I. 2. La-silice-naturelle and .. , 17 A.II.3. Les silices de synthèse et leurs applications 17 A.II.4. La silice précipitée dans les pneumatiques, 18 A.II.4.2. Procédé de synthèse de la silice « Highly Dispersible Silica, p.22

A. Iiétude and .. , 23 A.II.5.1. Caractéristiques issues de la synthèse, Analyse élémentaire ? Composition, p.27

.. Analyse-inclusionnaire, 55 A.IV.3.3.a Etat de dispersion des agents de vulcanisation, Conclusion, p.60

.. En-fatigue, 180 C.V.2. Critère étudié, p.187

F. Abraham, T. Alshuth, S. Jerrams, K. Agarwal, D. K. Setua et al., The effect of minimum stress and stress amplitude on the fatigue life of non strain crystallising elastomers Scanning electron microscopy study on the influence of temperature on tear strength and failure mechanism of natural rubber vulcanizates, Materials and Design Polymer Testing, vol.24, pp.781-789, 2004.

L. E. Alexander, S. Ohlberg, and G. R. Taylor, X???Ray Diffraction Studies of Crystallization in Elastomers, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.26, issue.9, pp.1068-1074, 1955.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1722152

E. H. Andrews1962-]-andrews, Spherulite morphology in thin films of natural rubber, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, pp.270-232, 1962.

E. H. Andrews1972-]-andrews, P. J. Owens, and A. Singh, Microkinetics of lamellar crystallization in a long chain polymer, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, pp.45-1315, 1972.

M. A. Ansarifar2002-]-ansarifar, A. Jain, and T. Nanapoolsin, Silane-silica reinforcement of some natural rubber vulcanisates, Journal of rubber research, issue.3, pp.169-184, 2000.

A. Ansarifar, R. Nijhawan, T. Nanapoulsin, and M. , Reinforcing effect of silica and silane fillers on the properties of some natural rubber vulcanizates, Rubber chemistry and technology, pp.76-1291, 2003.

A. Ansarifar, A. Azhar, N. Ibrahim, S. S. , and L. J. , The use of a silanised silica filler to reinforce and crosslink natural rubber, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, vol.25, issue.1, pp.25-77, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.04.002

E. M. Arruda and M. C. Boyce, A three-dimensional constitutive model for the large stretch behavior of rubber elastic materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.41, issue.2, pp.41-389, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(93)90013-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390807

D. R. Bassett, E. A. Boucher, and A. C. Zettlemoyer, Adsorption studies on hydrated and dehydrated silicas, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.27, issue.4, pp.27-649, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9797(68)90097-0

J. Besson and R. Foerch, Large scale object-oriented finite element code design, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.142, issue.1-2, pp.165-187, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01124-3

. Bokobza2003, L. Bokobza, and O. Rapoport, Silica and carbon black reinforcement of natural rubber, Macromolecular symposia, pp.125-133, 0194.

Y. Bomal, P. Cochet, and B. Dejean, Influence of specific surface area and quantity of precipitated silica on the properties of a precipitated silica filled natural rubber, Meeting of the rubber division, Une silice de nouvelle génération pour pneumatiques, L'actualité chimique, pp.39-42, 1993.

Y. Bomal, L. Guy, and L. Ladouce-stelandre, Cochet Ph., Elastomers Reinforcement by Precipitated Silicas, The cristalline state, pp.1-02, 1949.

. Brandrup1989, J. Brandrup, and E. H. Immergut, Polymer handbook, 3 rd edition, 1989.

S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmet, and E. Teller, Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.60, issue.2, pp.60-309, 1938.
DOI : 10.1021/ja01269a023

F. Bueche, Molecular basis for the mullins effect, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.4, issue.10, pp.107-114, 1960.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1960.070041017

C. W. Bunn, Molecular Structure and Rubber-Like Elasticity. I. The Crystal Structures of Formula Gutta-Percha, Rubber and Polychloroprene, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.180, issue.980, p.40, 1942.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1942.0024

S. Cantournet, J. C. Castaing, C. Allain, P. Auroy, L. Auvray et al., Endommagement et fatigue des élastomères Nanosize hairy grains : a model system to understand the reinforcement, Thèse de doctorat, pp.36-153, 1996.

