, K:FcMK> 6 ' Hk 6 ' >LM E> ?, ML LHGM F:E <E:LLdL I:K >Q>FIE> NG KdIEB<:M <E:LLd Gd@:MB? :BEBMd JN> E> KdIEB<:M <HGMB>GG> ; FB<KHHK@:GBLF>L >LM d@:E> _ % ' ; 6 ' 4 ; * "M:GM =HGGd> E: =B<AHMHFBL:MBHG => E: KdIHGL> >G IKdL>G<>BEBMdL <HFIEdF>GM:BK>L => GV:OHBK :N<NG FB<KHHK@:GBLF> =:GL E> KdIEB<:M HN =V>G :OHBK :N FHBGL NG ): IKH;:;BEBMd JNVBE R :BM :N FHBGL NG FB<KHHK@:GBLF> =:GL E> KdIEB<:M LVd<KBM =HG< % ' 5 ' *
, ML IHLBMB?L I:KFB 3 ' KdIEB<:ML :G:ERLdL IHNK <A:JN> GBO>:N => =BENMBHG 0 H;dBM _ NG> EHB ;BGHFB:E> => I:K:FcMK> 3 ' >M 5 ' :BGLB
, ?:<M>NK => =BENMBHG 6 ' BE R : 3 ' KdIEB<:ML :G:ERLdL =HGM 7 ' IHLBMB?L E: FdMAH=> =N F, MBHG JNB :GGNE> E: =dKBOd> => E: EH@OK:BL>F;E:G<> ): EH@OK:BL>F;E:G<> LVd<KBM :N ?:<M>NK * . *
, <@ >M 3 7 HGM dMd =d<E:KdL Gd@:MB?FBGdL : dMd F>LNKd> I:K =dGHF, LNK 3 IKH=NBML :G:ERLdL 7 IKH=NBML HGM dMd =dM><MdL <HGM: LNK 3 IKH=NBML :G:ERLdL 7 IKH=NBML HGM dMd =dM><MdL <HGM:FBGdL >M 3 7 HGM dMd =dM><MdL GHG <HGM:FBGdL )>L <HG<>GMK:MBHGL =>L IKH=NBML <HGM:FBGdL GVHGM I:L dMd K>E>Od>L ): L>NE> BG?HKF:MBHG =BLIHGB;E> >LM JN> E>NK <HG<>GMK:MBHG >LM LNIdKB>NK> _ ) 14, EH@ N?<@ >M JN> E: <HG<>GMK:MBHG =>L :NMK>L IKH=NBML >LM BG?dKB>NK> _ ) !:GL E: LNBM> E: GHM:MBHG EH@ HN EV>QIK>LLBHG EH@:KBMAF> ?>K: Kd?dK>G<> :N EH@:KBMAF> >G ;:L> HFF> E>L <:E<NEL L> ?>KHGM _ I:KMBK =N EH@:KBMAF> =N GHF;K> => 4656*@
, MBHG ?:B;E> HN dE>Od ): <HG<>GMK, MBHGL BG?dKB>NK>L >M LNIdKB>NK>L _ E: EBFBM> => =dM><MBHG >L FH=cE>L LHGM :=:IMdL _ GHMK> IKH;EcF:MBJN> <:K BEL I>KF>MM>GM => FH=dEBL>K E: O:KB:;E> =VNG> IHINE:MBHG IKdL>GM: MHM:EBMd =>L I:K:FcMK>L =N FH=cE> )> FH=cE> => FdE:G@> :BGLB JN> LHG =dO>EHII>F>GM =:GL E> <:L I:KMB<NEB>K => EV:;L>G<> => =HGGd>L IHNK NG> =>L <HFIHL:GM>L >M => EVH;L>KO:MBHG >G I:KMB> =>L =HGGd>L => EV:NMK> <HF IHL:GM> LHGM IKdL>GMdL =:GL <>MM> L><MBHG ): ?HKF:EBL:MBHG ;:RdLB>GG> =N FH=cE> :BGLB JN> E: FdMAH=> =V>LMBF:MBHG =>L =BLMKB;NMBHGL =>L I:K:FcMK>L >M <>EE> => @dGdK:MBHG => O:E>NKL => EH@<HG<>GMK:MBHG LHGM d@:E>F>GM =d<KBM>L 7,I4-,-5J4)6, pp.4715-4719
, IKdO:E>G<> => 0:;,90( 4656*@, E>NK F:QBF:E> ' => <HG<>GMK:MBHG )> ?HKF:M I:K BGM>KO:EE> =>L =HGGd>L => <HG<>GMK:MBHG >LM IKBG<BI:E>F>GM =l :N K>@KHNI>F>GM =>L =HG Gd>L =:GL =>L M:;E>:NQ IHNK IN;EB<:MBHG > ?HKF:M GVdM:GM I:L BGMKBGLcJN> :NQ =HGGd>L =>L O:E>NKL => <HG<>GMK:MBHG ( %& HGM dMd <Kdd>L IHNK <A:JN> IKH=NBM / 7 % => <A:JN> dMN=> . >G IKH<d=:GM _ NG MBK:@> :Ed:MHBK> =:GL NG> =BLMKB;NMBHG MKB:G@NE:BK> 3HL> " 7.&3,$"% %& $& %& $) %& Hk $"% %& & %& $& %& & %& >M $) %& ' %& ), p.90
