J. Heinze, Cyclic Voltammetry??????Electrochemical Spectroscopy???. New Analytical Methods(25), Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol.23, issue.11, p.831, 1984.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.198408313

A. Bard, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2001.

J. Heinze, Ultramicroelectrodes in Electrochemistry, Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol.95, issue.9, p.1268, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.199312681

R. J. Forster, Microelectrodes: new dimensions in electrochemistry, Chemical Society Reviews, vol.23, issue.4, p.289, 1994.
DOI : 10.1039/cs9942300289

H. Y. Liu, F. F. Fan, C. W. Lin, and A. J. Bard, Scanning electrochemical and tunneling ultramicroelectrode microscope for high-resolution examination of electrode surfaces in solution, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.108, issue.13, p.3838, 1986.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00273a054

A. J. Bard and M. V. Mirkin, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 2001.

P. Sun, F. O. Laforge, and M. V. Mirkin, Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol.116, issue.7, p.802, 2007.
DOI : 10.1039/B612259K

C. Amatore, Physical Electrochemistry: Principles, Methods and Applications, p.131, 1995.

S. Daniele, C. Bragato, I. Ciani, and M. A. Baldo, Sphere-Cap Mercury Microelectrodes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Above an Insulating Substrate, Electroanalysis, vol.15, issue.7, p.621, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/elan.200390078

M. V. Mirkin and R. B. Horrocks, Electroanalytical measurements using the scanning electrochemical microscope, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.406, issue.2, p.119, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00630-3

F. Zhou, A. Bard, and J. A. , Detection of the electrohydrodimerization intermediate acrylonitrile radical anion by scanning electrochemical microscopy, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.116, issue.1, p.393, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00080a054

Y. H. Shao and C. A. Mirkin, Probing Ion Transfer at the Liquid/Liquid Interface by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM), The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.102, issue.49, p.9915, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/jp9828282

C. Cannes, F. Kanoufi, and A. J. Bard, Cyclic Voltammetric and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopic Study of Menadione Permeability through a Self-Assembled Monolayer on a Gold Electrode, Langmuir, vol.18, issue.21, p.8134, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/la0258906

A. L. Barker, M. Gonsalves, J. V. Macpherson, C. Slevin, and P. R. Unwin, Scanning electrochemical microscopy: beyond the solid/liquid interface, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.385, issue.1-3, p.223, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00588-1

B. B. Katemann, A. Schulte, and W. Schuhmann, Constant-Distance Mode Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Part II: High-Resolution SECM Imaging Employing Pt Nanoelectrodes as Miniaturized Scanning Probes, Electroanalysis, vol.16, issue.12, p.60, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/elan.200302918

Y. Hirata, S. Yabuki, and F. Mizutani, Application of integrated SECM ultra-micro-electrode and AFM force probe to biosensor surfaces, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.63, issue.1-2, p.217, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2004.01.001

J. Abbou, A. Anne, and C. Demaille, Probing the Structure and Dynamics of End-Grafted Flexible Polymer Chain Layers by Combined Atomic Force???Electrochemical Microscopy. Cyclic Voltammetry within Nanometer-Thick Macromolecular Poly(ethylene glycol) Layers, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.32, p.10095, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0493502

A. Kueng, C. Kranz, B. Mizaikoff, A. Lugstein, and E. Bertagnolli, Combined scanning electrochemical atomic force microscopy for tapping mode imaging, Applied Physics Letters, vol.82, issue.10, p.1592, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1559652

P. L. Frederix, P. D. Bosshart, T. Akiyama, M. Chami, M. R. Gullo et al., Conductive supports for combined AFM???SECM on biological membranes, Nanotechnology, vol.19, issue.38, p.384004, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/19/38/384004

A. Davoodi, J. Pan, C. Leygraf, and S. Norgren, Integrated AFM and SECM for in situ studies of localized corrosion of Al alloys, Electrochimica Acta, vol.52, issue.27, p.7697, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.12.073

H. Shin, P. J. Hesketh, B. Mizaikoff, and C. Kranz, Development of wafer-level batch fabrication for combined atomic force???scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM???SECM) probes, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol.134, issue.2, p.488, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.snb.2008.05.039

K. Wang, C. Goyer, A. Anne, and C. Demaille, Exploring the Motional Dynamics of End-Grafted DNA Oligonucleotides by in Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.111, issue.21, p.6051, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/jp070432x

