G. Busch, M. Campagna, P. Cotti, and H. C. Siegmann, Observation of Electron Polarization in Photoemission, Physical Review Letters, vol.22, issue.12, p.597, 1969.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.597

H. Alder, M. Campagna, and H. C. Siegmann, Spin Polarization of Photoelectrons from Cesiated Fe, Co, and Ni, Physical Review B, vol.8, issue.5, p.2075, 1973.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.8.2075

M. Jullière, Tunneling between ferromagnetic films, Physics Letters A, vol.54, issue.3, p.225, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(75)90174-7

R. R. Parsons, Band-To-Band Optical Pumping in Solids and Polarized Photoluminescence, Physical Review Letters, vol.23, issue.20, p.1152, 1969.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.1152

F. Meier and B. P. Zakharchenya, Optical Orientation, Modern problems in Condensed Matter Sciences, Maradudin, vol.8, 1984.

G. Fishman and G. Lampel, -type gallium arsenide, Physical Review B, vol.16, issue.2, p.820, 1977.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.16.820

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00209838

M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen-van-dau, P. Etienne et al., Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices, Physical Review Letters, vol.61, issue.21, p.2472, 1988.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2472

J. M. Coey, E. Materials-for-spin-electronics, and . Steinbeiss, Thin film deposition techniques (PVD) and C. Fermon, Micro-and nanofabrication techniques, in Spin electronics, 2001.

G. A. Prinz and M. , Magnetoelectronics, Science, vol.282, issue.5394, p.1660, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.282.5394.1660

N. García, M. Muñoz, and Y. Zhao, in Ballistic Ni Nanocontacts at Room Temperature and 100 Oe, Physical Review Letters, vol.82, issue.14, p.2923, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.2923

S. Takahashi and S. Maekawa, Effect of Coulomb Blockade on Magnetoresistance in Ferromagnetic Tunnel Junctions, Physical Review Letters, vol.80, issue.8, p.1758, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1758

D. J. Monsma, J. C. Lodder, T. J. Popma, and B. Dieny, Perpendicular Hot Electron Spin-Valve Effect in a New Magnetic Field Sensor: The Spin-Valve Transistor, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.26, p.5260, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.5260

A. Van-der-sluijs, Transmission d'électrons polarisés de spin au travers de structures ultraminces or/cobalt, 1996.

A. Filipe, Jonction métal ferromagnétique / semi-conducteur : structure et magnétisme d'interface, transport électronique et dépendance en spin, 1997.

C. Cacho, Effet de filtre à spin dans les métaux ferromagnétiques par transmission d'électrons de très basse énergie, 2000.

T. Wirth, Etude du transport d'électrons polarisés en spin dans les hétéro-structures métal ferromagnétique / semi-conducteur pour l'obtention de nouveaux composants électroniques, 2000.

J. Kessler, Polarized electrons, second edition, 1985.

R. Knorren, K. H. Bennemann, R. Burgermeister, and M. Aeschlimann, Dynamics of excited electrons in copper and ferromagnetic transition metals: Theory and experiment, Physical Review B, vol.61, issue.14, p.9427, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.9427

R. L. Long, J. , V. W. Hughes, J. S. Greenberg, I. Ames et al., Polarization of Photoelectrons from Magnetized Nickel, Physical Review, vol.138, issue.6A, pp.138-1630, 1965.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.138.A1630

G. Busch, M. Campagna, P. Cotti, and H. C. Siegmann, Observation of Electron Polarization in Photoemission, Physical Review Letters, vol.22, issue.12, p.597, 1969.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.597

H. Alder, M. Campagna, and H. C. Siegmann, Spin Polarization of Photoelectrons from Cesiated Fe, Co, and Ni, Physical Review B, vol.8, issue.5, p.2075, 1973.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.8.2075

D. R. Penn, S. Peter-apell, and S. M. Girvin, Spin polarization of secondary electrons in transition metals: Theory, Physical Review B, vol.32, issue.12, p.7753, 1985.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.32.7753

D. P. Pappas, K. Kämper, B. P. Miller, H. Hopster, D. E. Fowler et al., Spin-dependent electron attenuation by transmission through thin ferromagnetic films, Physical Review Letters, vol.66, issue.4, p.504, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.504

