. Si-h, 630 cm -1 ) N-H (3340 cm -1 )

. Si-n, 860 cm -1 ) (c) REFERENCES [1] (www.iea.org)

N. Grossiord, J. M. Kroon, R. Andriessen, and P. W. Blom, Degradation mechanisms in organic photovoltaic devices, Organic Electronics, vol.13, issue.3, pp.13-432, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orgel.2011.11.027

R. W. Bentley, Global oil & gas depletion: an overview, Energy Policy, vol.30, issue.3, pp.189-205, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00144-6

R. A. Kerr, How Urgent Is Climate Change?, Science, vol.318, issue.5854, pp.318-1230, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.318.5854.1230

W. A. Hermann, Quantifying global energy resources, Energy, pp.31-1685, 2006.

J. Kalowekamo and E. Baker, Estimating the manufacturing cost of purely organic solar cells, Solar Energy, vol.83, issue.8, pp.1224-1231, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.solener.2009.02.003

G. Dennler and C. J. Brabec, Socio-economic I " mpact of Low Cost PV Technologies

J. Schmidtke, Commercial status of thin-film photovoltaic devices and materials, Optics Express, vol.18, issue.S3, pp.477-486, 2010.
DOI : 10.1364/OE.18.00A477

C. J. Brabec, J. A. Hauch, P. Schilinsky, and C. Waldauf, Production Aspects of Organic Photovoltaics and Their Impact on the Commercialization of Devices, MRS Bulletin, vol.30, issue.01, pp.30-50, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.258.5087.1474

M. Stolka, Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) for General Illumination Update, Optoelectronics Industry Development Association, 2002.

C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, Organic electroluminescent diodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.51, issue.12, pp.913-915, 1987.
DOI : 10.1063/1.98799

B. Geffroy, P. Le-roy, and C. Prat, Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology: materials, devices and display technologies, Polymer International, vol.21, issue.4, pp.55-572, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/pi.1974

L. Burns and A. B. Holmes, Light emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers, Nature, pp.347-539, 1990.

J. S. Lewis and M. S. Weaver, Thin-Film Permeation-Barrier Technology for Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Devices, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol.10, issue.1, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/JSTQE.2004.824072

D. Letian, Y. Jingbi, Y. Jun, C. Chun-chao, H. Youjun et al., Tandem polymer solar cells featuring a spectrally matched low-band gap polymer, Nature Photonics, vol.6, issue.180, 2012.

Y. Li and . Chen, Solution processed and high performance organic solar cells using small molecules with a Benzodithiophene unit, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.8484, p.135, 2013.

Y. Liu, C. ?. Chen, Z. Hong, J. Gao, Y. Michael et al., Solution-processed small-molecule solar cells: breaking the 10% power conversion efficiency, Scientific Reports, vol.23, issue.3356, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/srep03356

D. L. Callcott and . Ederer, Photo-oxidation of electro-luminescent polymers studied by core-level photoabsorption spectroscopy, App. Phys. Lett, vol.68, pp.2046-2048, 1996.

R. Scurlock, B. Wang, P. Ogilby, J. Sheats, and R. Clough, Singlet oxygen as a reactive intermediate in the photo-degradation of an electroluminescent polymer, J. Am. Chem. Soc, pp.117-10194, 1995.

S. Kumar, A. Biswas, V. Shukla, A. Awasthi, R. Anand et al., Application of spectroscopic ellipsometry to probe the environmental and photo-oxidative degradation of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV), Synthetic Metals, vol.139, issue.3, p.751, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0379-6779(03)00317-5

H. Neugebauer, C. Brabec, J. Hummelen, and N. Sariciftci, Stability and photo-degradation mechanisms of conjugated polymer/fullerene plastic solar cells, Sol. Energy. Mat. Sol. Cells, vol.35, p.61, 2000.

F. Padinger, T. Fromherz, P. Denk, C. J. Brabec, J. Zettner et al., Degradation of bulk heterojunction solar cells operated in an inert gas atmosphere: a systematic study, Synthetic Metals, vol.121, issue.1-3, pp.121-1605, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0379-6779(00)01504-6

Y. C. Han, C. Jang, K. J. Kim, K. C. Choi, K. H. Jung et al., The encapsulation of an organic light-emitting diode using organic???inorganic hybrid materials and MgO, Organic Electronics, vol.12, issue.4, pp.12-609, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orgel.2011.01.007

S. Y. Kim, K. Y. Kim, Y. H. Tak, and J. L. Lee, Dark spot formation mechanism in organic light emitting diodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.89, issue.13, pp.89-132108, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2357568

A. Gregoratti, M. Barinov, and . Kiskinova, Mechanism of dark-spot degradation of organic light emitting devices, Appl. Phys. Lett, pp.86-041105, 2005.

