. Bulson, Les associations céréales-légumineuses à graines ont souvent été étudiées en conditions biologiques (e.g. Jensen, 1996.

. Arlauskiene, 2011) contrairement aux associations céréales-légumineuses de service (Hartl, 1989.

E. Pridham and . Olesen, Or l'utilisation des légumineuses de service comme plante de couverture (Bàrberi, 2002.

. Antichi, ) est largement préconisée en AB notamment dans les situations sans élevage, 2006.

O. A. Abdin, B. E. Coulman, D. C. Cloutier, M. A. Faris, and D. L. Smith, Establishment, Development and Yield of Forage Legumes and Grasses as Cover Crops in Grain Corn in Eastern Canada, Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol.71, issue.1, pp.19-27, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00012802

M. A. Altieri, The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.74, issue.1-3, pp.19-31, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00028-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/cirad-00772224

C. Amossé, M. Jeuffroy, F. Celette, and C. David, Relay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.49, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2013.04.002

C. Amossé, M. Jeuffroy, and C. David, Relay intercropping of legume cover crops in organic winter wheat: Effects on performance and resource availability, Field Crops Research, vol.145, pp.78-87, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.02.010

M. K. Andersen, H. Hauggaard-nielsen, J. Weiner, and E. S. Jensen, Competitive dynamics in two- and three-component intercrops, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.248, issue.3, pp.545-551, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01289.x

L. Anil, J. Park, R. H. Phipps, and F. A. Miller, Temperate intercropping of cereals for forage: a review of the potential for growth and utilization with particular reference to the UK. Grass Forage Sci, pp.301-317, 1998.

P. Annicchiarico and S. Proietti, White clover selected for enhanced competitive ability widens the compatibility with grasses and favours the optimization of legume content and forage yield in mown clover-grass mixtures. Grass Forage Sci, pp.318-324, 2010.

D. Antichi, M. Mazzoncini, P. Bàrberi, F. Bigongiali, and G. Carpi, Leguminous cover crops: an important tool for improving resource use efficiency in organic arable cropping systems, 16th IFOAM Organic World Congress, p.4, 2008.

A. Arlauskiene, S. Maiksteniene, L. Sarunaite, Z. Kadziuliene, I. Deveikyte et al., Competitiveness and productivity of organically grown pea and spring cereal intercrops, Zemdirbyste, vol.98, pp.339-348, 2011.

M. Askegaard and J. Eriksen, Growth of legume and nonlegume catch crops and residual-N effects in spring barley on coarse sand, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.33, issue.6, pp.773-780, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jpln.200625222

M. Askegaard and J. Eriksen, Residual effect and leaching of N and K in cropping systems with clover and ryegrass catch crops on a coarse sand, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.123, issue.1-3, pp.99-108, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2007.05.008

R. B. Austin and H. G. Jones, The physiology of wheat. Cambridge Plant Breeding Institute Report for 1974 Part III, pp.20-73, 1975.

C. Badgley, J. Moghtader, E. Quintero, E. Zakem, M. J. Chappell et al., Abstract, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, vol.21, issue.02, pp.86-108, 2007.
DOI : 10.3763/ijas.2003.0105

F. J. Bannon and B. M. Cooke, Studies on dispersal of Septoria tritici pycnidiospores in wheat?clover intercrops, Plant Pathology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.49-56, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x

P. Bàrberi, Weed management in organic agriculture: are we addressing the right issues?, Weed Research, vol.10, issue.3, pp.177-193, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00081-9

A. Barbottin, C. Lecomte, C. Bouchard, and M. Jeuffroy, Nitrogen Remobilization during Grain Filling in Wheat, Crop Science, vol.45, issue.3, pp.1141-1150, 2005.
DOI : 10.2135/cropsci2003.0361

R. F. Barnes, C. J. Nelson, M. Collins, and K. J. Moore, An Introduction to grassland agriculture, 2003.

R. F. Barnes, C. J. Nelson, M. Collins, and K. J. Moore, The science of grassland agriculture, 2007.

D. T. Baumann, L. Bastiaans, and M. J. Kropff, Intercropping System Optimization for Yield, Quality, and Weed Suppression Combining Mechanistic and Descriptive Models, Agronomy Journal, vol.94, issue.4, pp.734-742, 2002.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2002.7340

K. Becker and G. Leithold, Improvement of winter wheat baking quality in ecological cultivation by enlargement of row spacing and undersown intercrops, 2008.

S. J. Bennett, New Perennial Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, 2003.

S. J. Bennett, D. A. Broughton, and N. Maxted, Ecogeographical Analysis of the Perennial Medicago, CRC Salinity Bulletin, vol.1, p.62, 2006.

G. Bergkvist, M. Stenberg, J. Wetterlind, B. Båth, and S. Elfstrand, Clover cover crops under-sown in winter wheat increase yield of subsequent spring barley -Effect of N dose and companion grass. Field Crop, Res, vol.120, pp.292-298, 2011.

P. M. Berry, R. Sylvester-bradley, L. Philipps, D. J. Hatch, S. P. Cuttle et al., Is the productivity of organic farms restricted by the supply of available nitrogen? Soil Use Manage, pp.248-255, 2002.

P. C. Bhowmik and . Inderjit, Challenges and opportunities in implementing allelopathy for natural weed management, Crop Protection, vol.22, issue.4, pp.661-671, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00242-9

D. Bilalis, A. Karkanis, and A. Efthimiadou, Effects of two legume crops, for organic green manure, on weed flora, under mediterranean conditions: Competitive ability of five winter season weed species, Afr. J. Agric. Res, vol.4, pp.1431-1441, 2009.