A. Davoodi, J. Pan, C. Leygraf, and S. Norgren, In Situ Investigation of Localized Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys in Chloride Solution Using Integrated EC-AFM/SECM Techniques, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol.8, issue.6, p.21, 2005.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1911900

A. J. Bard, G. Denuault, C. Lee, D. Mandler, and D. O. Wipf, Scanning electrochemical microscopy - a new technique for the characterization and modification of surfaces, Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.23, issue.11, p.357, 1990.
DOI : 10.1021/ar00179a002

A. L. Barker, J. V. Macpherson, C. J. Slevin, and P. R. Unwin, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) as a Probe of Transfer Processes in Two-Phase Systems:?? Theory and Experimental Applications of SECM-Induced Transfer with Arbitrary Partition Coefficients, Diffusion Coefficients, and Interfacial Kinetics, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.102, issue.9, p.1586, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/jp973370r

M. A. Edwards, S. Martin, A. L. Whitworth, J. V. Macpherson, and P. R. Unwin, Scanning electrochemical microscopy: principles and applications to biophysical systems, Physiological Measurement, vol.27, issue.12, p.63, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0967-3334/27/12/R01

R. C. Engstrom, B. Small, and L. Kattan, Observation of microscopically local electron-transfer kinetics with scanning electrochemical microscopy, Analytical Chemistry, vol.64, issue.3, p.241, 1992.
DOI : 10.1021/ac00027a001

X. Q. Lu, J. Y. Ma, X. H. Liu, C. W. Dong, and W. T. Wang, Kinetic comparison between ferric ion and decamethyferrocene at the liquid/liquid interface as studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy, Chinese Chemical Letters, vol.21, issue.1, p.89, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.08.014

X. Q. Lu, D. F. Dong, X. H. Liu, D. N. Yao, W. T. Wang et al., Investigation of the oxidation of hydroquinone at the liquid/liquid interface, Chinese Chemical Letters, vol.21, issue.2, p.225, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cclet.2009.09.004

F. Li, A. L. Whitworth, and P. R. Unwin, Measurement of rapid electron transfer across a liquid/liquid interface from 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane radical anion in 1,2-dichloroethane to aqueous tris(2,2-bipyridyl)-ruthenium (III), Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.602, issue.1, p.70, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.12.002

S. Bollo, S. Finger, J. C. Sturm, L. J. Núñez-vergara, and J. A. Squella, Cyclic voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy studies of the heterogeneous electron transfer reaction of some nitrosoaromatic compounds, Electrochimica Acta, vol.52, issue.15, p.4892, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.003

L. Mckay and R. J. Lesuer, A mechanistic investigation of di-tert-butyl nitroxide using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), Electrochimica Acta, vol.53, issue.28, p.8305, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.039

X. Lu, Q. Wang, and X. Liu, Review: Recent applications of scanning electrochemical microscopy to the study of charge transfer kinetics, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.601, issue.1, p.10, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.021

F. Boussicault and M. Robert, Electron Transfer in DNA and in DNA-Related Biological Processes. Electrochemical Insights, Chemical Reviews, vol.108, issue.7, p.2622, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/cr0680787

J. V. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, A. C. Hillier, and A. J. Bard, In-Situ Imaging of Ionic Crystal Dissolution Using an Integrated Electrochemical/AFM Probe, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.118, issue.27, p.6445, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ja960842r

D. Mandler and A. J. Bard, A New Approach to the High Resolution Electrodeposition of Metals via the Feedback Mode of the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.137, issue.4, p.1079, 1990.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2086606

D. Mandler and A. J. Bard, High Resolution Etching of Semiconductors by the Feedback Mode of the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.137, issue.8, p.2468, 1990.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2086965

C. Kranz, H. E. Gaub, and W. Schuhmann, Polypyrrole towers grown with the scanning electrochemical microscope, Advanced Materials, vol.137, issue.8, p.634, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.19960080805

Z. Ding, B. M. Quinn, and A. J. Bard, Kinetics of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces As Studied by SECM, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.105, issue.27, p.6367, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0100598

K. Eckhard, W. Schuhmann, and M. Maciejewska, Determination of optimum imaging conditions in AC-SECM using the mathematical distance between approach curves displayed in the impedance domain, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.7, p.2125, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.08.062

C. Gabrielli, S. Joiret, M. Keddam, N. Portail, P. Rousseau et al., Single pit on iron generated by SECM, Electrochimica Acta, vol.53, issue.25, p.7539, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.01.013