Y. F. Liew, H. Aziz, N. X. Hu, H. S. Chan, G. Xu et al., Investigation of the sites of dark spots in organic light-emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters, vol.77, issue.17, pp.77-2650, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1320459

J. Lewis, Material challenge for flexible organic devices, Materials Today, vol.9, issue.4, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71446-8

F. Papadimitrakopoulos, X. ?. Zhang, and K. A. Higginson, Chemical and morphological stability of aluminum tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq/sub 3/): effects in light-emitting devices, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol.4, issue.1, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/2944.669465

D. Bennett, L. A. Michalski, M. S. Weaver, J. J. Brown, D. Fogarty et al., Gas permeation and lifetime tests on polymer-based barrier coatings, Proc. SPIE, pp.4105-75, 2001.

. Zumhoff, Organic light emitting devices with extended operating lifetimes on plastic substrates, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol.81, pp.2929-2931, 2002.

E. Guenther, R. S. Kumar, F. Zhu, H. Y. Low, K. S. Ong et al., Building blocks for ultra-thin, flexible organic electroluminescent devices, Proc. SPIE, pp.4464-4487, 2002.

. Wiese, Evaluating high performance diffusion barriers: The calcium test, Proc. Int. Display workshop, pp.1435-1438, 2001.

G. Nisato, M. Kuilder, and P. Bouten, Thin film encapsulation for OLEDs: Evaluation of multilayer barriers using the Ca test, Proc. Soc. Inform. Display Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers, pp.34-550, 2003.

L. C. Olsen, S. N. Kundu, C. C. Bonham, and M. Gross, Barrier coatings for CIGSS and CdTe cells, Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005., 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488135

J. Fahlteich, M. Fahland, W. Schönberger, and N. Schiller, Permeation barrier properties of thin oxide films on flexible polymer substrates, Thin Solid Films, vol.517, issue.10, pp.517-3075, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.089

M. R. Czeremuszkin and . Wertheimer, A new encapsulation solution for flexible organic solar cells, Thin Solid Films, pp.511-512, 2006.

J. A. Hauch, P. Schilinsky, S. A. Choulis, S. Rajoelson, and C. J. Brabec, The impact of water vapor transmission rate on the lifetime of flexible polymer solar cells, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.10, pp.93-103306, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2975185

S. Cros, R. De-bettignies, S. Berson, S. Bailly, P. Maisse et al., Definition of encapsulation barrier requirements: A method applied to organic solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol.95, pp.95-65, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.01.035

K. Zhang, F. R. Zhu, C. H. Huan, and A. T. Wee, Indium tin oxide films prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering method at a low processing temperature, Thin Solid Films, vol.376, issue.1-2, pp.376-255, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01418-8

S. Angiolini, M. Avidano, C. Bracco, C. Barlocco, R. Bracco et al., High performance plastic substrates for flexible flat panel display, Digest of Technical Papers, pp.1-4, 2000.

C. Charton, N. Schiller, M. Fahland, A. Hollander, A. Wedel et al., Development of high barrier films on flexible polymer substrates, Thin Solid Films, vol.502, issue.1-2, pp.502-99, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.253

J. , ?. S. Park, H. Chae, H. K. Chung, and S. I. Lee, Thin film encapsulation for flexible AM- OLED: a review, Semicond. Sci. Technol, pp.26-034001, 2011.

R. S. Kumar, M. Auch, E. Ou, E. Guenther, and S. ?. Chua, Low moisture permeation measurement through polymer substrates for organic light emitting devices, Thin Solid Films, vol.417, issue.1-2, pp.417-120, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00584-9

R. Paetzold, A. Winnacker, D. Henseler, V. Cesari, and K. Heuser, Permeation rate measurements by electrical analysis of calcium corrosion, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.74, issue.12, p.74, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1626015

P. F. Carcia, R. S. Mclean, M. H. Reilly, M. D. Groner, and S. M. George, Ca test of Al2O3 gas diffusion barriers grown by atomic layer deposition on polymers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.89, issue.3, p.31915, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2221912

S. Cros, M. Firon, S. Lenfant, P. Trouslard, and L. Beck, Study of thin calcium electrode degradation by ion beam analysis, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol.251, issue.1, p.251, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nimb.2006.06.014

J. H. Choi, Y. M. Kim, Y. W. Park, J. W. Huh, B. K. Ju et al., Evaluation of gas permeation barrier properties using electrical measurements of calcium degradation, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.78, issue.6
DOI : 10.1063/1.2747168

P. F. Carcia, R. S. Mclean, and M. H. Reilly, Permeation measurements and modeling of highly defective Al 2 O 3 thin films grown by atomic layer deposition on polymers, Appl. Phys. Lett, p.97, 2010.

M. O. Reese, A. A. Dameron, and M. D. Kempe, Quantitative calcium resistivity based method for accurate and scalable water vapor transmission rate measurement, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.82, issue.8, pp.82-085101, 2011.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3606644

S. Schubert, H. Klumbies, L. Muller-meskamp, and K. Leo, Electrical calcium test for moisture barrier evaluation for organic devices, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.82, issue.9, pp.82-094101, 2011.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3633956

E. H. Song, Y. W. Park, J. H. Choi, T. H. Park, J. W. Jeong et al., The flexible Ca-test: An improved performance in a gas permeability measurement system, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.82, issue.5, p.54702, 2011.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3584903

M. D. Kempe, M. O. Reese, and A. A. Dameron, Evaluation of the sensitivity limits of water vapor transmission rate measurements using electrical calcium test, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.84, issue.2, p.25109, 2013.
DOI : 10.1063/1.4789803

. Bourée, The Effect of Argon Plasma Treatment on the Permeation Barrier Properties of Silicon Nitride Layers, Surf. Coatings Technol, vol.235, p.361, 2013.