C. H. Chen, J. L. Koenig, J. R. Shelton, E. A. Collins, R. Clamroth et al., Characterization of the reversion process in accelerated sulfur curing of natural rubber, Rubber chemistry and technology Comparison of methods for the determination of tear strength, Polymer Testing, vol.54, issue.6, pp.734-749, 1981.

E. M. Dannenberg, Effects of surface chemical interactions on the properties of filler-reinforced rubbers, Rubber chemistry and technology, p.48, 1975.

C. K. Davies1979-]-davies and O. E. Long, Morphology oftrans-1, 4-polyisoprene crystallized in thin films, Journal of Materials Science, vol.2, issue.7, pp.2165-2183, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00552237

J. Diani, Contribution à l'étude du comportement élastique et de l'endommagement des matériaux élastomères, Thèse de doctorat, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Contribution à la détermination de la structure des fibres et microfibres de PET Thèse de doctorat, 1998.

A. H. Eng, S. Ejiri, S. Kawahara, Y. Tanaka, M. F. Felsen et al., Structural characteristics of natural rubber--role of ester groups Fluage sous contrainte variable. Fluage sous contrainte croissante. Fluage sous relaxation, Annales de chimie française, pp.5-14, 1981.

P. J. Flory and J. Rhener, Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks, Journal of chemical physics, issue.11, pp.512-520, 1943.

P. J. Flory, Thermodynamics of Crystallization in High Polymers. I. Crystallization Induced by Stretching, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.15, issue.6, pp.397-408, 1947.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1746537

P. J. Flory, Rubber elasticity, in : Principles of polymer chemistry, pp.432-493, 1953.

R. Fraser, T. Macrae, A. Miller, and R. Rowlands, Digital processing of fibre diffraction patterns, Journal of Applied Crystallography, vol.9, issue.2, pp.81-94, 1976.
DOI : 10.1107/S0021889876010674

A. N. Gent, Crystallization and the relaxation of stress in stretched natural rubber vulcanizates, Transactions of the Faraday Society, pp.50-521, 1954.

A. N. Gent, S. Kawahara, and J. Zhao, Crystallization and strength of natural rubber and synthetic cis-1.4-polyisoprene, Rubber Chemistry and technology, pp.71-668, 1998.

. Greenwood1965, G. W. Greenwood, and R. H. Johnson, The Deformation of Metals Under Small Stresses During Phase Transformations, Proc. Roy. Soc, pp.283-403, 1965.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1965.0029

. Griffith1920 and A. A. Griffith, The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.221, issue.582-593, pp.163-198, 1920.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.1921.0006

B. Haidar1999-]-haidar, K. Villaume, and A. Vidal, Effects of filler content on the adsorption of rubber chains, in : Eurofillers symposium Acidity of surface hydroxyl groups, Journal of physical chemistry, pp.74-91, 1970.

G. R. Hamed, Energy dissipation and the fracture of rubber vulcanizates, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, pp.493-500, 1991.

I. Hanafi and Z. Ahmad, Mohd Ishak Z.A, Comparaison of cethylmethylammonium maleate and sulphenamide as an accelerator in carbon black filled natural rubber compounds, Polymer testing, pp.20-607, 2001.

J. A. Hardwood1966-]-hardwood and A. R. Payne, Stress softening in natural rubber vulcanizates, Journal of applied polymer science, pp.10-1203, 1966.

D. J. Harmon1966-]-harmon and H. L. Jacobs, Degradation of natural rubber during mill mastication, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.10, issue.2, pp.253-256, 1966.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1966.070100207

H. M. Heuvel and . Huisman, Effect of winding speed on the physical structure of as-spun PET fibres, including orientation-induced crystallization, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, pp.22-2229, 1978.

H. M. Heuvel1981-]-heuvel and . Huisman, Five-line model for the description of radial x-ray diffractometer scans of nylon 6 yarns, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, vol.19, issue.1, pp.19-121, 1981.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1981.180190110

J. D. Hoffman, G. T. Davis, J. I. Lauritzen, and . Jr, The Rate of Crystallization of Linear Polymers with Chain Folding, Treatise on Solid State Chemistry, pp.497-614, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4684-2664-9_7

. R. Huisman1985-]-huisman, H. M. Heuvel, . Enka-research, and . Laboratories, Fiber Research Department, High Speed Fiber Spinning, 1985.

