Mortem Biochemistry of Pekin Duckling and Broiler Chicken Pectoralis Muscle, Poultry Science, vol.71, issue.10, pp.1768-1772, 1992.
DOI : 10.3382/ps.0711768

M. Soller, T. Brody, and A. Genizi, On the power of experimental designs for the detection of linkage between marker loci and quantitative loci in crosses between inbred lines, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.47, issue.1, pp.35-39, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00277402

M. Soller and A. Genizi, The Efficiency of Experimental Designs for the Detection of Linkage between a Marker Locus and a Locus Affecting a Quantitative Trait in Segregating Populations, Biometrics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.47-55, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/2529587

C. Tai and R. Rouvier, Crossbreeding effect on sexual dimorphism of body weight in intergeneric hybrids obtained between Muscovy and Pekin duck, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.30, issue.2, pp.163-170, 1998.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-30-2-163
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894202

T. Liu, J. J. Tai, and C. , Studies on the artificial insemination of ducks. 3. A comparison of fertility of pooled semen and individual male semen in the crosses between muscovy (cairina moschata) and tsaiya duck (anas platyrhynchos var domestica), J. Taiwan Livest. Res, vol.17, pp.85-89, 1984.

L. Théron, Déterminisme biologique de la variabilité de la fonte lipidique à la cuisson du foie gras de canard, p.161, 2011.

H. Thomsen, N. Reinsch, N. Xu, C. Looft, S. Gruppe et al., Comparison of estimated breeding values, daughter yield deviations and de-regressed proofs within a whole genome scan for QTL, Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol.149, issue.6, pp.357-370, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s003359900588

J. A. Van-arendonk, B. Tier, and B. P. Kinghorn, Use of multiple genetic markers in prediction of breeding values, Genetics, vol.137, pp.319-329, 1994.

S. Van-der-beek and J. A. Van-arendonk, Abstract, Animal Science, vol.27, issue.01, pp.171-180, 1995.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-21-4-467

J. B. Van-kaam, M. A. Groenen, H. Bovenhuis, A. Veenendaal, A. L. Vereijken et al., Whole genome scan in chickens for quantitative trait loci affecting carcass traits, Poultry Science, vol.78, issue.8, pp.1091-1099, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/ps/78.8.1091

P. M. Vanraden and G. R. Wiggans, Derivation, Calculation, and Use of National Animal Model Information, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.74, issue.8, pp.2737-2746, 1991.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78453-1

P. M. Visscher, R. Thompson, and C. S. Haley, Confidence intervals in QTL mapping by bootstrapping, Genetics, vol.143, pp.1013-1020, 1996.

P. Wahlberg, O. Carlborg, M. Foglio, X. Tordoir, A. Syvanen et al., Genetic analysis of an F2 intercross between two chicken lines divergently selected for body-weight, BMC Genomics, vol.10, issue.1, p.248, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-10-248

T. Wang, R. L. Fernando, S. Van-der-beek, M. Grossman, V. Arendonk et al., Covariance between relatives for a marked quantitative trait locus, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.27, issue.3, pp.251-274, 1995.
DOI : 10.1186/1297-9686-27-3-251
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894093

M. Watanabe, Experimental studie on the artificial insemination of domestic ducks with special reference to the production of mule ducks, J. Fac. Fish. Anim. Hush. Hiroshima univ, vol.3, pp.439-478, 1961.

J. I. Weller and D. Gianola, Models for Genetic Analysis of Dystocia and Calf Mortality, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.72, issue.10, pp.2633-2643, 1989.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79404-2

J. I. Weller, Y. Kashi, and M. Soller, Power of Daughter and Granddaughter Designs for Determining Linkage Between Marker Loci and Quantitative Trait Loci in Dairy Cattle, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.73, issue.9, pp.2525-2537, 1990.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78938-2

J. I. Weller, I. Misztal, and D. Gianola, Genetic Analysis of Dystocia and Calf Mortality in Israeli-Holsteins by Threshold and Linear Models, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.71, issue.9, pp.2491-2501, 1988.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79836-7

J. I. Weller and M. Ron, Genetic Analysis of Fertility Traits in Israeli Holsteins by Linear and Threshold Models, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.75, issue.9, pp.2541-2548, 1992.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78016-3

J. I. Weller, A. Saran, and Y. Zeliger, Genetic and Environmental Relationships Among Somatic Cell Count, Bacterial infection, and Clinical Mastitis, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.75, issue.9, pp.2532-2540, 1992.
DOI : 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78015-1

J. I. Weller, G. R. Wiggans, P. M. Vanraden, and M. Ron, Application of a canonical transformation to detection of quantitative trait loci with the aid of genetic markers in a multi-trait experiment, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.92, issue.8, pp.998-1002, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00224040

J. F. Woessner and . Jr, The determination of hydroxyproline in tissue and protein samples containing small proportions of this imino acid, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol.93, issue.2, pp.440-447, 1961.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-9861(61)90291-0

S. Wright, GENETICS OF ABNORMAL GROWTH IN THE GUINEA PIG, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.2, issue.0, pp.137-147, 1934.
DOI : 10.1101/SQB.1934.002.01.019

C. Xu, Z. Li, and S. Xu, Joint Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Multiple Binary Characters, Genetics, vol.169, issue.2, pp.1045-1059, 2005.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.103.019406

S. Xu and A. W. , Mapping quantitative trait loci for complex binary diseases using line crosses, Genetics, vol.143, pp.1417-1424, 1996.

N. Yi and S. Xu, Mapping quantitative trait loci for complex binary traits in outbred populations, Heredity, vol.136, issue.6, pp.668-676, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1003522902078

Z. Zeng, Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1457-1468, 1994.

Z. Zeng, C. Kao, and C. J. Basten, Estimating the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, Genetical Research, vol.74, issue.3, pp.279-289, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016672399004255

H. Zhou, C. M. Evock-clover, J. P. Mcmurtry, C. M. Ashwell, and S. J. Lamont, Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis to Identify Chromosomal Regions Affecting Phenotypic Traits in the Chicken. IV. Metabolic Traits, Poultry Science, vol.86, issue.2, pp.267-276, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/ps/86.2.267