. Bourée, Influence of Low Energy Ar Plasma Treatment on the Moisture Barrier Performance of Hot Wire -CVD Grown SiN x Multilayers, Japaneese Journal of Applied Physics, pp.53-58, 2014.

. Bourée, Permeation barrier performance of HW-CVD grown silicon nitride films treated by argon plasma, Thin Solid Films

M. D. Groner, S. M. George, R. S. Mclean, and P. F. Carcia, Gas diffusion barriers on polymers using Al 2 O 3 atomic layer deposition, Appl. Phys. Lett, pp.88-051907, 2006.

A. R. Coulter, R. A. Deeken, and G. M. Zentner, Water permeability in poly(ortho ester)s, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.65, issue.3, p.269
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(92)87028-V

C. M. Hansen and L. Just, Water transport and condensation in fluoro-polymer films, Prog. Org. Coat, vol.142, pp.167-178, 2001.

W. Prins and J. J. Hermans, Theory of Permeation through Metal Coated Polymer Films, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.63, issue.5, p.716, 1959.
DOI : 10.1021/j150575a017

T. A. Beu, P. Mercea, and D. Silipas, Gas transport through metallized polymer membranes, Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol.26, issue.3-4, p.26, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0254-0584(90)90019-7

S. Da-silva-sobrinho, G. Czeremuszkin, M. Latrèche, and M. R. Wertheimer, Defect-permeation correlation for ultrathin transparent barrier coatings on polymers, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, vol.18, issue.1, p.18, 2000.
DOI : 10.1116/1.582156

D. Spee, K. Van-der-werf, J. Rath, and R. Schropp, Excellent organic/inorganic transparent thin film moisture barrier entirely made by hot wire CVD at 100 ??C, physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters, vol.92, issue.4, pp.151-153, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/pssr.201206035

A. P. Roberts, B. M. Henry, A. P. Sutton, C. R. Grovenor, G. A. Briggs et al., Gas permeation in silicon-oxide/polymer (SiOx/PET) barrier films: role of the oxide lattice, nano-defects and macro-defects, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.208, issue.1-2, pp.75-88, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00178-3

Y. Leterrier, Durability of nanosized oxygen-barrier coatings on polymers, Progress in Materials Science, pp.1-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6425(02)00002-6

. Wertheimer, Transparent barrier coatings on polyethylene terephthalate by single and dual frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, pp.16-3190, 1998.

. Zou, Low temperature PECVD SiN x films applied in OLED packaging, Materials Science and Engineering, pp.98-248, 2003.

P. Mandlik, J. Gartside, L. Han, I. Cheng, S. Wagner et al., A single-layer permeation barrier for organic light-emitting displays, Applied Physics Letters, vol.92, issue.10, p.92, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2890432

S. , ?. H. Park, and J. , Ultra-thin film encapsulation of organic light emitting diode on a plastic substrate, ETRI Journal, pp.27-545, 2005.

W. J. Potscavage, S. Yoo, B. Domercq, and B. Kippelen, Encapsulation of pentacene/ C 60 organic solar cells with Al 2 O 3 deposited by atomic layer deposition, Appl. Phys. Lett, pp.90-253511, 2007.

A. P. Ghosh, L. J. Gerenser, C. M. Jarman, and J. E. Fornalik, Thin-film encapsulation of organic light-emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters, vol.86, issue.22, pp.86-223503, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1929867

S. , ?. W. Seo, E. Jung, C. Lim, H. Chae et al., Moisture permeation through ultrathin TiO 2 films grown by atomic layer deposition, Appl. Phys. Exp, vol.5, p.35701, 2012.

H. Matsumura, Silicon nitride produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition method, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.66, issue.8
DOI : 10.1063/1.344068

H. Matsumura, H. Umemoto, A. Izumi, and A. Masuda, Recent progress of Cat-CVD research in Japan???bridging between the first and second Cat-CVD conferences, Thin Solid Films, vol.430, issue.1-2, p.430, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00072-5

A. Masuda, M. Totsuka, T. Oku, R. Hattori, and H. Matsumura, Highly moisture-resistive silicon nitride films prepared by catalytic chemical vapor deposition and application to gallium arsenide field-effect transistors, Vacuum, vol.74, issue.3-4, pp.74-525, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vacuum.2004.01.023

H. Umemoto and . Matsumura, Highly Moisture-Resistive SiN x Films Prepared by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys, pp.43-1362, 2004.

Y. Ogawa, K. Ohdaira, T. Oyaidu, and H. Matsumura, Protection of organic light-emitting diodes over 50 000 hours by Cat-CVD SiN x /SiO x N y stacked thin films, Thin Solid Films, pp.516-611, 2008.

