Mobilien et le PDU d'Ile-de-France. L'innovation dans les politiques de déplacements au risque de la concertation
Résumé
The Urban Transport Plan in Ile-de-France (PDUIF) was elaborated between 1997 and 2000 within a large participation procedure managed by the State in association with the main regional actors of the transport sector. The process developed the innovative idea of Mobilien, composed of lines and exchange hubs. The implementation of the project has been supported by a consultation organised within two kinds of local partnership-based groups: the committees for the lines and the committees for the hubs. That phase, initially planned for the period 2001-2005, encountered many barriers, however, so that by August 2005, only 22 out of 150 committees for the lines had approved their planning projects.
The central question this PhD thesis is to understand how consultation and participation influence the emergence of new ideas, their construction and their implementation. Do some consultation procedures favour innovation in public policies for mobility? The research focuses on Mobilien, a major bus network in Ile-de-France, an innovative project conceived and implemented by consultation. Based on the study of public archives, interviews with the main actors involved in the PDUIF, observation of some committees for lines and an important bibliographic database, the study shows that to favour innovation, consultation can only be partial. In other words all wishes should not be satisfied nor an overall consensus aimed for. Thus, the thesis seeks to explore the conditions for innovative consultation procedures. These include restricting the choice of actors which are going to participate at each stage; privileging a solid form of political and technical management, modelling the project in agreement with the elected representatives from municipalities especially by adapting its technical, urban, and service dimensions; and negotiating with the agents in charge of implementing the project.
The central question this PhD thesis is to understand how consultation and participation influence the emergence of new ideas, their construction and their implementation. Do some consultation procedures favour innovation in public policies for mobility? The research focuses on Mobilien, a major bus network in Ile-de-France, an innovative project conceived and implemented by consultation. Based on the study of public archives, interviews with the main actors involved in the PDUIF, observation of some committees for lines and an important bibliographic database, the study shows that to favour innovation, consultation can only be partial. In other words all wishes should not be satisfied nor an overall consensus aimed for. Thus, the thesis seeks to explore the conditions for innovative consultation procedures. These include restricting the choice of actors which are going to participate at each stage; privileging a solid form of political and technical management, modelling the project in agreement with the elected representatives from municipalities especially by adapting its technical, urban, and service dimensions; and negotiating with the agents in charge of implementing the project.
En quoi et comment la concertation influence-t-elle l'émergence d'idées nouvelles, leur formalisation et leur mise en œuvre ? Existe-t-il des modalités de concertation qui favorisent l'innovation dans les politiques de déplacements urbains ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cette recherche s'est intéressée au Mobilien, réseau principal de bus d'Ile-de-France, projet innovant, conçu et mis en œuvre moyennant divers dispositifs de concertation dans le cadre du Plan de Déplacements Urbains de la région (PDUIF). Reposant sur le dépouillement d'archives, la réalisation d'entretiens avec les principaux acteurs du PDUIF, le suivi de divers comités de déclinaison du Mobilien à échelle locale (comités d'axe) et des recherches bibliographiques, cette thèse montre que, pour favoriser l'innovation, la concertation ne peut être que partielle : tous les souhaits ne peuvent être satisfaits ni le consensus total. Des pistes sont ainsi proposées pour une concertation innovatrice. Elles consistent par exemple à choisir de façon restrictive les acteurs associés à chaque étape, à instaurer un pilotage ferme à la fois politique et technique, ou encore à modeler les diverses dimensions du projet (territoriale, technique, urbaine et de qualité de service) en accord avec les élus locaux et avec les agents de la mise en œuvre.
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