I. Ifoca-]-site-web, H. M. James, and E. Guth, Theory of the elastic properties of rubber, Journal of Chemical Physics, issue.11, pp.455-481, 1943.

A. R. Johnson1994-]-johnson, C. J. Quigley, and J. L. Mead, Large strain viscoelastic constitutive models for rubber, part1 : Formulations, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, p.67, 1994.

S. Kawahara2000-]-kawahara, T. Takubo, and N. Nishiyama, Crystallization behavior and strength of natural rubber: Skim rubber, deproteinized natural rubber, and pale crepe, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, pp.78-1510, 2000.

H. G. Kilian1994-]-kilian, M. Strauss, and W. Hamm, Universal properties in filler-loaded rubbers, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, pp.67-68, 1994.

]. W. Kleemann1998, K. Kleemann, M. Weber-kluppel, and G. Heinrich, Elastomer processing, formulas and tables Fractal structures in carbon black reinforced rubbers, Rubber chemistry technology, pp.68-623, 1995.

T. Koyama2001-]-koyama and A. Steinbuchel, Natural rubber : From Cradle to grave, Biopolymers : polyisoprenoids, vol.2, p.436, 2001.

G. J. Lake and P. B. Lindley, The mechanical fatigue limit for rubber, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, issue.9, pp.1233-1251, 1965.

G. J. Lake, Fatigue and fracture of elastomers, Rubber chemistry and technology, pp.435-458, 1995.

. Leblanc2001 and J. L. Leblanc, Rubber-filler interactions and rheological properties in filled compounds, Progress in polymer science, pp.627-687, 2002.

J. B. Leblond, J. Devaux, and J. C. Devaux, Mathematical modelling of transformation plasticity in steels I: Case of ideal-plastic phases, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.5, issue.6, pp.551-572, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0749-6419(89)90001-6

J. B. Leblond, Mathematical modelling of transformation plasticity in steels II: Coupling with strain hardening phenomena, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.5, issue.6, pp.573-591, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0749-6419(89)90002-8

D. J. Lee and J. A. Donovan, Microstructural changes in the crack tip region of carbon black filled natural rubber, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, pp.60-910, 1987.

M. P. Lee, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer, Herringbone fracture of a polycarbonate/ABS blend, Journal of Materials Science, vol.282, issue.6, pp.28-1491, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00363339

. Lindley1973 and P. B. Lindley, Relation between hysteresis and the dynamic crack growth resistance of natural rubber, International Journal of Fracture, issue.9, pp.449-462, 1973.

C. Lu, Etude du comportement mécanique et des mécanismes d'endommagement des élastomères en fatigue et en fissuration par fatigue, Thèse de doctorat, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 1991.

. Magill1995 and J. H. Magill, Crystallization and morphology of rubber, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, pp.68-507, 1995.

L. Mandelkern1964-]-mandelkern and L. Mandelkern, Crystallization of polymers Thermodynamic and morphological properties of bulk crystallized polymers, Polymer Engineering and Science, issue.9 7, pp.306-232, 1964.

M. H. Mark1978, O. D. Overberger, C. G. Seaborg, and G. T. , Encyclopedia of chemical technology Science and technology of rubber, Academic press, p.291, 1989.

M. Martin-borret and G. , Sur la propagation de fissures dans les caoutchoucs synthétiques, 1998.

A. I. Medalia and G. Kraus, Reinforcement of Elastomers by Particulate Fillers, pp.387-418, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-051667-7.50013-5

. Mercier2001, J. P. Mercier, and E. Maréchal, Chimie des polymères : synthèse, réactions, dégradation, Traité des matériaux, pp.162-167, 2001.

. Michelin-]-site-web-michelin, C. Miehe, and J. Keck, Superimposed finite elastic-viscoelastic-plastoelastic stress reponse with damage in filled rubbery polymers. Experiments, modelling and algorithmic implementation, Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, pp.48-323, 2000.

C. C. Mitchell and D. J. Meier, Rapid stress-induced crystallization in natural rubber, Journal of Polymer Science, issue.2 6, pp.1689-1703, 1968.