. Matsumura, Cat-CVD SiN passivation films for OLEDs and packaging, Thin Solid Films, vol.516, issue.5, pp.553-557, 2008.

P. Alpuim, L. M. Gonçalves, E. S. Marins, T. M. Viseu, S. Ferdov et al., Deposition of silicon nitride thin films by hot-wire CVD at 100????C and 250????C, Thin Solid Films, vol.517, issue.12, p.517, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.077

K. Saitih, R. S. Kumar, S. Chua, A. Masuda, and H. Matsumura, Estimation of moisture barrier ability of thin SiN x single layer on polymer substrates prepared by Cat-CVD method, Thin Solid Films, pp.516-607, 2008.

H. Nakayama and M. Ito, Super H2O-barrier film using Cat-CVD (HWCVD)-grown SiCN for film-based electronics, Thin Solid Films, vol.519, issue.14, pp.519-4483, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.311

C. C. Chiang, D. S. Wuu, H. B. Lin, Y. P. Chen, T. N. Chen et al., Deposition and permeation properties of SiN X /parylene multilayers on polymeric substrates, Surface and Coatings Technology, pp.200-5843, 2006.

M. Rajan, J. J. Hack, X. Brown, L. Chu, T. Moro et al., Thin film encapsulated flexible organic electroluminescent displays, Appl. Phys. Lett, pp.83-413, 2003.

M. Duggal and . Schaepkens, Transparent hybrid inorganic/organic barrier coatings for plastic organic light emitting diode substrates, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, pp.23-971, 2005.

P. A. Heller, T. P. Mcconnelee, and A. R. Feist, A transparent, high barrier and high heat substrate for organic electronics, Proc. IEEE, pp.93-1468, 2005.

S. Ramadas, Ultra-High-Barrier Films for Solar, Display and Plastic Electronics Applications, Future Photovoltaics, 2011.

K. Akedo, A. Miura, H. Fujikawa, and Y. Taga, Plasma-CVD SiN x / plasma-polymerized CN x :H multi-layer passivation films for organic light emitting diodes, Proc. Soc. Inform. Display Symp., Dig. Tech. Papers, pp.34-559, 2003.

. Meyer, Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, pp.91-379, 2007.

A. Yoshida, A. Sugimoto, T. Miyadera, and S. Miyaguchi, Organic Light Emitting Devices on Polymer Substrates., Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.327-332, 2001.
DOI : 10.2494/photopolymer.14.327

S. , ?. W. Seo, E. Jung, H. Chae, and S. M. Cho, Optimization of Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 nanolaminate structure for thin film encapsulation of OLEDs, Organic Electronics, pp.13-2436, 2012.

S. , ?. W. Seo, H. Chae, S. J. Seo, H. K. Chung et al., Extremely bendable thin-film encapsulation of organic light emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol.102, p.161908, 2013.

E. Kim, Y. Han, W. Kim, K. C. Choi, H. ?. Im et al., Thin film encapsulation for organic light emitting diodes using a multi-barrier composed of MgO prepared by atomic layer deposition and hybrid materials, Organic Electronics, vol.14, issue.7, pp.14-1737, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orgel.2013.04.011

. Mcconnelee, Ultrahigh barrier coating deposition on polycarbonate substrates, J. Vac. Sci

A. Hofrichter, P. Bulkin, and B. Drévillon, Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition of SiO x N y in an integrated distributed electron cyclotron resonance reactor, Appl. Surf. Sci, vol.447, p.142, 1999.

R. Botha, B. Haj-ibrahim, P. Bulkin, and B. Drévillon, Deposition of dielectrics using a matrix distributed electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system, Thin Solid Films, vol.515, issue.19, pp.515-7594, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.11.184

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00915442

M. Yasaka, X-ray thin film measurement techniques, The Rigaku Journal, vol.26, issue.2, 2010.

L. G. Parratt, Surface Studies of Solids by Total Reflection of X-Rays, Physical Review, vol.95, issue.2, p.95, 1954.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.95.359

S. W. Schmitt, G. Gamez, V. Sivakov, M. Schubert, S. H. Christiansen et al., Chemical and optical characterisation of atomic layer deposition aluminium doped ZnO films for photovoltaics by glow discharge optical emission spectrometry, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol.377, issue.378, pp.26-822, 2011.
DOI : 10.1039/c0ja00158a

P. Polkovnikov, A. Yunin, and . Tolstogouzov, Sputter depth profiling of Mo/B4C/Si and Mo/Si multilayer nanostructures: A round-robin characterization by different techniques, Thin Solid Films, pp.540-96, 2013.

B. Drévillon, Phase modulated ellipsometry from the ultraviolet to the infrared: In situ application to the growth of semiconductors, Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, vol.27, issue.1, p.27, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0960-8974(93)90021-U

R. Azzam and N. Bashara, Ellipsometry and polarized light, 1970.

S. N. Jasperson, D. K. Burge, and R. C. Handley, A modulated ellipsometer for studying thin film optical properties and surface dynamics, Surface Science, vol.37, p.27, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0039-6028(73)90345-2

F. Abelès, Recherches sur la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques sinusoïdales dans les milieux stratifiés. Application aux couches minces, Annales de Physique, vol.5, issue.706, p.596, 1950.