R. E. Blackshaw and R. N. Brandt, Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Effects on Weed Competitiveness is Species Dependent, Weed Science, vol.46, issue.05, pp.743-747, 2008.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1445-6664.2002.00039.x

R. E. Blackshaw, L. J. Molnar, and J. R. Moyer, Suitability of legume cover crop-winter wheat intercrops on the semi-arid Canadian Prairies, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol.90, issue.4, pp.479-488, 2010.
DOI : 10.4141/CJPS10006

R. E. Blackshaw, L. J. Molnar, and J. R. Moyer, Sweet Clover Termination Effects on Weeds, Soil Water, Soil Nitrogen, and Succeeding Wheat Yield, Agronomy Journal, vol.102, issue.2, pp.634-641, 2010.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2009.0307

B. C. Blaser, L. R. Gibson, J. W. Singer, and J. Jannink, Optimizing Seeding Rates for Winter Cereal Grains and Frost-Seeded Red Clover Intercrops, Agronomy Journal, vol.98, issue.4, pp.1041-1049, 2006.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2005.0340

B. C. Blaser, J. W. Singer, and L. R. Gibson, Winter Cereal, Seeding Rate, and Intercrop Seeding Rate Effect on Red Clover Yield and Quality, Agronomy Journal, vol.99, issue.3, pp.723-729, 2007.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2006.0247

B. C. Blaser, J. W. Singer, and L. R. Gibson, Winter Cereal Canopy Effect on Cereal and Interseeded Legume Productivity, Agronomy Journal, vol.103, issue.4, pp.1180-1185, 2011.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2010.0506

G. Bodner, W. Loiskandl, and H. P. Kaul, Cover crop evapotranspiration under semi-arid conditions using FAO dual crop coefficient method with water stress compensation, Agricultural Water Management, vol.93, issue.3, pp.85-98, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agwat.2007.06.010

W. Bond and A. C. Grundy, Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems, Weed Research, vol.41, issue.5, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0261-2194(95)00002-4

L. O. Brandsaeter, M. G. Thomsen, K. Waernhus, and H. Fykse, Effects of repeated clover undersowing in spring cereals and stubble treatments in autumn on Elymus repens, Sonchus arvensis and Cirsium arvense, Crop Protection, vol.32, pp.104-110, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cropro.2011.09.022

S. Briggs, Nitrogen Supply and Management in Organic Farming, 2008.

N. Brisson, F. Bussière, H. Ozier-lafontaine, R. Tournebize, and H. Sinoquet, Adaptation of the crop model STICS to intercropping. Theoretical basis and parameterisation, Agronomie, vol.24, issue.6-7, pp.409-421, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2004031

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191062

T. W. Bruulsema and B. R. Christie, Nitrogen Contribution to Succeeding Corn from Alfalfa and Red Clover1, Agronomy Journal, vol.79, issue.1, pp.96-100, 1987.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900010020x

H. A. Bulson, R. W. Snaydon, and C. E. Stopes, Effects of plant density on intercropped wheat and field beans in an organic farming system, The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol.128, issue.1, pp.59-71, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021859696003759

D. Buraczynska and F. Ceglarek, The role of green manures, in form of undersown cover crops, and straw in sugarbeet cultivation. Part I. Sugarbeet plantations infestation with weeds, Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roslin, vol.234, pp.171-180, 2004.

E. Campiglia, R. Mancinelli, E. Radicetti, and F. Caporali, Effect of cover crops and mulches on weed control and nitrogen fertilization in tomato, 2010.

M. Carcea, S. Salvatorelli, V. Turfani, and F. Mellara, Influence of growing conditions on the technological performance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), International Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol.77, issue.s2, pp.102-107, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jf00021a011

G. Carlsson and K. Huss-danell, Nitrogen fixation in perennial forage legumes in the field, Plant and Soil, vol.253, issue.2, pp.353-372, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1024847017371

G. Carlsson, C. Palmborg, A. Jumpponen, M. Scherer-lorenzen, P. Hogberg et al., N2 fixation in three perennial Trifolium species in experimental grasslands of varied plant species richness and composition, Plant Ecology, vol.262, issue.1, pp.87-104, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s11258-009-9600-9

M. Carof, S. De-tourdonnet, Y. Coquet, V. Hallaire, and J. Roger-estrade, Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France. Soil Use Manage, pp.230-237, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173128

M. Casagrande, C. David, M. Valantin-morison, D. Makowski, and M. Jeuffroy, Factors limiting the grain protein content of organic winter wheat in south-eastern France: a mixed-model approach, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.80, issue.4, pp.565-574, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/agro/2009015

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886484

M. A. Cavigelli, J. R. Teasdale, and A. E. Conklin, Long-Term Agronomic Performance of Organic and Conventional Field Crops in the Mid-Atlantic Region, Agronomy Journal, vol.100, issue.3, pp.785-794, 2008.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2006.0373

F. Celette, A. Findeling, and C. Gary, Competition for nitrogen in an unfertilized intercropping system: The case of an association of grapevine and grass cover in a Mediterranean climate, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.30, issue.1, pp.41-51, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2008.07.003

B. Chevassus-au-louis and M. Griffon, La nouvelle modernité : une agriculture productive à haute valeur écologique, Déméter 2008 : économie et stratégies agricoles, pp.7-48, 2007.

R. O. Clements, T. M. Martyn, G. Donaldson, and M. Wolfe, Clover: cereal bi-cropping for organic farms, Aspects of Appl. Biol, pp.181-185, 2000.