M. Mitchell and G. R. , A wide-angle X-ray study of the development of molecular orientation in crosslinked natural rubber, Polymer, vol.25, issue.11, pp.25-1562, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-3861(84)90148-4

Y. Miyamoto2003-]-miyamoto, H. Yamao, and K. Sekimoto, Crystallization and Melting of Polyisoprene Rubber under Uniaxial Deformation, Macromolecules, vol.36, issue.17, pp.6462-6471, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ma0342877

M. Mooney, A Theory of Large Elastic Deformation, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.11, issue.9, pp.582-592, 1940.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1712836

U. Mukai and T. Morii, Malaysian Rubber Producers Research Association Flexible composites : tire and belt, in : Comprehensive composite materials, Softening of rubber by deformation, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, pp.625-644, 1969.

S. Murakami, K. Senoo, S. Toki, and S. Kohjiya, Structural development of natural rubber during uniaxial stretching by in situ wide angle X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron radiation, Polymer, vol.43, issue.7, pp.43-2117, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00794-7

H. Nakauchi, S. Inoue, and K. Naito, Investigation of crosslink density and basic physical properties of rubber, International Polymer Science and Technology, pp.1211-1218, 1993.

J. F. Oth and P. J. Flory, Thermodynamics of Shrinkage of Fibrous (Racked) Rubber, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol.31, issue.3, pp.80-1297, 1958.
DOI : 10.5254/1.3542299

Y. Chun, Etude des interactions à l'interface silice-caoutchouc, Thèse de doctorat, 1994.

A. R. Payne and R. E. Whittaker, Low strain dynamic properties of filled rubber, Rubber chemistry and technology, pp.44-440, 1971.

J. B. Peri and A. L. Hensley, The surface structure of silica gel, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.72, issue.8, pp.2926-2933, 1968.
DOI : 10.1021/j100854a041

V. Phillips, P. J. Phillips, and N. Vatansever, Regime transitions in fractions of cis-polyisoprene, Macromolecules, vol.20, issue.9, pp.20-2138, 1987.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00175a016

K. E. Plomanteer1975-]-plomanteer and C. W. Lentz, Reinforcement studies-effects of silica structure on properties and crosslink density, Rubber chemistry and technology, pp.48-795, 1975.

R. R. De and S. K. , Crosslinking of rubbers by fillers, Rubber chemistry and technology, pp.75-475, 2002.

R. S. Rivlin1953-]-rivlin and T. A. , Rupture of rubber, part I : Characteristic energy for tearing, Journal Polymer Science, pp.10-291, 1953.

A. Robisson2000-]-robisson, E. Schoenberg, H. A. Marsh, and S. I. Walters, Comportement visco-hyperélastique endommageable d'élastomères SBR et PU : prévision de la durée de vie en fatigue Fatigue multiaxiale dans un élastomère de type NR chargé : mécanismes d'endommagement et critère local d'amorçage de fissure, Thèse de doctorat, Ecole des mines de Paris Thèse de doctorat Saltman W.M, Polyisoprene, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, pp.52-526, 1979.

. Shimizu2000, T. Shimizu, M. Tosaka, M. Tsuji, and S. Kohjiya, TEM Observation of Natural Rubber Thin Films Crystallized under Molecular Orientation, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol.73, issue.5, pp.73-926, 2000.
DOI : 10.5254/1.3547630

. Wolff1982 and S. Wolff, Optimization of silane-silica OTR compounds Part 1 : variation of mixing temperature and time during the modification of silica with silane, Rubber chemistry and technology, pp.55-967, 1982.

. Wolff1994, S. Wolff, U. Gorl, M. J. Wang, and W. Wolff, Silane modified silicas-silica-based tread compounds, Rubber journal, pp.16-16, 1994.

S. Wolff, Chemical aspects of rubber reinforcement by fillers, Rubber chemistry and technology, pp.325-346, 1996.

A. Bekkedahl and N. , Crystallization of unvulcanized rubber at different temperatures, Journal of Applied Physics, pp.17-362, 1946.

. Woodward1988 and A. E. Woodward, Atlas of Polymer Morphology, pp.47-59, 1988.

*. *-*-return-an-viii, Essai de torsion L'ensemble de l'éprouvette a été dessinée et maillée Figure VII.2. La formulation du problème est une formulation mixte en déplacement et en pression