R. Zhu, Z. Qin, J. J. Noël, D. W. Shoesmith, and Z. Ding, Analyzing the Influence of Alloying Elements and Impurities on the Localized Reactivity of Titanium Grade-7 by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Analytical Chemistry, vol.80, issue.5, p.1437, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ac701796u

C. A. Martinez-huitle, S. Ferro, and A. Battisti, Electrochemical incineration of oxalic acid, Electrochimica Acta, vol.49, issue.22-23, p.4027, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.083

S. Jayaraman and A. C. Hillier, Catalysts toward the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.107, issue.22, p.5221, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0274886

A. R. Kucernak, P. B. Chowdhury, C. P. Wilde, G. H. Kelsall, Y. Y. Zhu et al., Scanning electrochemical microscopy of a fuel-cell electrocatalyst deposited onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, Electrochimica Acta, vol.45, issue.27, p.4483, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00504-1

J. L. Fernandez, D. A. Walsh, and A. J. Bard, Thermodynamic Guidelines for the Design of Bimetallic Catalysts for Oxygen Electroreduction and Rapid Screening by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. M???Co (M:?? Pd, Ag, Au), Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.127, issue.1, p.357, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0449729

E. Fortin, P. Mailley, L. Lacroix, and S. Szunerits, Imaging of DNA hybridization on microscopic polypyrrole patterns using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM): the HRP bio-catalyzed oxidation of 4-chloro-1-naphthol, The Analyst, vol.406, issue.5, p.186, 2006.
DOI : 10.1039/B504711K

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00333713

P. L. Frederix, M. R. Gullo, T. Akiyama, A. Tonin, N. F. De-rooij et al., Assessment of insulated conductive cantilevers for biology and electrochemistry, Nanotechnology, vol.16, issue.8, p.997, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/16/8/001

R. Zhu, S. Xu, G. Podoprygorina, V. Boì?hmer, S. Mittler et al., Reading Oxidation States of Encapsulated Ferrocenium in Calix[4]arene Heterodimers Immobilized on Gold Dots by Means of a Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Probe, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol.112, issue.39, p.15562, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/jp805349m

M. Burchardt and G. Wittstock, Kinetic studies of glucose oxidase in polyelectrolyte multilayer films by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), Bioelectrochemistry, vol.72, issue.1, p.66, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2007.11.010

D. H. Craston, C. W. Lin, and A. Bard, High Resolution Deposition of Silver in Nafion Films with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.135, issue.3, p.785, 1988.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2095752

F. Forouzan and A. Bard, Evidence for Faradaic Processes in Scanning Probe Microscopy on Mica in Humid Air, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.101, issue.50, p.10876, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/jp972728g

O. E. Hüsser, D. H. Craston, and A. Bard, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.136, issue.11, p.3222, 1989.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2096429

Y. Wuu, F. F. Fan, and A. Bard, High Resolution Deposition of Polyaniline on Pt with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.136, issue.3, p.885, 1989.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2096765

E. Fortin, Y. Defontaine, P. Mailley, T. Livache, and S. Szunerits, Micro-Imprinting of Oligonucleotides and Oligonucleotide Gradients on Gold Surfaces: A New Approach Based on the Combination of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SECM/ SPR-i), Electroanalysis, vol.72, issue.5-6, p.495, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/elan.200403187

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00386407

T. H. Treutler and G. Wittstock, Combination of an electrochemical tunneling microscope (ECSTM) and a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM): application for tip-induced modification of self-assembled monolayers, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.20-22, p.2923, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00357-8

D. Mandler and A. J. Bard, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: The Application of the Feedback Mode for High Resolution Copper Etching, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.136, issue.10, p.3143, 1989.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2096416

Y. Zu, L. Xie, B. Mao, and Z. Tian, Studies on silicon etching using the confined etchant layer technique, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.12-13, p.1683, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(97)00301-0

C. Combellas, J. Ghilane, F. Kanoufi, and D. Mazouzi, Surface Modification of Halogenated Polymers. 7. Local Reduction of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) by a Scanning Electrochemical Microscope in the Feedback Mode, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.108, issue.20, p.6391, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0376929

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00711139

C. Combellas, F. Kanoufi, and S. Nunige, Surface Modification of Halogenated Polymers. 10. Redox Catalysis Induction of the Polymerization of Vinylic Monomers. Application to the Localized Graft Copolymerization of Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Surfaces by Vinylic Monomers, Chemistry of Materials, vol.19, issue.15, p.3830, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/cm070438z