Y. Coïc, Les besoins en azote du ble d'hiver, conséquences agronomiques, Ann. Agron, vol.7, pp.115-131, 1956.

N. Colbach, D. A. Kurstjens, N. M. Munier-jolain, A. Dalbiès, and T. Doré, Assessing non-chemical weeding strategies through mechanistic modelling of blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) dynamics, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.32, issue.3, pp.205-218, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2009.11.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173174

N. Colbach, A. Schneider, R. Ballot, and C. Vivier, Diversifying cereal-based rotations to improve weed control. Evaluation with the AlomySys model quantifying the effect of cropping systems on a grass weed. OCL-Ol. Corps Gras Li, pp.292-300, 2010.

J. Connolly, H. C. Goma, and K. Rahim, The information content of indicators in intercropping research, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.87, issue.2, pp.191-207, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00278-X

W. F. Cormack, Constraints to the sustainability of a stockless arable rotation. What can organic farming deliver? COR, 2006.

W. F. Cormack, M. Shepherd, and D. W. Wilson, Legume Species and Management for Stockless Organic Farming, Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, vol.72, issue.4, pp.383-398, 2003.
DOI : 10.1079/SUM2002131

G. Corre-hellou, A. Dibet, H. Hauggaard-nielsen, Y. Crozat, M. Gooding et al., The competitive ability of pea???barley intercrops against weeds and the interactions with crop productivity and soil N availability, Field Crops Research, vol.122, issue.3, pp.264-272, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.04.004

G. Corre-hellou, M. Faure, M. Launay, N. Brisson, and Y. Crozat, Adaptation of the STICS intercrop model to simulate crop growth and N accumulation in pea-barley intercrops. Field Crop, Res, vol.113, pp.72-81, 2009.

G. Corre-hellou, J. Fustec, and Y. Crozat, Interspecific Competition for Soil N and its Interaction with N2 Fixation, Leaf Expansion and Crop Growth in Pea???Barley Intercrops, Plant and Soil, vol.262, issue.8, pp.195-208, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-005-5777-4

T. Crews and M. Peoples, Can the Synchrony of Nitrogen Supply and Crop Demand be Improved in Legume and Fertilizer-based Agroecosystems? A Review, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol.57, issue.2, pp.101-120, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10705-004-6480-1

A. S. Dahlin and M. Stenberg, Transfer of N from red clover to perennial ryegrass in mixed stands under different cutting strategies, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.33, issue.3, pp.149-156, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2010.04.006

I. Darnhofer, T. Lindenthal, R. Bartel-kratochvil, and W. Zollitsch, Conventionalisation of organic farming practices: from structural criteria towards an assessment based on organic principles. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.146, issue.133, pp.67-81, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/agro/2009011

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886488

C. David, La spécialisation des systèmes céréaliers en Europe : origine et conséquences, 2000.

C. David, Grandes cultures biologiques, des systèmes en équilibre instable In: QUAE (Ed.), Transitions vers l'agriculture biologique, pp.129-141, 2009.

C. David, F. Celette, J. Abecassis, M. Carcea, J. K. Friedel et al., New challenges to improve organic bread wheat production in Europe, 2011.

C. David, M. H. Jeuffroy, J. Henning, and J. Meynard, Yield variation in organic winter wheat: a diagnostic study in the Southeast of France, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.25, issue.2, pp.213-223, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2005016

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886285

C. David, M. H. Jeuffroy, F. Laurent, M. Mangin, and J. M. Meynard, The assessment of Azodyn-Org model for managing nitrogen fertilization of organic winter wheat, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.23, issue.3, pp.225-242, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2004.08.002

J. Destain, V. Reuter, and J. Goffart, Les cultures intermédiaires pièges à nitrate (CIPAN) et engrais verts : protection de l'environnement et intérêt agronomique, pp.73-78, 2010.

K. V. Dhima, A. S. Lithourgidis, I. B. Vasilakoglou, and C. A. Dordas, Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crop, Res, vol.100, pp.249-256, 2007.

J. Doltra, M. Laegdsmand, and J. E. Olesen, Cereal yield and quality as affected by nitrogen availability in organic and conventional arable crop rotations: A combined modeling and experimental approach, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.34, issue.2, pp.83-95, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2010.11.002

C. A. Dordas, D. N. Vlachostergios, and A. S. Lithourgidis, Growth dynamics and agronomic-economic benefits of pea-oat and pea-barley intercrops. Crop Pasture Sci, pp.45-52, 2012.

L. Edwards, Comparison of two spring seeding methods to establish forage cover crops in relay with winter cereals, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.45, issue.3-4, pp.227-235, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00065-2

M. H. Entz, J. R. Thiessen-martens, W. May, and G. P. Lafond, ) germplasm screening for use as a self-regenerating cover crop on the Canadian Prairies, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol.87, issue.4, pp.873-878, 2007.
DOI : 10.4141/CJPS06053

A. Fliessbach, P. Mader, D. Dubois, and L. Gunst, Results from a 21 year old field trial. Organic farming enhances soil fertility and biodiversity, 2000.

W. Foulds, RESPONSE TO SOIL MOISTURE SUPPLY IN THREE LEGUMINOUS SPECIES. I. GROWTH, REPRODUCTION AND MORTALITY, New Phytologist, vol.53, issue.3, pp.535-545, 1978.
DOI : 10.1086/282575

J. Frame, Forage legumes for temperate grasslands, 2005.

J. Fustec, F. Lesuffleur, S. Mahieu, and J. Cliquet, Nitrogen rhizodeposition of legumes. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.22, issue.1, pp.57-66, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/agro/2009003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886487

E. R. Gallandt, T. Molloy, D. Neuhoff, N. Halberg, T. Alföldi et al., Exploiting weed management benefits of cover crops requires pre-emption of seed rain Cultivating the future based on science, Proceedings of the Second Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR). International Society of Organic Agricultural Research (ISOFAR), pp.414-417, 2008.