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, GM :N FHBGL 4656*@, BM dMd NMBEBLd>L #BG:E>F>GM E>L =HGGd>L => IKdO:E>G<> NMBEBLd>L <HFF> BG?HKF:MBHG LNK EV>LIdK::EBMd =>L >LMBF:MBHGL Kd:EBLd>L !:GL E> <:=K> =VdO:EN:MBHGL JN:GMBM:MBO>L =>L KBLJN>L >EE>L LHGM FeF> _ IKBOBEd@B>K )' 1K:<d => ?HG<MBHGL => KdI:KMBMBHG => E: <HGM:FBG:MBHG =>L IKH=NBML Od@dM:NQ I:K 4656*@;6.,5,: A:JN> ?HG<MBHG => KdI:KMBMBHG >LM H;M>GN> _ I:KMBK => O:E>NKL MBKd>L =:GL E: =BLMKB;NMBHG =>L EH@<HG<>GMK:MBHGL =HGM E>L I:K:FcMK>L K>UdM:GM EVBG<>KMBMN=> LHGM TQdL _ NG> O:E>NK IKBL> :N A:L:K= =:GL E>NK =BLMKB
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, E>L => <KHBLL:G<> )V>LMBF:MBHG =>L =BLMKB;NMBHGL =>L I:K:FcMK>L >LM Kd:EBLd> I:K BG?dK>G<> ;:RdLB>GG> )VBG?dK>G<> ;:RdLB>GG> ?:<BEBM> EV>LMBF:MBHG @EH, E> >M LBFNEM:Gd> =>L =BLMKB;NMBHGL =>L I:K:FcMK>L =>L FH=cE>L HN =>L ARI>KI:K:FcMK>L =:GL E> <:L => FH=cE>L ABdK:K<ABJN>L " : <HFIEdM:GM :BGLB E>L =HGGd>L :G:ERLd>L !> IENL =:GL <> <A:IBMK> GHNL GHNL :MM:<A>KHGL d@:E>F>GM _ IK>G=K> >G <HFIM> E: O:KB:;BEBMd => E: <KHBLL:G<> >M EVBG<>KMBMN=> LNK E>L >LMBF:MBHGL "G >? ?>M NG> IK>FBcK> :G:ERL> =>L =HGGd>L FHGMK> JN> IHNK NG> M>FIdK:MNK> =HGGd> <>KM:BG>L <HNK;>L IKdL>GM>GM NG> :;L>G<> => <KHBLL:G<> M:G=BL JN> IHNK =V:NMK>L E: <KHBLL:G<> >LM MKcL dE>Od> >MM> H;L>KO:MBHG : d@:E>F>GM dMd <HGTKFd> I:K =>L =BL<NLLBHGL :O>< =>L >QI>KML ): O:KB:;BEBMd >M EVBG<>KMBMN=> L>KHGM =HG< FH=dEBLd>L =:GL NG L><HG= M>FIL I:K EVNMBEBL:MBHG =VNG FH=cE> ABdK:K<ABJN> BGMKH=NBL:GM :BGLB =>L ARI>KI:K:FcMK>L =HGM E>L =BLMKB;NMBHGL ( 76:;,90690 K>G=KHGM <HFIM> => EVBG<>KMBMN=> =>L >LMBF:MBHGL )V:IIKH<A> ;:RdLB>GG> I>KF>M NG> BGM>KIKdM:MBHG BGMNBMBO> => E: =BLMBG<MBHG >GMK> E: O:KB:;BEBMd >M EVBG<>KMBMN=> !> GHF;K>NQ MK:O:NQ FHGMK>GM EVBGMdKeM => IK>G=K> >G <HFIM> E: O:KB:;BEBMd >M :NLLB EVBG<>KMBMN=> LNK E>L I:K:FcMK>L => <KHBLL:G<> <HFF> <>NQ => !>EB@G>MM>*NEE>K /HLLH JNB <:E<NE>GM EV>QIHLBMBHG _ (*033<: *,9,<: LNBM> _ E: <HGLHFF:MBHG => E:BM I:LM>NKBLd ): IK>FBcK> I:KMB> => <> <A:IBMK> IKdL>GM> JN>EJN>L @dGdK:EBMdL LNK E: FB<KH;BHEH@B> IKd OBLBHGG>EE> >M =dM:BEE> IENL I:KMB<NEBcK>F>GM E>L FH=cE>L IKBF:BK> >M L><HG=:BK> => <KHBLL:G<> JNB LHGM NMBEBLdL =:GL GHMK> FH=dEBL:MBHG )>L =HGGd>L Kd<HEMd>L IHNK Kd:EBL>K <> MK:O:BE LHGM !