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00711139

S. Jang, M. Marquez, and G. A. Sotzing, Writing of Conducting Polymers using Nanoelectrochemistry, Synthetic Metals, vol.152, issue.1-3, p.345, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.07.282

J. Zhou and D. O. Wipf, Deposition of Conducting Polyaniline Patterns with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.144, issue.4, p.1202, 1997.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1837573

S. Meltzer, D. Mandler, and J. , Microwriting of Gold Patterns with the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.142, issue.6, p.82, 1995.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2044252

F. R. Fan, D. E. Cliffel, and A. Bard, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. 37. Light Emission by Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence at SECM Tips and Their Application to Scanning Optical Microscopy, Analytical Chemistry, vol.70, issue.14, p.2941, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ac980107t

M. Konuma, Film Deposition by Plasma Techniques, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-84511-6

J. E. Mahan, Physical Vapor Deposition of Thin Films, 2000.

A. Ulman, Formation and Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers, Chemical Reviews, vol.96, issue.4, p.1533, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/cr9502357

G. Poirier, Characterization of Organosulfur Molecular Monolayers on Au(111) using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Chemical Reviews, vol.97, issue.4, p.1117, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/cr960074m

D. Fischer, A. Curioni, and W. Andreoni, Decanethiols on Gold:?? The Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers Unraveled with Computer Simulations, Langmuir, vol.19, issue.9, p.3567, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/la034013c

A. Nitzan and M. A. Ratner, Electron Transport in Molecular Wire Junctions, Science, vol.300, issue.5624, p.1384, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1081572

W. Wang, T. Lee, and M. A. Reed, Mechanism of electron conduction in self-assembled alkanethiol monolayer devices, Physical Review B, vol.68, issue.3, p.35416, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.035416

J. M. Buriak, Organometallic Chemistry on Silicon and Germanium Surfaces, Chemical Reviews, vol.102, issue.5, p.1271, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/cr000064s

P. Gorostiza, C. Henry-de-villeneuve, C. Q. Sun, F. Sanz, X. Wallart et al., Water Exclusion at the Nanometer Scale Provides Long-Term Passivation of Silicon (111) Grafted with Alkyl Monolayers, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.110, issue.11, p.5576, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jp054825c

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00127062

C. Bureau, G. Deniau, P. Viel, and G. Lecayon, Comments on ???The Electroreduction of Acrylonitrile:?? A New Insight into the Mechanism??? by Mertens et al., Macromolecules, vol.30, issue.2, p.333, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/ma961333c

C. Bureau, Polymerization reaction coupled to charge transfer: propagation versus termination as a source of permanent travelling waves and multi-peak voltammograms, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.479, issue.1, p.43, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00429-5

J. Pinson and F. Podvorica, Attachment of organic layers to conductive or semiconductive surfaces by reduction of diazonium salts, Chemical Society Reviews, vol.17, issue.551, p.429, 2005.
DOI : 10.1039/b406228k

S. Ameur, C. Bureau, J. Charlier, and S. Palacin, Immobilization of Biomolecules on Electrodes Modified by Electrografted Films, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.108, issue.34, p.13042, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0482262

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01056943

C. Bureau, M. Defranceschi, J. Delhalle, G. Lécayon, and D. R. Salahub, Electrostatic fields E(r) created in the vicinity of cluster-modelled nickel surfaces, using DFT densities, Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM, vol.330, issue.1-3, p.279, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-1280(94)03851-B

C. Bureau, J. Soudan, and G. Lecayon, On the influence of RRC and RSC dimerizations on the shape of semi-integrated voltammograms: a mixed asymptotic and numerical analysis, Electrochimica Acta, vol.44, issue.19, p.3303, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00061-4

G. Deniau, J. Charlier, B. Alvado, S. Palacin, P. Aplincourt et al., Study of the simultaneous electro-initiated anionic polymerization of vinylic molecules, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.586, issue.1, p.62, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.09.019

P. Viel, C. Bureau, G. Deniau, G. Zalczer, and G. Lecayon, Electropolymerization of methacrylonitrile on a rotating disk electrode at high spinning rate, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.470, issue.1, p.14, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00202-8

M. Mertens, C. Calberg, L. Martinot, and R. Jérôme, The Electroreduction of Acrylonitrile:?? A New Insight into the Mechanism, Macromolecules, vol.29, issue.14, p.4910, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ma946442a