C. U. Germeier, Wide Row Spacing and Living Mulch: New Strategies for Producing High Protein Grains in Organic Cereal Production, Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, vol.3, issue.2, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/jpln.19871500102

J. Gherekhloo, S. Noroozi, D. Mazaheri, A. Ghanbari, M. R. Ghannadha et al., Multispecies weed competition and their economic threshold on the wheat crop, Multispecies weed competition and their economic treshold on the wheat crop, pp.239-246, 2010.
DOI : 10.1590/S0100-83582010000200002

E. A. Goewie, Organic agriculture in the Netherlands; developments and challenges, NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, vol.50, issue.2, pp.153-169, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1573-5214(03)80004-0

R. M. Gunton, S. Petit, and S. Gaba, Functional traits relating arable weed communities to crop characteristics, Journal of Vegetation Science, vol.9, issue.3, pp.541-550, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01273.x

K. Hakala and L. Jauhiainen, Yield and nitrogen concentration of above- and below-ground biomasses of red clover cultivars in pure stands and in mixtures with three grass species in northern Europe, Grass and Forage Science, vol.41, issue.3, pp.312-321, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2494.1999.00145.x

D. Hamidi and H. Ghadiri, Winter wheat cultivars responses to allelopathic potential of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum Koch) extracts, J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci, vol.3, pp.391-395, 2011.

W. Hartl, Influence of undersown clovers on weeds and on the yield of winter wheat in organic farming, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.27, issue.1-4, pp.389-396, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-8809(89)90099-6

N. L. Hartwig and H. U. Ammon, Cover crops and living mulches, Weed Science, vol.50, issue.6, pp.688-699, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/ps.2780420111

H. Hauggaard-nielsen, M. Gooding, P. Ambus, G. Corre-hellou, Y. Crozat et al., Pea???barley intercropping for efficient symbiotic N2-fixation, soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems, Field Crops Research, vol.113, issue.1, pp.64-71, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.04.009

H. Hauggaard-nielsen and E. Jensen, Facilitative Root Interactions in Intercrops, Plant and Soil, vol.248, issue.1-2, pp.237-250, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-004-1305-1

H. Hauggaard-nielsen, B. Jørnsgaard, J. Kinane, and E. S. Jensen, Abstract, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, vol.142, issue.01, pp.3-12, 2008.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000010015x

D. C. Henry, R. W. Mullen, C. E. Dygert, K. A. Diedrick, and A. Sundermeier, Nitrogen Contribution from Red Clover for Corn following Wheat in Western Ohio, Agronomy Journal, vol.102, issue.1, pp.210-215, 2010.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2009.0187

D. Herridge, M. Peoples, and R. Boddey, Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems, Plant and Soil, vol.22, issue.1-2, pp.1-18, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-008-9668-3

G. A. Hiddink, A. J. Termorshuizen, and A. H. Bruggen, Mixed Cropping and Suppression of Soilborne Diseases Genetic Engineering, Biofertilisation, Soil Quality and Organic Farming, pp.119-146, 2010.

I. Hildermann, A. Thommen, D. Dubois, T. Boller, A. Wiemken et al., Yield and baking quality of winter wheat cultivars in different farming systems of the DOK long-term trial, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol.157, issue.14, pp.2477-2491, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/jsfa.3750

J. Hiltbrunner, P. Jeanneret, M. Liedgens, P. Stamp, and B. Streit, Response of Weed Communities to Legume Living Mulches in Winter Wheat, Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol.28, issue.2, pp.93-102, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021859602002010

J. Hiltbrunner and M. Liedgens, Performance of Winter Wheat Varieties in White Clover Living Mulch, Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, vol.34, issue.7, pp.85-101, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4290(91)90079-B

J. Hiltbrunner, M. Liedgens, L. Bloch, P. Stamp, and B. Streit, Legume cover crops as living mulches for winter wheat: Components of biomass and the control of weeds, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.26, issue.1, pp.21-29, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2006.08.002

J. Hiltbrunner, B. Streit, and M. Liedgens, Are seeding densities an opportunity to increase grain yield of winter wheat in a living mulch of white clover? Field Crop, Res, vol.102, pp.163-171, 2007.

W. D. Hively and W. J. Cox, Interseeding Cover Crops into Soybean and Subsequent Corn Yields, Agronomy Journal, vol.93, issue.2, pp.308-313, 2001.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2001.932308x

H. Høgh-jensen and J. K. Schjoerring, Rhizodeposition of nitrogen by red clover, white clover and ryegrass leys, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.33, issue.4-5, pp.439-448, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00183-8

R. Jahn, H. Blume, V. B. Asio, O. Spaargaren, and P. Schad, Guidelines for soil description, 2006.

E. S. Jensen, Grain yield, symbiotic N2 fixation and interspecific competition for inorganic N in pea-barley intercrops, Plant and Soil, vol.16, issue.1, pp.25-38, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00010992

E. S. Jensen, P. Ambus, N. Bellostas, S. Boisen, N. Brisson et al., Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes for increased production, weed control, improved product quality and prevention of N-losses in European organic farming systems, p.335, 2006.