, IE:M>?HKF> >LM E: =BLMKB;NMBHG " 7.&3, 0-A 4-,1;<:1*=<-=: 4) +0)5*:-.:71,--< 4-; 5-=*4-; ,->-6<- ): M>FIdK:KMMRI> FHR>G => 1:; >M >L M>FIdK:MNK>L dM:;EB>L =:GL EVdMN=> ?LL: >F:@K>?, FcMK>L 2 >M 8 Gd<>LL: =BLMKB;NMBHG " 7.&3, dM:;EB> _ I:E> <HFI:Kd _ <>ENB H;L>KOd =:GL E>L F>N;E>L => O>GM> >L =>NQ dM:I>L LHGM =HG< <HG?HG=N>L =:GL E: FH=dEBL:MBHG &:)2-< 2=;9=D)= ,751+14-,= +76;755)<-=: ): FHR>GG> =>L M>FIdK:MNK>L =N MK:C>M CNLJNV:N =HFB<BE> =N <HGLHFF:M>NK =dM>KFBGd> =:GL EVdMN=> ?LL: >F:@K>? >LM :O>< NG d<:KMMRI> => 1:; >M >L M>FIdK:MNK>L <HKK>LIHG=>GM _ I>N IKcL _ <>EE>L K><N>BEEB>L :NIKcL =V>QI>KML =:GL E> <:=K> =VNG IKHC>M >NKHId>G "O:GL +:NM: >M :E ; Hk dM:BM IKHIHLd> NG> =BLMKB;NMBHG *9& *79 => FHR>GG> >M =HGM E>L I:K:FcMK>L LHGM E: M>FIdK:MNK> FBGBF:E> => E: M>FIdK:MNK> F:QBF:E> => >M E: M>FIdK:MNK> E: IENL IKH;:;E> => )
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, <A:ML =>L FdG:@>L =N I:G>E 0d<H=BI :TG =VdO:EN>K E: IKH;:;BEBMd => =dI, GM NG> ?HKF:EBL:MBHG LNIIEdF>GM:BK> :BGLB JN> =>L :E@HKBMAF>L <HFIE>Q>L G> L>KHGM I:L NMBEBLd>L B<B +HNL IKHIHLHGL :EHKL =VNMBEBL>K E>L =HGGd>L BG=BOB=N>EE>L => <HGLHFF:MBHG &+ IHNK dO:EN>K E>L JN:GMBMdL => L:E:=>L >G L:<A>M <HGLHFFd>L :BGLB JN> E>L ?KdJN>G<>L :NQJN>EE>L LV>[><MN>GM E>L <HGLHFF:MBHGL GHF;K> =V:<M>L => <HGLHFF:MBHG I:K L>F:BG> )>L =HGGd>L =V:<A:M =N I:G>E 0d<H=BI LHGM NMBEBLd>L IHNK >LMBF>K E: IKHIHKMBHG => L:E:=>L >G L:<A>M <HGLHFFd>L I:K K:IIHKM :NQ L:E:=>L GHG MK:GL?HKFd>L !> IENL :TG JN> E>L KdLNEM:ML =>L LBFNE:MBHGL =N KBLJN> LHB>GM >QMK:IHE:;E>L _ E: IHINE:MBHG ?K:Gb:BL> NG K>=K>LL>F>GM => E: IHINE:MBHG &+ >LM >[><MNd I:K IHG=dK:MBHG !>L IHB=L => K>=K>LL>F>GM IHNK E>L =B[dK>GM>L LHNLIHINE:MBHGL LHGM :EHKL <:E<NEdL %<)<1;<19=-; ,-4) +76, p.176
, :516)<176 ,-' )>L =HGGd>L I>KF>MM:GM =V>LMBF>K E> I:K:FcMK> ' L>K:B>GM I:K >Q>FIE> E: IKdO:E>G<> >G 4656*@, I:KMBK =>L LBFNE:MBHGL >LM d@:E> :N IHNK<>GM:@> H;L>KOd => IHKMBHGL => @ <HGM:FBGd>L E: O:E>NK => ' :R:GM IKH=NBM E>L LBFNE:MBHGL >LM K>M>GN> )>L =HGGd>L NMBEBLd>L IHNK <:E<N E>K E> IHNK<>GM:@> H;L>KOd LHGM <>EE>L F>GMBHGGd>L =:GL E: =BL<NLLBHG =N <A:IBMK> IKd<d=>GM BG= 1BP:KB E=>GK:MA $HF;:L >M :E )>OK> >M :E )BMME> >M :E ):BGd *B<A:K= K>>K 0<AHI?>K K>>K :NF@:KMG>K >:N?HKM >M :E #K:G<BL ,V>BKG> !$ /# :G= 0M:AE >M :E !>GLBMd /:II>EHGL JN> <>L =HGGd>L IHKM>GM LNK E: <HGM:FBG:MBHG =>L L:E:=>L => &3 !)!
