L. 36 and J. , Etude de matériaux de contact électrique Ag-SnO 2 : frittage et rôle des additifs ; microstructures et propriétés, 2002.

W. T. Hirschhorn-h, Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Solid Materials, p.431, 1961.

C. T. Cité-dans: and . J. Withers-p, An introduction to metal matrix composites, 1993.

M. J. and R. J. Herrera-e, Thermal and electrical conductivities of sintered powder compacts, Powder metallurgy, pp.251-256, 2003.

K. G. Gaynes-m and S. A. , Electrical contact failure mechanisms relevant to electronic packages, Proceedings of the 37 th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.184-192, 1991.

M. R. Saeger-k, The application of silver-based contact materials in air-break switching devices for power engineering, in : Electrical contacts 1988, proceedings of the 34 th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.121-127, 1988.

H. K. Sauter-e, Erosion, welding and contact resistance characteristics of several powder metallurgical silver contact materials, Proceedings of the 12 th international conference, on electrical contacts, pp.215-221, 1984.

K. S. Besztak-b, Wires used in the production of electric contacts, Wire journal international, pp.208-213, 2000.

H. F. Braumann-p and . Koffler-a, Quantitative correlation of additive use and properties of Ag-SnO2-Based contact materials, Proceedings of the 21 st international conference on electrical contacts, pp.443-446, 2002.

H. F. , J. D. Mcneilly, and K. , Advanced Ag-SnO 2 contact materials with high total oxide content, Proceedings of the 21 st international conference on electrical contacts, pp.452-456, 2002.

B. V. Honig-t and . Kraus-a, An advanced silver/tin oxide contact material, in : Electrical contacts 1993, proceedings of the 39 th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.19-25, 1993.

S. Y. Gould-l, Erosion modes of internally oxidized Ag-CdO and Ag-(Sn,In)O material, in : Electrical contacts 1987, proceedings of the 33 rd IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.157-161, 1987.

B. J. Braumann-p and W. W. , Ag-base contact materials for power engineering applications ? process technology and materials properties, International congress on metallurgy and materials technology, 1994.

Z. I. , R. H. Spath-n, and G. J. , Improved Ag-SnO2 electrical contact material produced by mechanical alloying, Metall Accelerated testing for determinating erosion and welding behavior of silver based contact materials, Proceedings of the 9 th international conference on electrical contact phenomena, pp.53-423, 1978.

B. W. Behrens-n and . Lindmayer-m, The switching performance of an improved

S. Y. Gould-l and . Swann-s, DTA and TGA studies of four Ag-MeO electrical contact materials, IEEE Transactions on components, hybrids and manufacturing technology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.352-358, 1985.

K. S. Brecher, Cracking mechanisms in Ag-SnO2 contact materials and their role in the erosion process, IEEE Transactions on components, hybrids and manufacturing technology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.32-38, 1989.

.. Endommagement-des-contacts-de-disjoncteurs, 59 3.2.1. Dispositif utilisé, ., p.61

.. Endommagement-des-contacts-de-contacteurs, 73 3.3.1. Dispositif utilisé, ., p.74

.. Essais-de-traction-et-de-relaxation, Méthodologie des essais de traction et de relaxation, p.107

C. Y. Himmel-l, Temperature dependance of the elastic constants of Cu, Ag and Au above room temperature, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.37, issue.9, pp.3567-3572, 1966.

K. , S. Brecher, and C. , Cracking mechanisms in Ag-SnO2 contact materials and their role in the erosion process, in : Electrical Contacts, Proceedings of the Thirty Fourth Meeting of the IEEE Holm Conference on electrical contact, pp.37-46, 1988.

F. R. Kearney-v and E. R. And, Numerical Analysis of Crack Propagation in a Cyclic-Loaded Structure, Trans. ASME, J. Basic Eng, vol.89, issue.3, pp.459-464, 1967.

A. Analytiques and E. Numeriques, Evolution du champ de températures dans un contact soumis à un arc électrique 163

C. De-la, Modèles numériques de résolution de l'équation, p.168

L. F. Gonzalez-j, F. P. , and G. A. , A numerical modelling of an electric arc and its interaction with the anode : part I. The two-dimensional model, Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics, vol.37, pp.883-897, 2004.

. Cumul-de-dommage-dans-le-paragraphe-précédent, nous avons présenté une analyse « penny-shape ». Cette analyse est valable si l'arc tombe au centre d'une fissure ou si une fissure apparaît à la suite d'un arc dans un matériau ne présentant pas de fissure dans la zone d

. Qu, en est-il si l'arc ne tombe pas au centre de la fissure ?