P. Jeranyama, O. B. Hesterman, and C. C. Sheaffer, Medic Planting Date Effect on Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation When Clear-Seeded or Intercropped with Corn, Agronomy Journal, vol.90, issue.5, pp.616-622, 1998.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050009x

W. E. Jokela, J. H. Grabber, D. L. Karlen, T. C. Balser, and D. E. Palmquist, Cover Crop and Liquid Manure Effects on Soil Quality Indicators in a Corn Silage System, Agronomy Journal, vol.101, issue.4, pp.727-737, 2009.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2008.0191

A. R. Jutsum, S. P. Heaney, B. M. Perrin, and P. J. Wege, Pesticide resistance: assessment of risk and the development and implementation of effective management strategies???, Pesticide Science, vol.87, issue.2, pp.435-446, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199812)54:4<435::AID-PS844>3.0.CO;2-K

H. J. Kandel, B. L. Johnson, and A. A. Schneiter, Hard Red Spring Wheat Response Following the Intercropping of Legumes into Sunflower, Crop Science, vol.40, issue.3, pp.731-736, 2000.
DOI : 10.2135/cropsci2000.403731x

H. J. Kandel, A. A. Schneiter, and B. L. Johnson, Intercropping Legumes into Sunflower at Different Growth Stages, Crop Science, vol.37, issue.5, pp.1532-1537, 1997.
DOI : 10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700050020x

H. Känkänen and C. Eriksson, Effects of undersown crops on soil mineral N and grain yield of spring barley, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.27, issue.1, pp.25-34, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010

H. J. Känkänen, C. Eriksson, M. Rakkolainen, and M. Vuorinen, Effect of annually repeated undersowing on cereal grain yields, Agr. Food Sci. Finland, vol.10, pp.197-208, 2001.

H. J. Känkänen, C. Eriksson, M. Rakkolainen, and M. Vuorinen, Soil nitrate N as influenced by annually undersown cover crops in spring cereals, Agr. Food Sci. Finland, vol.12, pp.165-176, 2003.

H. J. Känkänen, A. Kangas, T. Mela, U. Nikunen, H. Tuuri et al., Timing incorporation of different green manure crops to minimize the risk of nitrogen leaching, Agr. Food Sci. Finland, vol.7, pp.553-567, 1998.

H. J. Känkänen, A. Kangas, T. Mela, U. Nikunen, H. Tuuri et al., The effect of incorporation time of different crops on the residual effect on spring cereals, Agr. Food Sci. Finland, vol.8, pp.285-298, 1999.

H. J. Känkänen, H. J. Mikkola, and C. I. Eriksson, Effect of Sowing Technique on Growth of Undersown Crop and Yield of Spring Barley, Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol.14, issue.2, pp.127-136, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1439-037X.2001.00483.x

N. Korte and S. Porembski, Eignung diverser Einsaatpflanzen und -mischungen f??r ein neues Konzept der Baumstreifenbegr??nung im biologischen Obstbau, Gesunde Pflanzen, vol.60, issue.Jan/Feb, pp.45-52, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10343-010-0220-z

S. M. Kosinski, J. R. King, K. N. Harker, T. K. Turkington, and D. Spaner, Barley and triticale underseeded with a kura clover living mulch: Effects on weed pressure, disease incidence, silage yield, and forage quality, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, vol.91, issue.4, pp.667-687, 2011.
DOI : 10.4141/cjps10138

H. M. Kruidhof, L. Bastiaans, and M. J. Kropff, Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring, Weed Research, vol.97, issue.6, pp.492-502, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00665.x

H. M. Kruidhof, L. Bastiaans, and M. J. Kropff, Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control, Plant and Soil, vol.191, issue.1-2, pp.169-184, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-008-9827-6

J. Lager and B. Gerhardson, Pathogenicity of clover root pathogens to pea, bean and lucerne, J. Plant Dis. Protect, vol.109, pp.142-151, 2002.

M. Launay, N. Brisson, S. Satger, H. Hauggaard-nielsen, G. Corre-hellou et al., Exploring options for managing strategies for pea???barley intercropping using a modeling approach, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.31, issue.2, pp.85-98, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2009.04.002

L. Li, J. Sun, F. Zhang, T. Guo, X. Bao et al., Root distribution and interactions between intercropped species, Oecologia, vol.25, issue.2, pp.280-290, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-005-0256-4

Y. Li, H. Hu, X. Cheng, J. Sun, and L. Li, Effects of interspecific interactions and nitrogen fertilization rates on above-and below-growth in faba bean/maize intercropping system, Acta Ecol. Sin. Sheng Tai Xue Bao, vol.31, pp.1617-1630, 2011.

M. Liebman and A. S. Davis, Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems, Weed Research, vol.40, issue.1, pp.27-47, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-3180.2000.00164.x

M. Liebman and E. Dyck, Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Management, Ecological Applications, vol.3, issue.1, pp.92-122, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/1941795

A. S. Lithourgidis, C. A. Dordas, C. A. Damalas, and D. N. Vlachostergios, Annual intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture, Aust. J. Crop Sci, vol.5, pp.396-410, 2011.

A. S. Lithourgidis, D. N. Vlachostergios, C. A. Dordas, and C. A. Damalas, Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea???cereal intercropping systems, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.34, issue.4, pp.287-294, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2011.02.007

Y. Liu, L. Wu, J. A. Baddeley, and C. A. Watson, Models of biological nitrogen fixation of legumes. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.31, issue.1, pp.155-172, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/agro/2010008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930470

A. Løes, T. M. Henriksen, and R. Eltun, Repeated undersowing of clover in stockless organic grain production, Joint Organic Congress, 2006.

A. K. Løes, T. M. Henriksen, and R. Eltun, N supply in stockless organic cereal production under northern temperate conditions Undersown legumes, or whole-season green manure? Improving sustainability in organic and low input food production systems, Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food, pp.226-230, 2007.

