. Afnor, Essai de flexion par choc suréprouvettesuréprouvette charpy. partie 1: méthode d'essai. Association française de normalisation, pp.10045-10046, 1990.

K. F. Amouzouvi, A comparative fracture study of a slightly prestrained low alloy steel and a slightly prestrained austenitic stainless steel, Materials Science and Engineering, vol.78, issue.1, pp.65-70, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-5416(86)90080-7

K. F. Amouzouvi and M. N. Bassim, Effect of the type of prior straining on the fracture toughness of AISI 4340 steel, Materials Science and Engineering, vol.60, issue.1, pp.1-5, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-5416(83)90072-1

W. R. Andrews and C. F. Shih, Thickness and side-groove effects on J-and ? resistance curves for A533B-steel at 93 ? C. In : Elastic-Plastic Fracture, pp.426-450, 1979.

L. Banks-sills and I. Dunye, A note on the effect of plastic strain on fracture toughness, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.57, issue.1, pp.67-71, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7944(96)00134-8

L. Bauvineau, Approche locale de la rupture ductile : ApplicationàApplication`Applicationà un acier Carbone- Manganèse, 1996.

A. Benzerga, Rupture ductile des tôles anisotropes. Simulation de la propagation longitudinale dans un tube pressurisé, 2000.

A. Benzerga, J. Besson, and A. Pineau, Coalescence-Controlled Anisotropic Ductile Fracture, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, vol.121, issue.2, pp.221-229, 1999.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2812369

J. Besson, G. Cailletaud, J. Chaboche, and S. Forest, Mécanique non linéaire des matériaux, 2001.

J. Besson, D. Steglich, and W. Brocks, Modeling of plane strain ductile rupture, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.19, issue.10, pp.1517-1541, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-6419(02)00022-0

A. S. Bilat, Soudage de canalisation pour transport de gaz:réduction des coûts, 2004.

F. Bonomo, M. Bramante, G. Alpa, E. Bozzo, A. Morini et al., Survey and Tentative Revisal of Ductile Fracture Arrest Prevision Criteria in Pipelines for Gas Transmission, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8594-0_43

G. C. Sih and M. Mirabile, Analytical and Experimental Fracture Mechanics, pp.553-566

W. Brocks, D. Z. Sun, and A. Hönig, Verification of the transferability of micromechanical parameters by cell model calculations with visco-plastic materials, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.11, issue.8, pp.11971-989, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-6419(95)00039-9

F. Bron and J. Besson, A yield function for anisotropic materials Application to aluminum alloys, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.20, issue.4-5, pp.937-963, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijplas.2003.06.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00165873

F. Bron and J. Besson, Simulation of the ductile tearing for two grades of 2024 aluminum alloy thin sheets, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.73, issue.11, pp.731531-1552, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.01.024
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00136710

. Buffo, L. M. Galantucci, G. Palumbo, and L. Tricarico, FEM analysis of the forming operations in the production of large diameter welded tubes, Proceedings of the V Convegno, pp.439-448, 2001.

J. Chaboche, Sur l'utilisation des variables d'´ etat interne pour la description de la viscosité cyclique avec endommagement.Probì emes non linéaires de mécanique, Symposium Franco-Polonais de rhéologie et mécanique, pp.137-159, 1977.

C. C. Chu and A. Needleman, Void Nucleation Effects in Biaxially Stretched Sheets, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, vol.102, issue.3, pp.249-256, 1980.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3224807

M. Civallero, M. Mirabile, and G. C. Sih, Fracture Mechanics in Pipeline Technology, Analytical and Experimental Fracture Mechanics, pp.157-174, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8594-0_8

G. Demofonti, G. Mannucci, H. Hillenbrand, H. , and D. , Evaluation of the Suitability of X100 Steel Pipes for High Pressure Gas Transportation Pipelines by Full Scale Tests, 2004 International Pipeline Conference, Volumes 1, 2, and 3, 2003.
DOI : 10.1115/IPC2004-0145

A. Eberle, D. Klingbeil, W. Baer, P. Wossidlo, and R. Hacker, The calculation of dynamic JR-curves from 2D and 3D finite element analyses of a Charpy test using a rate-dependent damage model, pp.403-410, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1566-1369(02)80045-0

M. S. El-fadaly, T. A. El-sarrage, A. M. Eleiche, and W. Dahl, Fracture toughness of 20MnMoNi55 steel at different temperatures as affected by room-temperature pre-deformation, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.54, issue.1-4, pp.159-165, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0924-0136(95)01936-7

A. F. Emery, M. Perl, W. Love, and A. Kobayashi, On the Motion of an Axial Through Crack in a Pipe, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, vol.103, issue.3, pp.281-286, 1981.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3263402

K. Enami, The effects of compressive and tensile prestrain on ductile fracture initiation in steels, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.72, issue.7, pp.1089-1105, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2004.07.012

J. Faleskog, X. Gao, and C. F. Shih, Cell model for nonlinear analysis-I. micromechanics calibration, International Journal of Fracture, vol.89, issue.4, pp.355-373, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007421420901

J. Faleskog and C. F. Shih, Micromechanics of coalescence???I. Synergistic effects of elasticity, plastic yielding and multi-size-scale voids, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.45, issue.1, pp.21-50, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5096(96)00078-6

G. D. Fearnehough and D. J. Jones, Toughness Specification For Shear Fracture Arrest In Pipelines, Analytical and Experimental Fracture Mechanics, pp.527-538, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8594-0_41

G. P. Gibson, S. G. Druce, T. , and C. E. , Effect of specimen size and geometry on ductile crack growth resistance in a C-Mn steel, International Journal of Fracture, vol.32, issue.4, pp.219-240, 1987.