S. La-fissure-est-dans-la, zone d'influence de l'arc, celui-ci va contribuer à sa propagation Si le centre de la concentration de contrainte de l'arc est sur l'axe de symétrie de la fissure

S. R. Ed, . P. Skelton-r, . D. Marsh, and P. R. Green-d, crack initiation and growth in simple metal components during thermal cycling in « Fatigue at high temperature Applied science publishers Comparison of theoretical estimates and experimental measurements of fatigue crack growth under severe thermal shock conditions : part I. experimental observations ASME Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, pp.1-62, 1986.

B. C. Bamford-w, . F. Brown-w, . Jr, . E. Srawley-j, . C. Labbens-r et al., Stress intensity factors solutions for continuous surface flaws in reactor pressure vessels, Mechanics of crack growth, ASTM STP 590 American society for testing and materials Plane strain crack toughness testing of high strength metallic materials, ASTM STP 410, American society for testing and Materials, 1966, Mechanics of crack growth, ASTM STP 590, American society for Testing and Materials, pp.385-402, 1976.

M. V. Fissolo-a and D. S. Degallaix-g, Thermal fatigue crack networks parameters and stability: an experimental study, International journal of solids and structures, pp.759-769, 2005.

M. D. Woodford-d and . E. Brandt-d, Thermal fatigue characterization of cast cobalt and Nickel-base superalloys, Fatigue at elevated temperatures, ASTM STP 520, American society for testing and materials, pp.413-426, 1973.

B. H. Vasseur-s and C. G. Pineau-a, fatigue crack growth under thermomechanical loading, application to life prediction of centrifugal casting equipement, High temperature fracture mechanisms and Mechanics Mechanical engineering publications, pp.379-395, 1990.

H. J. Skelton-r, a strain intensity approach to high temperature fatigue crack growth and failure, Material Science Engineering, vol.36, pp.133-137, 1978.

F. L. De-mendez-m and M. J. , Contacts de puissance et contacts d'information, in : Le contact électrique : l'appareillage de connexion, 1996.

D. E. and C. P. Fievet-c, Arc-wall interaction modelling in a low-voltage circuit breaker, Journal of applied physics D ? applied physics, vol.30, issue.15, pp.2132-2142, 1997.

B. P. and K. A. Schroder-k, Analysis of the interrelation between mechanical and electrical phenomena during making operations of contacts, Proceedings of the international conference on electrical contacts, pp.29-35, 1994.

M. H. , R. W. Ag, /. Cdo, and A. , Erosion behavior and " erodibility, SnO2 contacts under AC3 and AC4 test conditions, pp.56-64, 1980.

B. P. Schroder-k and . Feygin-a, New powder metallurgical Ag/SnO2 contact material for different loads, Proceedings of the 40th Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.239-244, 1994.

R. W. Weichsler-v, Make erosion mechanism of Ag/CdO and Ag/SnO2 contacts, IEEE Transactions, vol.15, issue.3, pp.332-338, 1992.

W. T. Hirschhorn-h, Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Solid Materials, p.431, 1961.

C. T. Cité-dans: and . J. Withers-p, An introduction to metal matrix composites, 1993.

M. J. and R. J. Herrera-e, Thermal and electrical conductivities of sintered powder compacts, Powder metallurgy, pp.251-256, 2003.

M. M. Takahashi-y and . Mukaibo-t, Effect of porosity on the thermal conductivity of ThO2, Journal of nuclear science and technology, vol.6, issue.11, pp.47-52, 1969.

K. G. Gaynes-m and S. A. , Electrical contact failure mechanisms relevant to electronic packages, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.184-192, 1991.

M. R. Saeger-k, The application of silver-based contact materials in airbreak switching devices for power engineering,in : Electrical contacts 1988, proceedings of the 34th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.121-127, 1988.

H. K. Sauter-e, Erosion, welding and contact resistance characteristics of several powder metallurgicalsilver contact materials, Proceedings of the 12th international conference, on electrical contacts, pp.215-221, 1984.

K. S. Besztak-b, Wires used in the production of electric contacts, Wire journal international, pp.208-213, 2000.

H. F. Braumann-p and . Koffler-a, Quantitative correlation of additive use and properties of Ag-SnO2-Based contact materials, Proceedings of the 21st international conference on electrical contacts, pp.443-446, 2002.

H. F. , J. D. Mcneilly, and K. , Advanced Ag-SnO2 contact materials with high total oxide content, Proceedings of the 21st international conference on electrical contacts, pp.452-456, 2002.

S. Y. Cote-w and . J. Gould-l, An historic review of Ag-MeO materials, in : Electrical contacts 1986, proceedings of the 32th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.71-76, 1986.