A. K. Løes, T. M. Henriksen, R. Eltun, and H. Sjursen, Repeated use of green-manure catch crops in organic cereal production ??? grain yields and nitrogen supply, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science, vol.20, issue.2, pp.164-175, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x

P. J. Lutman, Estimation of seed production by Stellaria media, Sinapis arvensis and Tripleurospermum inodorum in arable crops, Weed Research, vol.71, issue.5, pp.359-369, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00064-X

B. L. Ma, J. Ying, L. M. Dwyer, E. G. Gregorich, and M. J. Morrison, Crop rotation and soil N amendment effects on maize production in eastern Canada, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol.83, issue.5, pp.483-495, 2003.
DOI : 10.4141/S02-071

S. Mahieu, J. Fustec, M. L. Faure, G. Corre-hellou, and Y. Crozat, Comparison of two 15N labelling methods for assessing nitrogen rhizodeposition of pea, Plant and Soil, vol.38, issue.1-2, pp.193-205, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-007-9275-8

S. Mahieu, F. Germon, A. Aveline, H. Hauggaard-nielsen, P. Ambus et al., The influence of water stress on biomass and N accumulation, N partitioning between above and below ground parts and on N rhizodeposition during reproductive growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.), Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.41, issue.2, pp.380-387, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.11.021

B. Mary, N. Beaudoin, E. Justes, and J. M. Machet, Calculation of nitrogen mineralization and leaching in fallow soil using a simple dynamic model, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.8, issue.4, pp.549-566, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94014-7

P. A. Matson, W. J. Parton, A. G. Power, and M. J. Swift, Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties, Science, vol.277, issue.5325, pp.504-509, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.277.5325.504

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.484.4218

M. Mazzoncini, P. Bàrberi, D. Cerrai, V. Rinaudo, and P. Belloni, Effects of green manure on soil nitrogen availability and crop productivity in a Mediterranean organic farming system, Eurosoil, p.9, 2004.

M. Mazzoncini, S. Canali, M. Giovannetti, M. Castagnoli, F. Tittarelli et al., Comparison of organic and conventional stockless arable systems: A multidisciplinary approach to soil quality evaluation, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.44, issue.2, pp.124-132, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.11.001

M. Mazzoncini, P. Migliorini, D. , A. Vazzana, and C. , Effects of green-manure and organic fertiliser on organic maize (Zea Mays L.) in south Tuscany, 16th IFOAM Organic World Congress, 2008.

M. Mazzoncini, T. B. Sapkota, P. Bàrberi, D. Antichi, and R. Risaliti, Long-term effect of tillage, nitrogen fertilization and cover crops on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.114, issue.2, pp.165-174, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001

H. Meiss, L. Lagadec, L. Munier-jolain, N. Waldhardt, R. Petit et al., Weed seed predation increases with vegetation cover in perennial forage crops, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.138, issue.1-2, pp.10-16, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2010.03.009

B. Melander, I. A. Rasmussen, and P. Bàrberi, Integrating physical and cultural methods of weed control??? examples from European research, Weed Science, vol.53, issue.3, pp.369-381, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90367-E

S. B. Mirsky, E. R. Gallandt, D. A. Mortensen, W. S. Curran, and D. L. Shumway, Reducing the germinable weed seedbank with soil disturbance and cover crops, Weed Research, vol.20, pp.341-352, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00792.x

M. H. Morel, P. Dehlon, J. C. Autran, J. P. Leygue, and C. Bar-l-'helgouac-'h, Effects of Temperature, Sonication Time, and Power Settings on Size Distribution and Extractability of Total Wheat Flour Proteins as Determined by Size-Exclusion High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Cereal Chemistry, vol.77, issue.5, pp.685-691, 2000.
DOI : 10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.5.685

C. Naudin, G. Corre-hellou, S. Pineau, Y. Crozat, and M. Jeuffroy, The effect of various dynamics of N availability on winter pea???wheat intercrops: Crop growth, N partitioning and symbiotic N2 fixation, Field Crops Research, vol.119, issue.1, pp.2-11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2010.06.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01173277

E. Oerke and H. Dehne, Global crop production and the efficacy of crop protection -current situation and future trends, European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.103, issue.3, pp.203-215, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008602111248

L. Ohlander, G. Bergkvist, F. Stendahl, and M. Kvist, Yield of Catch Crops and Spring Barley as Affected by Time of Undersowing, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, vol.45, issue.3, pp.161-168, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x

J. E. Olesen, M. Askegaard, and I. A. Rasmussen, Winter cereal yields as affected by animal manure and green manure in organic arable farming, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.30, issue.2, pp.119-128, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2008.08.002

J. E. Olesen, P. K. Hansen, J. Berntsen, and S. Christensen, Simulation of above-ground suppression of competing species and competition tolerance in winter wheat varieties. Field Crop, Res, vol.89, pp.263-280, 2004.

K. I. Paul, P. J. Polglase, A. M. Connell, J. C. Carlyle, P. J. Smethurst et al., Defining the relation between soil water content and net nitrogen mineralization, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.38, issue.1, pp.39-48, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00502.x

M. C. Peel, B. L. Finlayson, and T. A. Mcmahon, Updated world map of the K??ppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, vol.4, issue.2, pp.439-473, 2007.
DOI : 10.5194/hessd-4-439-2007

J. Peigne, B. C. Ball, J. Roger-estrade, and C. David, Is conservation tillage suitable for organic farming? A review. Soil Use Manage, pp.129-144, 2007.

E. Pelzer, M. Bazot, D. Makowski, G. Corre-hellou, C. Naudin et al., Pea???wheat intercrops in low-input conditions combine high economic performances and low environmental impacts, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.40, pp.39-53, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2012.01.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01019458

M. B. Peoples, J. Brockwell, D. F. Herridge, I. J. Rochester, B. J. Alves et al., The contributions of nitrogen-fixing crop legumes to the productivity of agricultural systems, Symbiosis, vol.79, issue.1-3, pp.1-17, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03179980

A. Plaza, Soil mineral nitrogen content after undersown crops in autumn and spring in the conventional and organic farming system, Fresen. Environ. Bull, vol.20, pp.2446-2450, 2011.