M. Gologanu, J. Leblond, G. Perrin, and J. Devaux, Recent Extensions of Gurson???s Model for Porous Ductile Metals, Continuum micromechanics, CISM lecture series, pp.61-130, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-2662-2_2

J. M. Gray, Niobium bearing steels in pipeline projects In : Niobium science and technology, pp.889-906, 2001.

A. S. Gullerud, X. Gao, R. H. Dodds, and R. Haj-ali, Simulation of ductile crack growth using computational cells: numerical aspects, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.66, issue.1, pp.65-92, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00147-2

A. L. Gurson, Continuum Theory of Ductile Rupture by Void Nucleation and Growth: Part I???Yield Criteria and Flow Rules for Porous Ductile Media, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, vol.99, issue.1, pp.2-15, 1977.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3443401

Z. Gürdal and R. T. Haftka, Elements of structural optimization, 1992.

N. Hagiwara, T. Masuda, and N. Oguchi, Effects of Prestrain on Fracture Toughness and Fatigue-Crack Growth of Line Pipe Steels, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, vol.123, issue.3, pp.355-361, 2001.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1379531

S. H. Hashemi, I. C. Howard, J. R. Yates, and R. M. Andrews, Micro-mechanical damage modelling of notched bar testing of modern line pipe steel, ECF15, 15th european conference of fracture, pp.11-13, 2004.

R. Hill, A Theory of the Yielding and Plastic Flow of Anisotropic Metals, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.193, issue.1033, pp.281-297, 1948.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1948.0045

J. Hilliard, Quantitative microscopy, 1968.

K. Hulka, High strength large diameter pipe plate from standard production to X80/X100. Niobium information 13, 1997.

T. Iung, Propagation rapide et arrêt des fissures dans les aciers pour gazoducs. Rupture par clivage et rupture ductile, 1994.

M. F. Kanninen, S. G. Sampath, and C. Popelar, Steady-State Crack Propagation in Pressurized Pipelines Without Backfill, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, vol.98, issue.1, pp.56-65, 1976.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3454326

A. P. Karafillis and M. C. Boyce, A general anisotropic yield criterion using bounds and a transformation weighting tensor, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.41, issue.12, pp.1859-1886, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(93)90073-O

Y. Kurita, T. Fujita, and T. Ishikara, Discriminant analysis of shear fracture propagation in gas pipeline, 1981.

J. C. Lautridou and A. Pineau, Crack initiation and stable crack growth resistance in A508 steels in relation to inclusion distribution, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.15, issue.1-2, pp.55-71, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-7944(81)90105-3

C. Lawrence, J. Zhou, and A. Tits, User's guide for CFSQP version 2.0: a C code for solving (large scale) constrained nonlinear (minimax) optimization problems, generating iterates satisfying all inequality constraints, 1994.

E. Lopez, Rupture ductile de l'acier X100. application pour gazoducs, 2003.

T. T. Luu, B. Tanguy, J. Besson, A. Pineau, and G. Perrin, Local approach based mechanical modeling of fracture of high strength modern pipeline steel. In: Local approach to fracture, pp.253-258, 2006.

T. Luu, B. Tanguy, J. Besson, A. Pineau, and G. Perrin, Unified Constitutive Equations to Describe Elastoplastic and Damage Behavior of X100 Pipeline Steel, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-4972-2_411

G. Mannucci and G. Demofonti, Fracture properties of API X100 gas pipeline steels, 13th Joint Meeting PRCI-EPRG, 2001.

W. Maxey, G. C. Sih, and M. Mirabile, Dynamic Crack Propagation in Line Pipe, Analytical and Experimental Fracture Mechanics, pp.109-123, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-8594-0_5

F. Minami and K. Arimochi, Evaluation of Prestraining and Dynamic Loading Effects on the Fracture Toughness of Structural Steels by the Local Approach, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, vol.123, issue.3, pp.362-372, 2001.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1379532

T. Miyata, T. Tagawa, and T. Aihara, Influence of Pre-strain on Fracture Toughness and Stable Crack Growth in Low Carbon Steels, pp.167-176, 1997.
DOI : 10.1520/STP12307S

N. Moriyasu, S. Endo, N. Mifune, and O. Uchitomi, Development of X100 UOE line pipe, p.65, 1992.

O. 'donoghue, P. E. Green, S. T. Kanninen, M. F. Bowles, and P. K. , The development of a fluid/structure interaction model for flawed fluid containment boundaries with applications to gas transmission and distribution piping, Computers & Structures, vol.38, issue.5-6, pp.501-513, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0045-7949(91)90002-4

O. 'donoghue, P. E. Kanninen, M. F. Leung, C. P. Demofonti, G. Venzi et al., The development and validation of a dynamic fracture propagation model for gas transmission pipelines, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, vol.70, issue.1, pp.11-25, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0308-0161(96)00012-9

M. Okatsu, T. Hoshino, K. Amano, K. Ihara, and F. Kawabata, Metallurgical and mechanical features of X100 linepipe steel. Pipe Dreamer's Conference, pp.263-272, 2002.