A. Benedetto, P. Viel, S. Noël, N. Izard, P. Chenevier et al., Carbon nanotubes/fluorinated polymers nanocomposite thin films for electrical contacts lubrication, Surface Science, vol.601, issue.18, p.3687, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.susc.2007.04.022

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00320326

A. Benedetto, M. Balog, H. Rayah, F. Le-derf, P. Viel et al., Fluorinated functionalized EDOT-based conducting films, Electrochimica Acta, vol.53, issue.11, p.3779, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.08.075

P. Allongue, C. Henry-de-villeneuve, and J. Pinson, Structural characterization of organic monolayers on Si???111??? from capacitance measurements, Electrochimica Acta, vol.45, issue.20, p.3241, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00428-X

L. T. Nielsen, K. H. Vase, M. Dong, F. Besenbacher, S. U. Pedersen et al., Electrochemical Approach for Constructing a Monolayer of Thiophenolates from Grafted Multilayers of Diaryl Disulfides, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.129, issue.7, p.1888, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0682430

A. Laforgue, T. Addou, and D. Bélanger, Characterization of the Deposition of Organic Molecules at the Surface of Gold by the Electrochemical Reduction of Aryldiazonium Cations, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.15, p.6855, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/la047369c

C. Saby, B. Ortiz, G. Y. Champagne, and D. Belanger, Electrochemical Modification of Glassy Carbon Electrode Using Aromatic Diazonium Salts. 1. Blocking Effect of 4-Nitrophenyl and 4-Carboxyphenyl Groups, Langmuir, vol.13, issue.25, p.6805, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/la961033o

K. Boukerma, M. M. Chehimi, J. Pinson, and C. Blomfield, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Evidence for the Covalent Bond between an Iron Surface and Aryl Groups Attached by the Electrochemical Reduction of Diazonium Salts, Langmuir, vol.19, issue.15, p.6333, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/la030046g

P. Allongue, M. Delamar, B. Desbat, O. Fagebaume, R. Hitmi et al., Covalent Modification of Carbon Surfaces by Aryl Radicals Generated from the Electrochemical Reduction of Diazonium Salts, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.119, issue.1, p.201, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/ja963354s

P. A. Brooksby and A. J. Downard, Multilayer Nitroazobenzene Films Covalently Attached to Carbon. An AFM and Electrochemical Study, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.109, issue.18, p.8791, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jp046095z

J. K. Kariuki and M. T. Mcdermott, Formation of Multilayers on Glassy Carbon Electrodes via the Reduction of Diazonium Salts, Langmuir, vol.17, issue.19, p.5947, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/la010415d

J. K. Kariuki and M. T. Mcdermott, Nucleation and Growth of Functionalized Aryl Films on Graphite Electrodes, Langmuir, vol.15, issue.19, p.6534, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/la990295y

P. A. Brooksby and A. J. Downard, Electrochemical and Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Carbon Surface Modification via Diazonium Reduction in Aqueous and Acetonitrile Solutions, Langmuir, vol.20, issue.12, p.5038, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/la049616i

M. Bernard, A. Chaussé, E. Cabet-deliry, M. M. Chehimi, J. Pinson et al., Organic Layers Bonded to Industrial, Coinage, and Noble Metals through Electrochemical Reduction of Aryldiazonium Salts, Chemistry of Materials, vol.15, issue.18, p.3450, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/cm034167d

T. Matrab, M. Save, B. Charleux, J. Pinson, E. Cabet-deliry et al., Grafting densely-packed poly(n-butyl methacrylate) chains from an iron substrate by aryl diazonium surface-initiated ATRP: XPS monitoring, Surface Science, vol.601, issue.11, p.2357, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.susc.2007.03.046

S. Kramer, R. R. Fuierer, and C. B. Gorman, Scanning Probe Lithography Using Self-Assembled Monolayers, Chemical Reviews, vol.103, issue.11, p.4367, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/cr020704m

G. Y. Liu, S. Xu, and Y. L. Qian, Nanofabrication of Self-Assembled Monolayers Using Scanning Probe Lithography, Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.33, issue.7, p.457, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/ar980081s

P. Allongue, C. Henry-de-villeneuve, J. Pinson, F. Ozanam, J. Chazaviel et al., Organic monolayers on Si(111) by electrochemical method, Electrochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.19-20, pp.2791-2798, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00020-6

P. Hartig, J. Rappich, and T. Dittrich, -nitrobenzene molecules, Applied Physics Letters, vol.80, issue.1, p.67, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1430265