J. C. Pridham and M. H. Entz, Intercropping Spring Wheat with Cereal Grains, Legumes, and Oilseeds Fails to Improve Productivity under Organic Management, Agronomy Journal, vol.100, issue.5, pp.1436-1442, 2008.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2007.0227

A. Queen, H. Earl, and W. Deen, Light and Moisture Competition Effects on Biomass of Red Clover Underseeded To Winter Wheat, Agronomy Journal, vol.101, issue.6, pp.1511-1521, 2009.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2008.0163

A. Ratnadass, P. Fernandes, J. Avelino, and R. Habib, Plant species diversity for sustainable management of crop pests and diseases in agroecosystems: a review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.406, issue.23, pp.1-31, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s13593-011-0022-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00930491

M. C. Robson, S. M. Fowler, N. H. Lampkin, C. Leifert, M. Leitch et al., The Agronomic and Economic Potential of Break Crops for Ley/Arable Rotations in Temperate Organic Agriculture, Adv. Agron, vol.77, pp.369-427, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2113(02)77018-1

S. M. Ross, J. R. King, R. C. Izaurralde, and J. T. O-'donovan, Weed Suppression by Seven Clover Species, Agronomy Journal, vol.93, issue.4, pp.820-827, 2001.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2001.934820x

S. M. Ross, J. R. King, J. T. O-'donovan, and D. Spaner, Intercropping Berseem Clover with Barley and Oat Cultivars for Forage, Agronomy Journal, vol.96, issue.6, pp.1719-1729, 2004.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2004.1719

M. R. Ryan, R. G. Smith, D. A. Mortensen, J. R. Teasdale, W. S. Curran et al., Weed-crop competition relationships differ between organic and conventional cropping systems, Weed Research, vol.18, issue.6, pp.572-580, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00736.x

L. Sarunaite, I. Deveikyte, and Z. Kad?iuliene, Intercropping spring wheat with grain legume for increased production in an organic crop rotation, Zemdirbyste, vol.97, pp.51-58, 2010.

K. E. Saxton, H. Patrick, . Willey, and W. J. Rawls, Field and pond hydrologic analyses with the SPAW model, ASAE Annual Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006.

J. M. Scholberg, S. Dogliotti, C. Leoni, C. M. Cherr, L. Zotarelli et al., Cover Crops for Sustainable Agrosystems in the Americas, Genetic Engineering, Biofertilisation, Soil Quality and Organic Farming, pp.23-58, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-90-481-8741-6_2

C. C. Sheaffer and P. Seguin, Forage Legumes for Sustainable Cropping Systems, Journal of Crop Production, vol.37, issue.1-2, pp.187-216, 2003.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000010019x

I. Shili-touzi, S. De-tourdonnet, M. Launay, and T. Dore, Does intercropping winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) with red fescue (Festuca rubra) as a cover crop improve agronomic and environmental performance? A modeling approach. Field Crop, Res, vol.116, pp.218-229, 2010.

J. W. Singer, M. D. Casler, and K. A. Kohler, Wheat Effect on Frost-Seeded Red Clover Cultivar Establishment and Yield, Agronomy Journal, vol.98, issue.2, pp.265-269, 2006.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2005.0037

URL : https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=3602&content=PDF

J. W. Singer, T. J. Sauer, B. C. Blaser, and D. W. Meek, Radiation Use Efficiency in Dual Winter Cereal???Forage Production Systems, Agronomy Journal, vol.99, issue.4, pp.1175-1179, 2007.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2007.0033

H. Sjursen, L. O. Brandsaeter, and J. Netland, Effects of repeated clover undersowing, green manure ley and weed harrowing on weeds and yields in organic cereals, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science, vol.19, issue.2, pp.138-150, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x

K. Søegaard and K. Møller, White clover soil fatigue: an establishment problem on large and intensive farms Utilisation of grazed grass in temperate animal systems, Proceedings of satellite workshop of the XXth International Grassland Congress, p.231, 2005.

W. Stinner, K. Möller, and G. Leithold, Effects of biogas digestion of clover/grass-leys, cover crops and crop residues on nitrogen cycle and crop yield in organic stockless farming systems, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.29, issue.2-3, pp.125-134, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2008.04.006

J. R. Teasdale, Contribution of Cover Crops to Weed Management in Sustainable Agricultural Systems, jpa, vol.9, issue.4, pp.475-479, 1996.
DOI : 10.2134/jpa1996.0475

J. R. Teasdale, L. O. Brandsaeter, A. Calegari, S. Neto, and F. , Cover Crops and Weed Management Non-chemical weed management: principles, concepts and technology, pp.49-64, 2007.

J. R. Teasdale and M. A. Cavigelli, Subplots facilitate assessment of corn yield losses from weed competition in a long-term systems experiment, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.86, issue.2, pp.445-453, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/agro/2009048

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886533

J. R. Teasdale and C. L. Mohler, The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches, Weed Science, vol.48, issue.3, pp.385-392, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02242-2

S. Thein, C. Roscher, and E. Schulze, Effects of trait plasticity on aboveground biomass production depend on species identity in experimental grasslands, Basic and Applied Ecology, vol.9, issue.5, pp.475-484, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.baae.2007.08.004

T. Martens, J. R. Entz, M. H. Hoeppner, and J. W. , Legume Cover Crops with Winter Cereals in Southern Manitoba, Agronomy Journal, vol.93, issue.5, pp.645-648, 2005.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2001.9351086x