G. Palumbo and L. Tricarico, Effect of forming and calibration operations on the final shape of large diameter welded tubes, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.164, issue.165, pp.164-1651089, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.150

T. Pardoen and J. W. Hutchinson, An extended model for void growth and coalescence, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.48, issue.12, pp.2467-2512, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5096(00)00019-3

C. Popelar, A. R. Rosenfield, and M. F. Kanninen, Steady-State Crack Propagation in Pressurized Pipelines, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, vol.99, issue.1, pp.112-121, 1977.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3454493

W. A. Poynton, R. W. Shannon, and G. D. Fearnehough, The Design and Application of Shear Fracture Propagation Studies, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, vol.96, issue.4, pp.323-329, 1974.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3443248

P. A. Reed and J. F. Knott, INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN THE WARM PRESTRESS (WPS) EFFECT. PART I?EXPERIMENTAL, Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, vol.9, issue.390, pp.485-500, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6160(87)90087-3

F. Rivalin, Développement d'aciers pour gazoducsàgazoducs`gazoducsà haute limite d'´ elasticité et ténacité ténacitéélevée : mécanique et mécanismes de la rupture ductilè a grande vitesse, 1998.

J. Rivalin, J. Besson, A. Pineau, D. Fant, and M. , Ductile tearing of pipeline-steel wide plates, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.68, issue.3, pp.347-364, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7944(00)00108-9

A. Rossoll, C. Berdin, P. Forget, C. Prioul, and B. Marini, Mechanical aspects of the Charpy impact test, Nuclear Engineering and Design, vol.188, issue.2, pp.217-229, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0029-5493(99)00017-5

A. Rossoll, C. Berdin, and C. Prioul, Determination of the fracture toughness of a low alloy steel by the instrumented Charpy impact test, International Journal of Fracture, vol.115, issue.3, pp.205-226, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1016323522441

S. Sivaprasad, S. Tarafder, V. R. Ranganath, R. , and K. K. , Effect of prestrain on fracture toughness of HSLA steels, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.284, issue.1-2, pp.195-201, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00739-5

E. Sugie, M. Matsuoka, T. Akiyama, H. Mimura, and Y. Kawaguchi, A Study of Shear Crack Propagation in Gas-Pressurized Pipelines, ASME annual meeting, pp.82-93, 1982.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3264226

B. Tanguy, Modélisation de l'essai Charpy par l'approche locale de la rupture Application au cas de l'acier 16MND5 dans le domaine de transition, 2001.

B. Tanguy, J. Besson, R. Piques, and A. Pineau, Ductile to brittle transition of an A508 steel characterized by Charpy impact test, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.72, issue.3, pp.413-434, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2004.03.011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00142084

C. Turner, A re-accessement of ductile tearing resistance. Part I and II, Proceeding of the ECF8 conference on Fracture behavior and design of materials and structure, pp.933-968, 1990.

V. Tvergaard, Ductile fracture by cavity nucleation between larger voids, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.30, issue.4, pp.265-286, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(82)90033-3

V. Tvergaard and A. Needleman, Analysis of the cup-cone fracture in a round tensile bar, Acta Metallurgica, vol.32, issue.1, pp.157-169, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6160(84)90213-X

V. Tvergaard and A. Needleman, An analysis of the temperature and rate dependence of Charpy V-notch energies for a high nitrogen steel, International Journal of Fracture, vol.16, issue.3, pp.197-215, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00045863

R. H. Van-stone, T. B. Cox, J. R. Low, and J. A. Psioda, Microstructural aspects of fracture by dimpled rupture, International Metals Reviews, vol.30, issue.4, pp.157-179, 1985.

G. Vogt, G. Re, and G. Demofonti, EPRG recommendation for crack arrest toughness for high strength line pipe steels, 9th Biennal Joint Technical Meeting on Line Pipe Reseach, PRC/EPRG, pp.25-26, 1993.

G. Vogt and W. Weidenhoff, Toughness requirements are studied for large-diameter gas pipelines, Oil and Gas Journal, pp.104-108, 1984.

Z. Zhang and H. Hauge, On the Gurson Micro-Mechanical Parameters, pp.364-383, 1999.
DOI : 10.1520/STP14958S

Z. L. Zhang and E. Niemi, A new failure criterion for the Gurson-Tvergaard dilational constitutive model, International Journal of Fracture, vol.17, issue.4, pp.321-334, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00032450