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-01503632

M. P. Stewart, F. Maya, D. V. Kosynkin, S. M. Dirk, J. J. Stapleton et al., Direct Covalent Grafting of Conjugated Molecules onto Si, GaAs, and Pd Surfaces from Aryldiazonium Salts, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.1, p.370, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0383120

C. Henry-de-villeneuve, J. Pinson, M. C. Bernard, and P. Allongue, Electrochemical Formation of Close-Packed Phenyl Layers on Si(111), The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.101, issue.14, p.2415, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/jp962581d

J. Rappich, A. Merson, K. Roodenko, T. Dittrich, M. Gensch et al., Electronic Properties of Si Surfaces and Side Reactions during Electrochemical Grafting of Phenyl Layers, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.110, issue.3, p.1332, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jp0545344

M. P. Stewart, F. Maya, D. V. Kosynkin, S. M. Dirk, J. Stapelton et al., Direct Covalent Grafting of Conjugated Molecules onto Si, GaAs, and Pd Surfaces from Aryldiazonium Salts, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.1, p.370, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0383120

M. D. Amours and D. Bélanger, Stability of Substituted Phenyl Groups Electrochemically Grafted at Carbon Electrode Surface, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.107, issue.20, p.4811, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jp027223r

T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, 1958.

Y. Xu, T. Muramatsu, M. Taniyama, T. Aoki, and Y. Hatanaka, Deposition of a-SiC:H thin film from organosilicon material by remote plasma CVD method, Thin Solid Films, vol.368, issue.2, p.181, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)00761-6

D. M. Shewchuk and M. T. Mcdermott, Comparison of Diazonium Salt Derived and Thiol Derived Nitrobenzene Layers on Gold, Langmuir, vol.25, issue.8, p.4556, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/la8040083

X. Zhang and J. P. Bell, Studies of arenediazonium salts as a new class of electropolymerization initiator, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.1, issue.11, p.2265, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990912)73:11<2265::AID-APP24>3.0.CO;2-J

G. Deniau, L. Azoulay, L. Bougerolles, and S. Palacin, Surface Electroinitiated Emulsion Polymerization:?? Grafted Organic Coatings from Aqueous Solutions, Chemistry of Materials, vol.18, issue.23, p.5421, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/cm060739t

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01056622

L. Tessier, G. Deniau, B. Charleux, and S. Palacin, Surface Electroinitiated Emulsion Polymerization (SEEP): A Mechanistic Approach, Chemistry of Materials, vol.21, issue.18, p.4261, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/cm901430t

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01022832

I. Horcas, : A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.78, issue.1, p.13705, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2432410

S. P. Fodor, J. Leighton-read, M. C. Pirrung, L. Stryer, A. T. Lu et al., Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis, Science, vol.251, issue.4995, p.767, 1991.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1990438

C. S. Dulcey, J. H. Georger-jr, V. Krauthamer, D. A. Stenger, T. L. Fare et al., Deep UV photochemistry of chemisorbed monolayers: patterned coplanar molecular assemblies, Science, vol.252, issue.5005, p.551, 1991.
DOI : 10.1126/science.2020853

D. A. Stenger, J. H. Georger, C. S. Dulcey, J. J. Hickman, A. S. Rudolph et al., Coplanar molecular assemblies of amino- and perfluorinated alkylsilanes: characterization and geometric definition of mammalian cell adhesion and growth, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.114, issue.22, p.8435, 1992.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00048a013

R. Singhvi, A. Kumar, G. P. Lopez, G. N. Stephanopoulos, D. I. Wang et al., Engineering cell shape and function, Science, vol.264, issue.5159, p.696, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.8171320

S. Sundberg, R. W. Barrett, M. C. Pirrung, A. L. Lu, B. Kiangsoontra et al., Spatially-Addressable Immobilization of Macromolecules on Solid Supports, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.117, issue.49, p.12050, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00154a003

L. M. Tender, R. L. Worley, H. Fan, and G. P. Lopez, Electrochemical Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers onto Microscopic Arrays of Gold Electrodes Fabricated by Laser Ablation, Langmuir, vol.12, issue.23, p.5515, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/la960627o

G. Buss, M. J. Schöning, and J. W. Schultze, Modifications and characterization of a silicon-based microelectrode array, Electrochimica Acta, vol.44, issue.21-22, p.3899, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00097-3

B. A. Grzybowski, R. Haag, N. Bowden, and G. M. Whitesides, Generation of Micrometer-Sized Patterns for Microanalytical Applications Using a Laser Direct-Write Method and Microcontact Printing, Analytical Chemistry, vol.70, issue.22, p.4645, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ac9807621