D. A. Bruggeman-ann, M. Physik, C. Stchakovsky, M. Caillaud, R. Foldyna et al., Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen Polarimetric characterization of optically anisotropic flexible substrates, Thin Solid Films, vol.24, issue.636, pp.516-1414, 1935.

S. W. Rutherford and D. D. Do, Review of time lag permeation technique as a method for characterization of porous media and membranes, Adsorption, pp.3-283, 1997.

G. L. Graff, R. E. Williford, and P. E. Burrows, Mechanics of vapor permeation through multilayer barrier films: Lag time versus equilibrium permeation Measurement of Sheet Resistivities with the Four-Point Probe, The Bell System Technical Journal, pp.37-711, 1958.

]. Z. Jia, M. B. Tucker, T. Li-masuda, H. Umemoto, and H. Matsumura, Failure mechanics of organic???inorganic multilayer permeation barriers in flexible electronics, Composites Science and Technology, vol.71, issue.3, pp.365-372, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.12.003

]. A. Shah, H. Matsumura, and K. Ohdaira, Thin-film silicon solar cells Recent situation of industrial implementation of Cat-CVD technology in Japan, Thin Solid Films, vol.122, pp.516-537, 2008.

]. S. Asari, T. Fujinaga, M. Takagi, M. Hashimoto, K. Saito et al., ULVAC research and development of Cat-CVD applications, Thin Solid Films, vol.516, issue.5, pp.516-541, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.06.209

]. T. Oku, Y. Kamo, and M. Totsuka, AlGaN/GaN HEMTs passivated by Cat-CVD SiN Film, Thin Solid Films, vol.516, issue.5, pp.516-545, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.06.223

H. Umemoto and . Matsumura, High-rate deposition of SiN x films over 100 nm/min by Cat-CVD method at low temperatures below 80 °C, Thin Solid Films, pp.501-55, 2006.

R. E. Goldbach and . Schropp, Deposition of device quality silicon nitride with ultra-high deposition rate (>7 nm/s) using hot-wire CVD, Thin Solid Films, pp.516-533, 2008.

C. Niikura, Microcrystalline silicon films prepared by hot?wire assisted catalytic chemical vapor deposition: from analysis of film properties to realization of solar cells, 2002.

K. Honda, K. Ohdaira, and H. Matsumura, Study of Silicidation Process of Tungsten Catalyzer during Silicon Film Deposition in Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.47, issue.5, pp.47-3692, 2008.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.47.3692

J. E. Bourée, J. Guillet, C. Grattepain, and J. Chaumont, Quantitative analysis of tungsten, oxygen and carbon concentrations in the microcrystalline silicon films deposited by hot wire CVD, Thin Solid Films, pp.430-110, 2003.

P. A. Van-veenendaal, O. L. Gijzeman, J. K. Rath, and R. E. Schropp, The influence of different catalyzers in hot-wire CVD for the deposition of polycrystalline silicon thin films, Thin Solid Films, pp.395-194, 2001.

A. Pflüger, C. Mukherjee, and B. Schröder, Optimization of process parameters in a large-area hot-wire CVD reactor for the deposition of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) for solar cell application with highly uniform material quality, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol.73, issue.3, pp.73-321, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-0248(01)00217-3

A. Heya, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan, 2000.

K. F. Feenstra, R. E. Schropp, and W. F. Van-der-weg, Deposition of amorphous silicon films by hot-wire chemical vapour deposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.6843, p.85, 1999.

E. C. Molenbroek, A. H. Mahan, and A. Gallagher, Mechanisms influencing ???hot-wire??? deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.82, issue.4, p.82, 1909.
DOI : 10.1063/1.365998

J. E. Bourée, S. R. Jadkar, S. Kasouit, and R. Vanderhaghen, Transport in microcrystalline silicon thin films deposited at low temperature by hot-wire chemical vapour deposition, Thin Solid Films, pp.501-133, 2006.

K. Yasui, H. Katoh, K. Komaki, and S. Kaneda, Amorphous SiN films grown by hot???filament chemical vapor deposition using monomethylamine, Applied Physics Letters, vol.56, issue.10, p.56, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.102622

J. L. Dupuie, E. Gulari, and F. Terry, The Low Temperature Catalyzed Chemical Vapor Deposition and Characterization of Silicon Nitride Thin Films, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.139, issue.4, pp.1151-1159, 1992.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2069356

S. Okada and H. Matsumura, Improved Properties of Silicon Nitride Films Prepared by the Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Method, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.36, issue.Part 1, No. 11, pp.36-7035, 1997.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.36.7035

B. P. Nelson, Q. Wang, E. Iwaniczko, A. H. Mahan, and R. S. Crandall, The Influence of Electrons From the Filament on the Material Properties of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Grown by the Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique, MRS Proceedings, vol.507, pp.507-927, 1998.
DOI : 10.1557/PROC-507-927