, K:Gb:BL>L => IKdO:E>G<> => 4656*@, FBGd>L >LM >M E: O:E>NK => ' <HKK>LIHG=:GM> >LM +H MHGL JN> E> <:L ' >LM IK>LJN> dJNBO:E>GM :N <:L AHFH@cG> "G >[>M LHNL EVARIHMAcL> =VAHFH@dGdBMd =>L IHKMBHGL => @ IKH=NBM>L _ I:KMBK =>L L:<A>ML LHGM <HGM:FBGd>L )VBGM>KO:EE> =VBG<>KMBMN=> _ :LLH<Bd _ <> IHNK<>GM:@> >LM, p.9
, O:E>NK NMBEBLd> IHNK ; # K>IKdL>GM> E: <HG<>GMK:MBHG F:QBF:E> IHNO:GM eMK> :MM>BGM> I:K NG> ;:<MdKB> "GLNBM>, => E: JN:GMBMd <HGLHFFd> >MM> <HG<>GMK:MBHG >LM <:E<NEd> >G <KHBL:GM E: <HG<>GMK:MBHG EH@ N?<@ >L MBFd> =:GL E> <A:IBMK> :IKcL E> I:LL:@> =:GL E> ;:BG => E:O:@> =>L ?>NBEE>L => L:E:=> >M E> EH@:KBMAF> >G ;:L> => E: JN:GMBMd <HGLHFFd> ): LBFNE:MBHG => E: <KHBLL:G<> LV>[><MN> <HFF> =:GL E> <A:IBMK> IKd<d=>GM _ E: =B[dK>G<> JN> EVNGBMd =:GL E:JN>EE> E: <KHBLL:G<> >LM dMN=Bd> GV>LM IENL E> L:<A>M F:BL E: JN:GMBMd <HGLHFFd> ):)+<J:1;)<176, p.909090
, GM IENLB>NKL I:K:FcMK>L =V>GMKd> <HFF> BG<>KM:BGL ): <HG<>GMK:MBHG F:QBF:E> IHNO:GM eMK>, NQ ^M:ML2GBL =VFdKBJN> <:L >LM NMBEBLd> IHNK FH=dEBL>K E> GHF;K> => <:L => EBLMdKBHL> )>L O:E>NKL Fd=B:G>L >M :N !)!
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, FdMAH=HEH@B> NMBEBLd> :TG =VdO:EN>K EV>QIHLBMBHG _ 0, I:K <HGLHFF:MBHG => L:E:=> => &3 !)!, p.90
, KBH => ;:L> >M " ): Fd=B, GGN>E >LM d@:E> _ IHNK E> L<dG:KBH => ;:L> E>L O:E>NKL :N !)!