M. Geissler, A. Bernard, A. Bietsch, H. Schmid, B. Michel et al., Microcontact-Printing Chemical Patterns with Flat Stamps, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.122, issue.26, p.6303, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/ja000476i

A. Bernard, J. P. Renault, B. Michel, H. R. Bosshard, and E. Delamarche, Microcontact Printing of Proteins, Advanced Materials, vol.12, issue.14, p.1067, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1521-4095(200007)12:14<1067::AID-ADMA1067>3.0.CO;2-M

E. Delamarche, A. Bernard, H. Schmid, A. Bietsch, B. Michel et al., Microfluidic Networks for Chemical Patterning of Substrates:?? Design and Application to Bioassays, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.120, issue.3, p.500, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ja973071f

H. J. Levinso, Principles of Lithography, Second Edition SPIE Publication, 2010.

D. P. Sanders, Advances in Patterning Materials for 193 nm Immersion Lithography, Chemical Reviews, vol.110, issue.1, p.321
DOI : 10.1021/cr900244n

S. C. Fred, D. L. Dickey, and . Shealy, Laser beam shaping applications, 2005.

K. Deguchi and T. Haga, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences -Series IV -Physics, 2000.

A. Bardea and R. Naaman, Submicrometer Chemical Patterning with High Throughput Using Magnetolithography, Langmuir, vol.25, issue.10, p.5451, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/la900601w

M. A. Kramer, H. Jaganathan, and A. Ivanisevic, Serial and Parallel Dip-Pen Nanolithography Using a Colloidal Probe Tip, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.132, issue.13, p.4532
DOI : 10.1021/ja1003137

J. Charlier, S. Palacin, J. Leroy, D. Del-frari, L. Zagonel et al., Local silicon doping as a promoter of patterned electrografting of diazonium for directed surface functionalization, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol.14, issue.147, p.3136, 2008.
DOI : 10.1039/b800572a

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00704906

L. Tessier, G. Deniau, B. Charleux, and S. Palacin, Surface Electroinitiated Emulsion Polymerization (SEEP): A Mechanistic Approach, Chemistry of Materials, vol.21, issue.18, p.4261, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/cm901430t

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01022832

R. D. Piner, J. Zhu, F. Xu, S. Hong, and C. A. Mirkin, "Dip-Pen" Nanolithography, Science, vol.283, issue.5402, p.661, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5402.661

M. Kock, V. Kirchner, and R. Schuster, Electrochemical micromachining with ultrashort voltage pulses???a versatile method with lithographical precision, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.20-22, p.3213, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00374-8

R. Schuster, V. Kirchner, X. H. Xia, A. M. Bittner, and G. Ertl, Nanoscale Electrochemistry, Physical Review Letters, vol.80, issue.25, p.5599, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5599

T. H. Treutler and G. Wittstock, Combination of an electrochemical tunneling microscope (ECSTM) and a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM): application for tip-induced modification of self-assembled monolayers, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.20-22, p.2923, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00357-8

H. Diesinger, A. Bsiesy, R. Hérino, and S. Huant, Photocurrent mapping with submicron resolution on the silicon-electrolyte junction by using near-field optics, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.89, issue.6, p.3328, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1350415

Y. Hirata, S. Yabuki, and F. Mizutani, Application of integrated SECM ultra-micro-electrode and AFM force probe to biosensor surfaces, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.63, issue.1-2, p.217, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2004.01.001

J. Abbou, A. Anne, and C. Demaille, Probing the Structure and Dynamics of End-Grafted Flexible Polymer Chain Layers by Combined Atomic Force???Electrochemical Microscopy. Cyclic Voltammetry within Nanometer-Thick Macromolecular Poly(ethylene glycol) Layers, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.32, p.10095, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0493502

A. L. Barker, M. Gonsalves, J. V. Macpherson, C. Slevin, and P. R. Unwin, Scanning electrochemical microscopy: beyond the solid/liquid interface, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.385, issue.1-3, p.223, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00588-1

A. Kueng, C. Kranz, B. Mizaikoff, A. Lugstein, and E. Bertagnolli, Combined scanning electrochemical atomic force microscopy for tapping mode imaging, Applied Physics Letters, vol.82, issue.10, p.1592, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1559652

K. Wang, C. Goyer, A. Anne, and C. Demaille, Exploring the Motional Dynamics of End-Grafted DNA Oligonucleotides by in Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.111, issue.21, p.6051, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/jp070432x