Q. Wang, S. Ward, L. Gedvilas, B. Keyes, E. Sanchez et al., Conformal thin-film silicon nitride deposited by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition, Applied Physics Letters, vol.84, issue.3, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1640803

D. Spee, Thin film organic / inorganic multilayer gas barriers by hot wire and initiated CVD, 2013.

J. Doyle, R. Robertson, G. H. Lin, M. Z. He, and A. Gallagher, Production of high???quality amorphous silicon films by evaporative silane surface decomposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.64, issue.6, p.3215, 1988.
DOI : 10.1063/1.341539

A. Gallagher, Some physics and chemistry of hot-wire deposition, Thin Solid Films, vol.395, issue.1-2, p.395, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01201-9

S. Tange, K. Inoue, K. Tonokura, and M. Koshi, Catalytic decomposition of SiH 4 on a hot filament, Thin Solid Films, pp.395-437, 2001.

. Matsumura, Identification of Si and SiH in catalytic chemical vapor deposition of SiH 4 by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys, vol.5437, p.88, 2000.

W. Zheng and A. Gallagher, Radical species involved in hotwire (catalytic) deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, Thin Solid Films, vol.516, issue.6, pp.516-929, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.05.002

H. L. Duan and S. F. Bent, The influence of filament material on radical production in hot wire chemical vapor deposition of a-Si, Thin Solid Films, pp.485-126, 2005.

S. M. Gates and S. K. Kulkarni, Kinetics of surface reactions in very low?pressure chemical vapor deposition of Si from SiH 4, Appl. Phys. Lett, pp.58-2963, 1991.

J. K. Holt, M. Swiatek, D. G. Goodwin, and H. A. Atwater, The aging of tungsten filaments and its effect on wire surface kinetics in hot-wire chemical vapor deposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.92, issue.8, pp.92-4803, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1504172

H. L. Duan, G. A. Zaharias, and S. F. Bent, Probing radicals in hot wire decomposition of silane using single photon ionization, Applied Physics Letters, vol.78, issue.12, pp.78-1784, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1355994

H. Umemoto, K. Ohara, D. Morita, T. Morimoto, M. Yamawaki et al., Radical species formed by the catalytic decomposition of NH 3 on heated W surfaces, Jpn. J

H. Umemoto, Y. Kashiwagi, K. Ohdaira, H. Kobayashi, and K. Yasui, Catalytic decomposition of NH 3 on heated Ru and W surfaces, Thin Solid Films, pp.519-4429, 2011.

H. Umemoto, K. Ohara, D. Morita, Y. Nozaki, A. Masuda et al., Direct detection of H atoms in the catalytic chemical vapor deposition of the SiH 4 /H 2 system, J. Appl. Phys, pp.91-1650, 2002.

M. Heintze, R. Zedlitz, H. N. Wanka, and M. B. Schubert, Amorphous and microcrystalline silicon by hot wire chemical vapor deposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.79, issue.5, p.79, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.361100

Q. Wang, Hot-wire CVD amorphous Si materials for solar cell application, Thin Solid Films, vol.517, issue.12, pp.3570-3574, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.072

N. Honda, A. Masuda, and H. Matsumura, Transport mechanism of deposition precursors in catalytic chemical vapor deposition studied using a reactor tube, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.266, issue.269, pp.266-269, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-3093(99)00747-4

H. C. Cheng, ULSI Technology, p.205, 1996.

A. C. Diebold, Handbook of Silicon Semiconductor Metrology, p.758, 2001.
DOI : 10.1201/9780203904541

J. W. Klaus, A. W. Ott, A. C. Dillon, and S. M. George, Atomic layer controlled growth of Si 3 N 4 films using sequential surface reactions, Surf. Sci, pp.418-432, 1998.

S. C. Jernigan and . Binari, Ultra-high vacuum deposition and characterization of silicon nitride thin films, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, pp.30-32, 2012.

D. A. Minkov, Method for determining the optical constants of a thin film on a transparent substrate, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.22, issue.1, p.22, 0199.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/22/1/029

R. E. Dekkers and . Schropp, The effect of composition on the bond structure and refractive index of silicon nitride deposited by HWCVD and PECVD, Thin Solid Films, pp.517-3499, 2009.

E. A. Harvey and . Vogler, SiO x gas barrier coatings on polymer substrates: morphology and gas transport considerations, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol.103, pp.6047-6055, 1999.

H. Chatham, Oxygen diffusion barrier properties of transparent oxide coatings on polymeric substrates, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.78, issue.1-3, pp.1-9, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0257-8972(95)02420-4

M. Yanaka, T. Miyamoto, Y. Tsukahara, and N. Takeda, In situ observation and analysis of multiple cracking phenomena in thin glass layers deposited on polymer films, Composite Interfaces, vol.294, issue.5, 1999.
DOI : 10.1163/156855499X00116

J. Felts, Transparent Gas Barrier Technologies, Journal of Plastic Film and Sheeting, vol.9, issue.3, 1993.
DOI : 10.1177/875608799300900304

P. Schrenk and T. Alfrey, Some physical properties of multilayered films, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol.1, issue.6, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.760090604

B. M. Henry, A. P. Roberts, C. R. Grovenor, A. P. Sutton, G. A. Briggs et al., Microstructural characterization of transparent silicon oxide permeation barrier coatings on PET, Proc. 41 st Society of Vacuum Coaters Annual Conference, p.434, 1998.