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, <HEE:;HK:MBHG dMKHBM> >GMK> EVdO:EN:M>NK >M E>L I>KLHGG>L LId<B:EBLM>L =>L =B[dK>GML =HF:BG>L :NQJN>EL EVdO:EN:MBHG =>L KBLJN>L ?:BM :II>E >LM BG=BLI>GL:;E> :TG => IKH=NBK> =>L dO:EN:MBHGL => JN:EBMd >L <HE E, M><AGHEH@B> :EBF>GM:BK> BGLB EVdO:EN:MBHG =>L KBLJN>L Gd<>LLBM> JN> EVdO:EN:M>NK IHLLc=> >G IENL => E: F:gMKBL> => E: LM:MBLMBJN> NG> ;HGG> <HGG:BLL: IKdO:E>G<> => E: <HGM:FBG:MBHG LHBM NG I:K:FcMK> BFIHKM:GM =:GL EVdO:EN:MBHG =>L KBLJN>L E: JN:GMBT<:MBHG => E: =HL> => <HGM:FBG:GM IKdL>GM =:GL EV:EBF>GM >LM NG I:K:FcMK> GHG FHBGL BFIHKM:GM INBLJN> E: LdOdKBMd => E: KdIHGL> >G =dI>G= )V:G:ERL> =VNG GHF;K> IENL Kd=NBM => IKH=NBML F:BL <HFIHKM:GM LRLMdF:MBJN>F>GM E: GNFdK:MBHG =>L ;:<MdKB>L L>F;E> IENL I>KMBG>GM> BGLB EVdO:EN:M>NK I>NM :B=>K E> FB<KH;BHEH@BLM> _ =dTGBK L>L IE:GL =V>QId KB>G<>L :TG JN> <>ENB<B IKH=NBL> =>L KdLNEM:ML _ E: ?HBL BGMdK>LL:GML =:GL LHG =HF:BG> F:BL JNB I>NO>GM :NLLB eMK> KdNMBEBLdL =:GL =V:NMK>L =HF:BG>L <HFF> <>ENB => EVdO:EN:MBHG =>L KBLJN>L !> FeF> E> =B:EH@N> <HGLM:GM >GMK> E>L I>KLHGG>L IKH=NBL:GM E>L =HGGd>L >M EVdO: EN:M>NK LHNO>GM => ?HKF:MBHG LM:MBLMBJN> I>KF>M JN> <>ENB<B LHBM FHBGL >QB@>:GM :N GBO>:N =>L =HGGd>L >M KdMB<>GM _ EV:IIEB<:MBHG => <>L <HFIdM>G<>L =:GL <> =HF
, FBG:MBHG I:K 0, =VNG> @:FF> => IKH=NBML => !)!, p.90050
, 4 -KdL>GM:MBHG =N I:G>E => =HGGd>L 0
, !--%2$), !22)15)29G= K>E:M>= LI><B>L BG FBGBF:EER IKH<>LL>= O>@>M:;E>L 0*96)063 06, p.90563
, LMBF:MBHG H?, EE> GNF;>K 064, vol.90, issue.2
, 2L> H?, p.90
, A:IF:G %:EE 6!, 5+305. 6-*/033,+ -66+: "6<: =0+, (5+ 662 /033 96* 533%, !-%3 65:<4,9 /(5+305. 6- */033 BG K>:=RMH>:M ?HH=L FB <KH;BHEH@B<:E KBLD :LL>LLF>GM L>KB>L +H !2"%2 /33 !27)' %>:EMA KBLD :LL>LLF>GM H? 0, pp.55-7905, 1997.
, BGH<NE:M>= HG I:<D:@>= ?K>LA<NM O>@>M:;E>L 66+ 96, >MR :G= IIEB>= +NMKBMBHG :G= 20!#HH= 0:?>MR :G= &GLI><MBHG 0>KOB<> :G= >GM>KL ?HK !BL>:L> HGMKHE, p.9090
, %4 !22% !515
, <<NKK>G<> :G= <A:K:<M>KBLMB<L H? 0, p.90
, %6%2% >A:OBHK H? 0, G= ,96465(: LII HG ?K>LA<NM IKH=N<> I:<D:@>= NG=>K >JNBEB;KBNF FH=BT>= :MFHLIA>K> 66+ 96
, #K>LA, pp.0-96
, *96)063 W, EBLM>KB: FHGH<RMH@>G>L I>K @K:F :M MA> IHBGM H? <HGLNFIMBHG ?HK ?K>LA IK><NM B<>;>K@ E>MMN<> 66+ 96
, <M>KB:E @KHPMA H? 0:;,90( 4656*@;6.,5,: :L : ?NG<MBHG H? P:M>K :<MBOBMR IA :G= M>FI>K:MNK> 5; 66+ 0*96)063, HG ?K>LA<NM O>@>M:;E>L 66+ 0*96)063 W 7)%4%2).' 500%23 $% )4 6!. ;4 )%4 "O: EN:MBHG H? =:M: MK:GL?HKF:MBHGL :G= O:EB=:MBHG H? : FH=>E ?HK MA> >[><M H? M>FI>K:MNK> HG ;:<M>KB:E @KHPMA 773 5=0965 0*96)063 W 7)%4%2).' /.'%."52'%2, pp.909090-909136
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