D. T. Pierce and H. C. Siegmann, Hot-electron scattering length by measurement of spin polarization, Physical Review B, vol.9, issue.10, p.4035, 1974.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.9.4035

E. Vescovo, C. Carbone, U. Alkemper, O. Rader, T. Kachel et al., Spin-dependent electron scattering in ferromagnetic Co layers on Cu(111), Physical Review B, vol.52, issue.18, pp.13-497, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.52.13497

M. Getzlaff, J. Bansmann, and G. Schönhense, Spin-polarization effects for electrons passing through thin iron and cobalt films, Solid State Communications, vol.87, issue.5, p.467, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1098(93)90799-S

J. C. Gröbli, D. Guarisco, S. Frank, and F. Meier, Spin-dependent transmission of polarized electrons through a ferromagnetic iron film, Physical Review B, vol.51, issue.5, p.2945, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.51.2945

G. Schönhense and H. C. Siegmann, Transmission of electrons through ferromagnetic material and applications to detection of electron spin polarization, Annalen der Physik, vol.66, issue.270, p.465, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/andp.19935050504

H. Drouhin, Low-energy electron mean free path and its spin dependence in transition metals, Physical Review B, vol.56, issue.23, p.14886, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.56.14886

H. Drouhin, Total scattering cross section of spin-polarized low-energy electrons in transition metals, Physical Review B, vol.62, issue.1, p.556, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.556

. Siegmann, Ultrafast spin-dependent electron dynamics in fcc Co, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.79, p.5158, 1997.

H. Kanter, Slow-Electron Mean Free Paths in Aluminum, Silver, and Gold, Physical Review B, vol.1, issue.2, p.522, 1970.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.1.522

Y. Lassailly, H. Drouhin, A. J. Van-der-sluijs, G. Lampel, and C. Marlière, Spin-dependent transmission of low-energy electrons through ultrathin magnetic layers, Physical Review B, vol.50, issue.17, p.13054, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.13054

D. Oberli, S. Riesen, W. Weber, and H. C. Siegmann, Transmission and spin motion of electrons across ferromagnets, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.198, issue.199, pp.198-199, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)01007-5

D. Oberli, R. Burgermeister, S. Riesen, W. Weber, and H. C. Siegmann, Total Scattering Cross Section and Spin Motion of Low Energy Electrons Passing through a Ferromagnet, Physical Review Letters, vol.81, issue.19, p.4228, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4228

W. Weber, S. Riesen, and H. C. Siegmann, Magnetization Precession by Hot Spin Injection, Science, vol.291, issue.5506, p.1015, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1057430

A. Van-der-sluijs, Transmission d'électrons polarisés de spin au travers de structures ultraminces or/cobalt, 1996.

H. Drouhin and A. , Spin-dependent transmission of free electrons through ultrathin cobalt layers (invited), Journal of Applied Physics, vol.79, issue.8, p.4734, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.361656

C. Cacho, Y. Lasailly, H. Drouhin, G. Lampel, and J. Peretti, Spin Filtering of Free Electrons by Magnetic Multilayers: Towards an Efficient Self-Calibrated Spin Polarimeter, Physical Review Letters, vol.88, issue.6, pp.66601-66602, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.066601

D. J. Monsma, J. C. Lodder, T. J. Popma, and B. Dieny, Perpendicular Hot Electron Spin-Valve Effect in a New Magnetic Field Sensor: The Spin-Valve Transistor, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.26, p.5260, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.5260

. Schuhl, Spin-dependent transmission of electrons through the ferromagnetic metal base of a hot-electron transistorlikes System, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.80, p.2425, 1998.

A. Filipe, Jonction métal ferromagnétique / semi-conducteur : structure et magnétisme d'interface, transport électronique et dépendance en spin, 1997.

C. Hermann and G. Lampel, Optical pumping in semiconductors, Annales de Physique, vol.10, issue.6, p.1117, 1985.
DOI : 10.1051/anphys:019850010060111700

F. Meier and B. P. , Zakharchenya, éditeurs Optical Orientation. Modern problems in Condensed Matter Sciences, édité par V. M. Agranovich et A, A. Maradudin, vol.8, 1984.