M. Yanaka, Y. Tsukahara, N. Nasako, and N. Takeda, Cracking phenomena of brittle films in nanostructure composites analysed by a modified shear lag model with residual strain, Journal of Materials Science, vol.33, issue.8, pp.33-2111, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1004371203514

M. A. Lieberman and A. J. Lichtenberg, Principles of plasma discharges and materials processing, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/0471724254

J. Robertson, Diamond-like amorphous carbon, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol.37, issue.4-6, pp.129-281, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00005-0

A. Metze, D. W. Ernie, and H. J. Oskam, The energy distribution of ions bombarding electrode surfaces in rf plasma reactors, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.65, issue.3, pp.65-993, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.343002

. Ch and P. Wild, Structured ion energy distribution in radio frequency glowdischarge systems, Appl. Phys. Lett, pp.54-505, 1989.

. Ch and P. Wild, Ion and electron dynamics in the sheath of radiofrequency glow discharges, J. Appl. Phys, p.69, 1991.

E. Spiller, Smoothing of multilayer x???ray mirrors by ion polishing, Applied Physics Letters, vol.54, issue.23, p.2293, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.101106

P. Sigmund, Radiation Damage Processes in Materials, 1975.

E. Hotston, Threshold energies for sputtering, Nuclear Fusion, vol.15, issue.3, 1975.
DOI : 10.1088/0029-5515/15/3/018

G. S. Was, Fundamentals of Radiation Materials Science, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4939-3438-6

A. H. Smets, W. M. Kessels, and M. C. Van-de-sanden, The effect of ion-surface and ion-bulk interactions during hydrogenated amorphous silicon deposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.102, issue.7, p.73523, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2786873

K. J. Boyd, D. Marton, J. W. Rabalais, S. Uhlmann, . Th et al., Semiquantitative subplantation model for low energy ion interactions with solid surfaces. III. Ion beam homoepitaxy of Si, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, vol.16, issue.2, pp.16-463, 1998.
DOI : 10.1116/1.581044

S. T. Picraux, E. Chason, and T. M. Mayer, Ion-Assisted Surface Processing of Electronic Materials, MRS Bulletin, vol.8, issue.06, 1992.
DOI : 10.1557/S0883769400041476

L. A. Miller, D. K. Brice, A. K. Prinja, and S. T. Picraux, Molecular dynamics simulations of bulk displacement threshold energies in Si, Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, vol.39, issue.1-2, pp.129-127, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/00337577008235040

Z. Q. Ma, Y. F. Zheng, and B. X. Liu, Ion-induced surface and bulk displacement threshold for epitaxial growth, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a), vol.239, p.169, 1998.

K. Wittmaack, Analytical description of the sputtering yields of silicon bombarded with normally incident ions, Physical Review B, vol.68, issue.23, pp.68-235211, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.235211

E. Chason and T. M. Mayer, Low energy ion bombardment induced roughening and smoothing of SiO 2 surfaces, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol.363, p.62, 1993.

T. M. Mayer, E. Chason, and A. J. Howard, Roughening instability and ion induced viscous relaxation of SiO 2 surfaces, J. Appl. Phys, pp.76-1633, 1994.

M. A. Yanaka, Y. Kato, Y. Tsukahara, and N. Takeda, Effects of temperature on the multiple cracking progress of sub-micron thick glass films deposited on a polymer substrate, Thin Solid Films, vol.355, issue.356, pp.355-356, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00447-2

Y. Leterrier, J. Andersons, Y. Pitton, and J. A. Manson, Adhesion of silicon oxide layers on poly (ethylene terephthalate). II: Effect of coating thickness on adhesive and cohesive strengths, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.35, issue.9, pp.35-1463, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19970715)35:9<1463::AID-POLB16>3.0.CO;2-4

Z. Suo, E. Y. Ma, H. Gleskova, and S. Wagner, Mechanics of rollable and foldable film-on-foil electronics, Applied Physics Letters, vol.74, issue.8, pp.74-1177, 1999.
DOI : 10.1063/1.123478

S. K. Park, J. I. Han, D. G. Moon, and W. K. Kim, Mechanical Stability of Externally Deformed Indium???Tin???Oxide Films on Polymer Substrates, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.42, issue.Part 1, No. 2A, pp.42-624, 2003.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.42.623

R. Vernhes, A. Amassian, J. E. Klemberg-sapieha, and L. Martinu, Plasma treatment of porous SiN x :H films for the fabrication of porous-dense multilayer optical filters with tailored interfaces, J. Appl. Phys, pp.99-114315, 2006.