T. Martens, J. R. Hoeppner, J. W. Entz, and M. H. , Legume Cover Crops with Winter Cereals in Southern Manitoba, Agronomy Journal, vol.93, issue.5, pp.1086-1096, 2001.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2001.9351086x

M. D. Thorsted, J. E. Olesen, and J. Weiner, Above- and below-ground competition between intercropped winter wheat Triticum aestivum and white clover Trifolium repens, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.72, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01131.x

M. D. Thorsted, J. E. Olesen, and J. Weiner, Mechanical control of clover improves nitrogen supply and growth of wheat in winter wheat/white clover intercropping, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.24, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2005.07.004

M. D. Thorsted, J. E. Olesen, and J. Weiner, Width of clover strips and wheat rows influence grain yield in winter wheat/white clover intercropping, Field Crops Research, vol.95, issue.2-3, pp.280-290, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2005.04.001

K. Thorup-kristensen, The effect of nitrogen catch crop species on the nitrogen nutrition of succeeding crops, Fertilizer Research, vol.43, issue.3, pp.227-234, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00748941

K. Thorup-kristensen, J. Magid, and L. S. Jensen, Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones, Adv. Agron, vol.79, pp.227-302, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2113(02)79005-6

D. Tilman, K. G. Cassman, P. A. Matson, R. Naylor, and S. Polasky, Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices, Nature, vol.1, issue.6898, pp.671-677, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-750X(95)00162-6

A. Tolon-becerra, X. B. Lastra-bravo, G. F. Botta, M. Tourn, P. Linares et al., Traffic effect on soil compaction and yields of wheat in Spain, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.9, issue.2, pp.395-403, 2011.
DOI : 10.5424/sjar/20110902-235-10

G. Tosti, P. Benincasa, and M. Guiducci, Competition and facilitation in hairy vetchbarley intercrops, Ital. J. Agron. / Riv. Agron, vol.5, issue.239, p.247, 2010.

G. Tosti and M. Guiducci, Durum wheat???faba bean temporary intercropping: Effects on nitrogen supply and wheat quality, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.33, issue.3, pp.157-165, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2010.05.001

M. Tsubo, S. Walker, and H. O. Ogindo, A simulation model of cereal-legume intercropping systems for semi-arid regions: I. Model development. Field Crop. Res, pp.10-22, 2005.

H. Uchino, K. Iwama, Y. Jitsuyama, K. Ichiyama, E. Sugiura et al., Stable Characteristics of Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in Organic Farming Systems, Plant Production Science, vol.14, issue.1, pp.75-85, 2011.
DOI : 10.1626/pps.14.75

H. Uchino, K. Iwama, Y. Jitsuyama, T. Yudate, and S. Nakamura, Yield losses of soybean and maize by competition with interseeded cover crops and weeds in organic-based cropping systems, Field Crops Research, vol.113, issue.3, pp.342-351, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.013

A. Van-den-putte, G. Govers, J. Diels, K. Gillijns, and M. Demuzere, Assessing the effect of soil tillage on crop growth: A meta-regression analysis on European crop yields under conservation agriculture, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.33, issue.3, pp.231-241, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.eja.2010.05.008

J. Vandermeer, The ecology of intercropping, 1989.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511623523

I. Vaseva, Y. Akiscan, K. Demirevska, I. Anders, and U. Feller, Drought stress tolerance of red and white clover???comparative analysis of some chaperonins and dehydrins, Scientia Horticulturae, vol.130, issue.3, pp.653-659, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.08.021

A. Voisin, C. Salon, O. Delfosse, and B. Mary, Theoretical evaluation of 15N isotopic methods for measuring symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the field Nitrogen fixation research progress, pp.1-25, 2008.

T. J. Vyn, J. G. Faber, K. J. Janovicek, and E. G. Beauchamp, Cover Crop Effects on Nitrogen Availability to Corn following Wheat, Agronomy Journal, vol.92, issue.5, pp.915-924, 2000.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj2000.925915x

D. Wei, C. Liping, M. Zhijun, W. Guangwei, and Z. Ruirui, Review of non-chemical weed management for green agriculture, Int. J. Agric. Biol. Eng, vol.3, pp.52-60, 2010.

L. A. Weston and . Inderjit, Allelopathy: a potential tool in the development of strategies for biorational weed management Non-chemical weed management: principles, concepts and technology, pp.65-76, 2007.

A. Wezel and V. Soldat, A quantitative and qualitative historical analysis of the scientific discipline of agroecology, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, vol.7, issue.1, pp.3-18, 2009.
DOI : 10.3763/ijas.2009.0400

R. W. Willey, Intercropping -its importance and research needs. 1. Competition and yield advantages, Field Crop Abstracts, vol.32, pp.1-10, 1979.

R. W. Willey, Intercropping -its importance and research needs. 2. Agronomy and research needs, Field Crop Abstracts, vol.32, pp.73-85, 1979.

Y. Wu, H. Zhang, and D. Zhou, Emergence and seedling growth of five forage legume species at various burial depth and two light levels, Afr. J. Biotechnol, vol.10, pp.9051-9060, 2011.

Q. C. Xu, S. Fujiyama, and H. L. Xu, Biological pest control by enhancing populations of natural enemies in organic farming systems, J. Food Agric. Environ, vol.9, pp.455-463, 2011.

T. D. Xuan, E. Tsuzuki, H. Terao, M. Matsuo, and T. D. Khanh, L.), Plant Production Science, vol.6, issue.3, pp.165-171, 2003.
DOI : 10.1626/pps.6.165

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00236478

J. C. Zadoks, T. T. Chang, and C. F. Konzak, A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, Weed Research, vol.2, issue.3, pp.415-421, 1974.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x