G. Fishman and G. Lampel, -type gallium arsenide, Physical Review B, vol.16, issue.2, p.820, 1977.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.16.820

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00209838

D. T. Pierce, F. Meier, and P. Zürcher, Negative electron affinity GaAs: A new source of spin???polarized electrons, Applied Physics Letters, vol.26, issue.12, p.670, 1975.
DOI : 10.1063/1.88030

A. Van-der-sluijs, Transmission d'électrons polarisés de spin au travers de structures ultraminces or/cobalt, 1996.

R. Houdré, Photoémission de puits quantiques et de superréseaux GaAs/GaAlAs en état d'affinité électronique négative, thèse d'Etat, 1985.

H. Drouhin and M. Eminyan, Simple concepts in the measurement of the energy distribution and spin polarization of an electron beam, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.57, issue.6, p.1052, 1986.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1138658

H. Drouhin, Sélection en énergie à très haute résolution des électrons émis par une photocathode d'arséniure de gallium en état d'affinité négative, 1982.

E. H. Rhoderick and R. H. Williams, Metal-Semiconductor contacts, 1988.
DOI : 10.1049/ip-i-1.1982.0001

A. Filipe, H. Drouhin, G. Lampel, Y. Lassailly, J. Peretti et al., A New Spin Filter: The Magnetic Schottky Diode, Proceedings of the MRS Spring Meeting, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0368-2048(94)80015-4

A. Filipe, H. Drouhin, G. Lampel, Y. Lassailly, J. Peretti et al., A New Spin Filter: The Magnetic Schottky Diode, Proceedings of the MRS Spring Meeting, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0368-2048(94)80015-4

E. H. Rhoderick and R. H. Williams, Metal-Semiconductor contacts, 1988.
DOI : 10.1049/ip-i-1.1982.0001

D. P. Woodruff and T. A. Delchar, Modern techniques of surface science, 1986.

A. Filipe, Jonction métal ferromagnétique / semi-conducteur : structure et magnétisme d'interface, transport électronique et dépendance en spin, 1997.

J. J. Quinn, Range of Excited Electrons in Metals, Physical Review, vol.126, issue.4, p.1453, 1962.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.126.1453

D. R. Penn, Electron mean-free-path calculations using a model dielectric function, Physical Review B, vol.35, issue.2, p.482, 1987.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.35.482

D. R. Penn, Electron mean free paths for free-electron-like materials, Physical Review B, vol.13, issue.12, p.5248, 1976.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.13.5248

M. P. Seah and W. A. Dench, Quantitative electron spectroscopy of surfaces: A standard data base for electron inelastic mean free paths in solids, Surface and Interface Analysis, vol.9, issue.1, 1979.
DOI : 10.1002/sia.740010103

S. Tanuma, C. J. Powell, and D. R. Penn, Material dependence of electron inelastic mean free paths at low energies, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, vol.8, issue.3, p.2213, 1990.
DOI : 10.1116/1.577039

M. Rocca, Low-energy EELS investigation of surface electronic excitations on metals, Surface Science Reports, vol.22, issue.1-2, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-5729(95)00004-6

H. Raether, Excitation of plasmons and interband transitions by electrons, 1980.

N. F. Mott and H. S. Massey, The theory of atomic collisions, 1965.

G. Busch, M. Campagna, P. Cotti, and H. C. Siegmann, Observation of Electron Polarization in Photoemission, Physical Review Letters, vol.22, issue.12, p.597, 1969.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.597

T. Maruyama, E. L. Garwin, R. Prepost, G. H. Zapalac, J. S. Smith et al., Observation of strain-enhanced electron-spin polarization in photoemission from InGaAs, Physical Review Letters, vol.66, issue.18, p.2376, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2376

T. Omori, Y. Kurihara, T. Nakanishi, H. Aoyagi, T. Baba et al., Large enhancement of polarization observed by extracted electrons from the AlGaAs-GaAs superlattice, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.23, p.3294, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3294

J. Kessler, Polarized electrons, seconde édition, 1985.

J. Kirschner, Sources and detectors for polarized electrons, in Polarized electrons in surface physics, édité par R. Feder, p.245, 1985.