W. P. Leung-c, The development of silver-based cadmium-free contact materials, in : Electrical contacts 1988, proceedings of the 34th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.31-35, 1988.

W. P. Leung-c, Comparison of the inherent erosion behaviors of silvercadmium oxide and silver-tin oxide contact materials, in : Electrical contacts 1986, proceedings of the 32th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.63-70, 1986.

M. H. and R. W. Veit-c, Arc mobility on new and eroded Ag/CdO and Ag/SnO2 contacts, IEEE Transactions on components, hybrids and manufacturing technology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.48-57, 1989.

Y. H. and O. S. Miyakawa-k, Sintered silver tin oxide materials for electrical contacts, Proceedings of the international conference on electrical contacts, pp.799-808, 1980.

H. M. Kraus-a and M. R. , Guidelines for the use of Ag/SnO2 contact maertials in switching devices for low-voltage power engineering, Proceedings of the IEEE Holm conference onelectrical contacts, 1990.

S. Y. Gentry-r, Peeling : a failure mode of arcing contact, in : Electrical contacts 1990, proceedings of the 36th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.538-542, 1990.

W. H. Hauner-f, The Thermo-mechanical cracking of AgC contacts with parallel carbon structure, Proceedings of the 21st international conference on electrical contacts, pp.438-442, 2002.

W. P. and A. S. Bevington-r, The effects of graphite particle size and processing on the performance of silver-graphite contacts, pp.15-154, 1992.

B. V. Honig-t and . Kraus-a, An advanced silver/tin oxide contact material, in : Electrical contacts 1993, proceedings of the 39th IEEE Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.19-25, 1993.

S. Y. Gould-l, Erosion modes of internally oxidized Ag-CdO and Ag(Sn ,In)O material, in : Electrical contacts 1987, proceedings of the, pp.157-161, 1987.

Z. I. and R. H. Spath-n, Improved Ag-SnO2 electrical contact material produced by mechanical alloying, pp.53-423, 1999.

B. W. Behrens-n and . Lindmayer-m, The switching performance of an improved Ag/SnO2 contact materials, Proceedings of the 27th Holm conference on electrical contacts, pp.51-57, 1981.

S. Y. Gould-l and . Swann-s, DTA and TGA studies of four Ag-MeO electrical contact materials, IEEE Transactions on components, hybrids and manufacturing technology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.352-358, 1985.

C. Jp and B. L. , Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes d'éjection de matière aux électrodes des contacts de coupure, Journées d'étude des phénomènes de contact électrique, pp.126-130, 1986.

H. E. Rieder, Make-and-break erosion of Ag/MeO contact materials, IEEE Transactions on components, packaging and manufacturing technology, part A, vol.19, issue.3, pp.397-403, 1996.

C. A. Fechant-l, Caractéristiques sur machines d'essais des matériaux de contact de coupure, Les contacts électriques dans les matériels de coupure, 1996.

J. A. Von and F. J. , Metals Handbook Desk Edition, 1985.

C. Y. Himmel-l, Temperature dependance of the elastic constants of Cu, Ag and Au above room temperature, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.37, issue.9, pp.3567-3572, 1966.

R. L. and D. A. Soniak-f, Propagation des microfissures de fatigue, In : Colloque de métallurgie de Saclay, pp.20-21, 1989.

F. R. Kearney-v and E. R. And, Numerical Analysis of Crack Propagation in a Cyclic-Loaded Structure, Trans. ASME, J. Basic Eng, vol.89, issue.3, pp.459-464, 1967.

M. D. Green-d and P. R. , Comparison of theoretical estimates and experimental measurements of fatigue crack growth under severe thermal shock conditions : part I. experimental observations ASME Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, pp.501-506, 1986.

B. C. Bamford-w, Stress intensity factors solutions for continuous surface flaws in reactor pressure vessels, Mechanics of crack growth, ASTM STP 590, American society for testing and materials, pp.385-402, 1976.

B. W. Jr and . E. Srawley-j, Plane strain crack toughness testing of high strength metallic materials, ASTM STP 410, American society for testing and Materials, 1966.

L. R. Pellissier-tanon and . Heliot-j, Mechanics of crack growth, ASTM STP 590, American society for Testing and Materials, pp.368-384, 1976.

M. V. Fissolo-a and D. S. Degallaix-g, Thermal fatigue crack networks parameters and stability: an experimental study, International journal of solids and structures, pp.759-769, 2005.

H. J. Skelton-r, a strain intensity approach to high temperature fatigue crack growth and failure, Material Science Engineering, vol.36, pp.133-137, 1978.