M. C. Desjonquères and D. Spanjaard, Concepts in surface physics, 1993.

K. O. Bugaev, A. A. Zelenina, and V. A. Volodin, Vibrational Spectroscopy of Chemical Species in Silicon and Silicon-Rich Nitride Thin Films, International Journal of Spectroscopy, vol.86, issue.4, pp.10-1155, 2012.
DOI : 10.1063/1.99054

V. I. Belyi, L. L. Vasilyeva, and A. S. Ginkover, Silicon Nitride in Electronics, 1988.

W. A. Lanford and M. J. Rand, The hydrogen content of plasma-deposited silicon nitride, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.49, issue.4, pp.2473-2477, 1978.
DOI : 10.1063/1.325095

H. J. Stein and H. A. Wegener, Chemically Bound Hydrogen in CVD Si[sub 3]N[sub 4]: Dependence on NH[sub 3]???SiH[sub 4] Ratio and on Annealing, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.124, issue.6, pp.908-912, 1977.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2133451

V. A. Gritsenko, Atomic structure of the amorphous nonstoichiometric silicon oxides and nitrides, Physics-Uspekhi, vol.51, issue.7, pp.699-711, 2008.
DOI : 10.1070/PU2008v051n07ABEH006592

J. C. Knights, CHARACTERIZATION OF PLASMA-DEPOSITED AMORPHOUS Si:H THIN FILMS, Extended Abstracts of the 1978 Conference on Solid State Devices
DOI : 10.7567/SSDM.1978.B-1-1

A. C. Bronneberg, N. Cankoy, M. C. Van-de-sanden, and M. Creatore, -Si:H tissue quality in microcrystalline silicon films, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, vol.30, issue.6
DOI : 10.1116/1.4766193

A. Borghesi, B. Pivac, A. Sassella, and A. Stella, Oxygen precipitation in silicon, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.77, issue.9, pp.77-4169, 1995.
DOI : 10.1063/1.359479

A. H. Al-bayati, K. G. Orrman-rossiter, R. Badheka, and D. G. Armour, Radiation damage in silicon (001) due to low energy (60???510 eV) argon ion bombardment, Surface Science, vol.237, issue.1-3, pp.237-213, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0039-6028(90)90533-E

P. J. Martin, Ion-assisted thin film deposition and applications, Vacuum, vol.36, issue.10, pp.36-585, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-207X(86)90325-8

K. H. Müller, Model for ion???assisted thin???film densification, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.59, issue.8, p.2803, 1986.
DOI : 10.1063/1.336960

G. I. Grigorov, K. G. Grigorov, R. Sporken, and R. Caudano, Ion-induced densification of pvd films???a choice of the optimum density of ion bombardment, Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, vol.107, issue.4, pp.63-399, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01567334

M. Na and S. Rhee, Electronic characterization of Al/PMMA[poly(methyl methacrylate)]/p-Si and Al/CEP(cyanoethyl pullulan)/p-Si structures, Organic Electronics, vol.7, issue.4, pp.205-212, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orgel.2006.02.003

C. Jang, Y. R. Cho, and B. Han, Ideal laminate theory for water transport analysis of metalcoated polymer films) 133307. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on following journal and conference contributions, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol.93, 2008.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., The effect of argon plasma treatment on the permeation barrier properties of silicon nitride layers, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.235, pp.361-366, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.07.067

. Bourée, Influence of Low Energy Ar Plasma Treatment on the Moisture Barrier Performance of Hot Wire -CVD Grown SiN x Multilayers, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, pp.53-58, 2014.

. Bourée, Permeation barrier performance of HW-CVD grown silicon nitride films treated by argon plasma, Special Issue of Thin Solid Films

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., Encapsulation for organic devices deposited on polymer substrates, IONS conference, 2012.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., Silicon nitride multilayers as permeation barrier for OLEDs. Effect of Argon plasma treatment, 2012.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., Effect of argon plasma surface treatment on the permeation barrier performance of silicon-nitride thin films, HWCVD7 conference, 2012.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., Multilayers of Silicon nitride thin films as an encapsulation barrier for flexible organic electronic devices, 2012.

S. Majee, Silicon Nitride multilayers as a permeation barrier for PET based organic devices, JAIST International School on Cat-CVD, 2013.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., The Effect of Argon Plasma Treatment on the Performance of Silicon Nitride Permeation Barrier Multilayers for Organic Photovoltaics, 2013.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., Effect of Argon Plasma Treatment on Silicon Nitride Barrier films for OPV cells, MRS-JSAP Joint Symposium, 2013.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., Permeation barrier performance of inorganic / organic / inorganic hybrid structure for organic photovoltaic devices, Matériaux et Nanostructures ?-Conjugués (MNPC) conference, 2013.

S. Majee, M. F. Cerqueira, D. Tondelier, B. Geffroy, Y. Bonnassieux et al., Effect of Low Energy Ar Plasma Treatment on the Morphology of Hot-Wire CVD Grown SiN x Interface and on the Permeation Barrier of Stacked SiN x Single-layers, p.2013, 2013.

S. Majee, Encapsulation for flexible organic electronics: Protection from environment, International Displays Research Workshop, vol.201410, 2014.