G. Ghiringhelli, K. Larsson, and N. B. Brookes, High-efficiency spin-resolved and spin-integrated electron detection: Parallel mounting on a hemispherical analyzer, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.70, issue.11, p.4225, 1999.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1150056

G. C. Burnett, T. J. Monroe, and F. B. Dunning, High???efficiency retarding???potential Mott polarization analyzer, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.65, issue.6, p.1893, 1994.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1144839

S. Quiao, A. Kimura, A. Harasawa, M. Sawada, J. Chung et al., A new compact electron spin polarimeter with a high efficiency, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.68, issue.12, p.4390, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1148401

H. C. Siegmann, D. T. Pierce, and R. J. Celotta, Spin-Dependent Absorption of Electrons in a Ferromagnetic Metal, Physical Review Letters, vol.46, issue.6, p.452, 1981.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.452

M. Erbudak and N. Müller, An efficient low???energy electron???spin???polarization analyzer, Applied Physics Letters, vol.38, issue.7, p.575, 1981.
DOI : 10.1063/1.92418

R. J. Celotta, D. T. Pierce, H. C. Siegmann, and J. Unguris, An electron spin polarization detector: Spin???dependent absorption of a polarized electron beam, Applied Physics Letters, vol.38, issue.7, p.577, 1981.
DOI : 10.1063/1.92419

D. T. Pierce, S. M. Girvin, J. Unguris, and R. J. Celotta, Absorbed current electron spin polarization detector, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.52, issue.10, p.1437, 1981.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1136472

H. Drouhin and A. , Spin-dependent transmission of free electrons through ultrathin cobalt layers (invited), Journal of Applied Physics, vol.79, issue.8, p.4734, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.361656

A. Van-der-sluijs, H. Drouhin, G. Lampel, Y. Lasailly, and C. Marlière, Spin-dependent electron transmission through ultra-thin magnetic layers: towards highly discriminative, compact spin detectors, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, p.753, 1994.

G. Schönhense and H. C. Siegmann, Transmission of electrons through ferromagnetic material and applications to detection of electron spin polarization, Annalen der Physik, vol.66, issue.270, p.465, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/andp.19935050504

C. Cacho, Y. Lassailly, H. Drouhin, G. Lampel, and J. Peretti, Spin Filtering of Free Electrons by Magnetic Multilayers: Towards an Efficient Self-Calibrated Spin Polarimeter, Physical Review Letters, vol.88, issue.6, p.66601, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.066601

E. Rosencher, S. Delage, Y. Campidelli, and F. , Transistor effect in monolithic Si/CoSi2/Si epitaxial structures, Electronics Letters, vol.20, issue.19, p.762, 1984.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19840519

H. Norde, J. De-sousa-pires, F. Heurle, F. Pesavento, S. Petersson et al., ???type silicon, Applied Physics Letters, vol.38, issue.11, p.865, 1981.
DOI : 10.1063/1.92201

H. Drouhin, Fundamentals of spin filtering in ferromagnetic metals with application to spin sensors, Handbook of infrared technologies, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-185617388-9/50013-7

H. Drouhin and N. Rougemaille, Spin filtering in ferromagnetic bilayers, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.91, issue.12, p.9948, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1476087

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00971597

D. Oberli, R. Burgermeister, S. Riesen, W. Weber, and H. C. Siegmann, Total Scattering Cross Section and Spin Motion of Low Energy Electrons Passing through a Ferromagnet, Physical Review Letters, vol.81, issue.19, p.4228, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4228

H. Riechert, H. Drouhin, and C. Hermann, Energy-resolved study of the spin precession in photoemission from activated (110) GaAs, Physical Review B, vol.38, issue.6, p.4136, 1988.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.38.4136

S. F. Alvarado and P. Renaud, Observation of spin-polarized-electron tunneling from a ferromagnet into GaAs, Physical Review Letters, vol.68, issue.9, p.1387, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1387

P. Bréchet, Cathodoluminescence de GaAs à très basse énergie d'injection, thèse de doctorat, 1989.

B. Fromme, H. Bromme, D. Göckel, and W. Raith, Emission of circularly polarized recombination radiation from p-doped GaAsP bombarded with longitudinally polarized electrons, Physics Letters A, vol.118, issue.5, p.260, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(86)90178-7

B. Fromme, G. Baum, D. Göckel, and W. Raith, under the impact of polarized electrons, Physical Review B, vol.40, issue.18, p.12312, 1989.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.40.12312

S. Datta and B. Das, Electronic analog of the electro???optic modulator, Applied Physics Letters, vol.56, issue.7, p.665, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.102730