A. J. Bard and M. V. Mirkin, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 2001.

P. A. Brooksby and A. J. Downard, Multilayer Nitroazobenzene Films Covalently Attached to Carbon. An AFM and Electrochemical Study, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.109, issue.18, p.8791, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jp046095z

K. Borgwarth and J. Heinze, Increasing the Resolution of the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope Using a Chemical Lens: Application to Silver Deposition, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.146, issue.9, p.3285, 1999.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1392468

M. Pourbaix, Atlas of electrochemical equilibria in aqueous solutions, Nace International Cebelcor

K. Serrano, P. A. Michaud, C. Comninellis, and A. Savall, Electrochemical preparation of peroxodisulfuric acid using boron doped diamond thin film electrodes, Electrochimica Acta, vol.48, issue.4, p.431, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00688-6

A. J. Appleby, Oxygen reduction at smooth pre-reduced gold and iridium electrodes in 85% orthophosphoric acid, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, vol.27, issue.3, p.325, 1970.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(70)80228-5

J. M. Huth, H. L. Swinney, W. D. Mccormick, A. Kuhn, and F. , Role of convection in thin-layer electrodeposition, Physical Review E, vol.51, issue.4, p.3444, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.51.3444

P. Politzer, P. R. Laurence, L. Abrahmsen, B. A. Zilles, and P. Sjoberg, The aromatic C???NO2 bond as a site for nucleophilic attack, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.111, issue.1-2, p.75, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2614(84)80439-X

J. Wu, M. Agrawal, H. C. Becerril, Z. Bao, Z. Liu et al., Organic Light-Emitting Diodes on Solution-Processed Graphene Transparent Electrodes, ACS Nano, vol.4, issue.1, p.43, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/nn900728d

U. Geyer, J. Hauss, B. Riedel, S. Gleiss, U. Lemmer et al., Large-scale patterning of indium tin oxide electrodes for guided mode extraction from organic light-emitting diodes, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.104, issue.9, p.93111, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3014034

F. C. Krebs, H. Spanggard, T. Kjaer, M. Biancardo, and J. Alstrup, Large area plastic solar cell modules, Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol.138, issue.2, p.106, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mseb.2006.06.008

C. J. Huang, Y. K. Su, and S. L. Wu, The effect of solvent on the etching of ITO electrode, Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol.84, issue.1, p.146, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.11.021

J. E. Van-den-meerakker, P. C. Baarslag, W. Walrave, T. J. Vink, and J. L. Daams, On the homogeneity of sputter-deposited ITO films Part II. Etching behaviour, Thin Solid Films, vol.266, issue.2, p.152, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-6090(95)06742-6

G. Raciukaitis, M. Brikas, M. Gedvilas, and T. Rakickas, Patterning of indium???tin oxide on glass with picosecond lasers, Applied Surface Science, vol.253, issue.15, p.6570, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.01.099

Q. Wei, H. Zheng, and Y. Huang, Direct patterning ITO transparent conductive coatings, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol.68, issue.3-4, p.383, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00370-6

J. W. Lee, K. S. Lee, N. Cho, B. K. Ju, K. B. Lee et al., Topographical guidance of mouse neuronal cell on SiO2 microtracks, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol.128, issue.1, p.252, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.snb.2007.06.017

C. Amatore, C. Combellas, F. Kanoufi, C. Sella, A. Thiébault et al., Micrometrically Controlled Surface Modification of Teflon?? by Redox Catalysis: Electrochemical Coupling between Teflon?? and a Gold Band Ultramicroelectrode, Chemistry - A European Journal, vol.6, issue.5, p.820, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(20000303)6:5<820::AID-CHEM820>3.0.CO;2-#

C. Demaille, Surface Homogeneity of Anion Exchange Membranes: A Chronopotentiometric Study in the Overlimiting Current Range, pp.1053-1057, 2009.

J. Charlier, A. Ghorbal, F. Grisotto, E. Clolus, S. P. Malik et al., The in situ characterization and structuring of electrografted polyphenylene films on silicon surfaces. An AFM and XPS study, pp.319-350, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01056536

A. Ghorbal, F. Grisotto, M. Laudé, J. Charlier, and S. Palacin, The in situ characterization and structuring of electrografted polyphenylene films on silicon surfaces. An AFM and XPS study, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.328, issue.2, pp.308-313, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.09.033

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-01056536