A. Anger, Including aviation in the European emissions trading scheme: Impacts on the industry, CO2 emissions and macroeconomic activity in the EU, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.16, issue.2, pp.100-105, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2009.10.009

H. Waisman, J. Rozenberg, O. Sassi, and J. Hourcade, Peak Oil profiles through the lens of a general equilibrium assessment, Energy Policy, vol.48, pp.744-753, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00787704

S. Sorrell, J. Speirs, R. Bentley, R. Miller, and E. Thompson, Shaping the global oil peak: A review of the evidence on field sizes, reserve growth, decline rates and depletion rates, Energy, vol.37, issue.1, pp.709-724, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.energy.2011.10.010

P. De-almeida and P. D. Silva, The peak of oil production???Timings and market recognition, Energy Policy, vol.37, issue.4, pp.1267-1276, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.016

S. F. Schubert and S. J. Turnovsky, The impact of oil prices on an oil-importing developing economy, Journal of Development Economics, vol.94, issue.1, pp.18-29, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.12.003

J. Kuo and C. Chen, A novel Nylon-6???S316L fiber compound material for injection molded PEM fuel cell bipolar plates, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, issue.1, pp.207-214, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.034

V. V. Nikam, R. G. Reddy, S. R. Collins, P. C. Williams, G. H. Schiroky et al., Corrosion resistant low temperature carburized SS 316 as bipolar plate material for PEMFC application, Electrochimica Acta, vol.53, issue.6, pp.2743-2750, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.061

W. Friede, Modélisation et caractérisation d'une pile à combustible du type PEM, 2003.

Y. Ding, H. T. Bi, and D. P. Wilkinson, Three dimensional numerical simulation of gas???liquid two-phase flow patterns in a polymer???electrolyte membrane fuel cells gas flow channel, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, issue.15, pp.6284-6292, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.03.100

H. Kim, J. H. Nam, D. Shin, T. Chung, and Y. Kim, A numerical study on liquid water exhaust capabilities of flow channels in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Current Applied Physics, vol.10, issue.2, pp.91-96, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cap.2009.11.050

A. D. Le and B. Zhou, A generalized numerical model for liquid water in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with interdigitated design, Journal of Power Sources, vol.193, issue.2, pp.665-683, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.04.011

L. Zhang, W. Du, H. T. Bi, D. P. Wilkinson, J. Stumper et al., Gas???liquid two-phase flow distributions in parallel channels for fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.189, issue.2, pp.1023-1031, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.010

K. Jiao and X. Li, Water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol.37, issue.3, pp.221-291, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pecs.2010.06.002

S. S. Kocha, Principles of MEA preparation, Handbook of Fuel Cells, vol.122, issue.3, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470974001.f303047

E. Raugel and É. Théorique, expérimentale et numérique des piles à combustibles anaérobies confinées en vue d'applications offshores, Thèse de l'École des Mines de Paris, 2004.

M. Uno, T. Shimada, Y. Ariyama, N. Fukuzawa, D. Noguchi et al., Development and demonstration flight of a fuel cell system for high-altitude balloons, Journal of Power Sources, vol.193, issue.2, pp.788-796, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.05.010

T. H. Bradley, B. A. Moffitt, D. N. Mavris, and D. E. Parekh, Development and experimental characterization of a fuel cell powered aircraft, Journal of Power Sources, vol.171, issue.2, pp.793-801, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.215

A. Blake, T. H. Moffitt, D. E. Bradley, D. Parekh, and . Mavris, Design and Performance Validation of a Fuel Cell Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 2006.

T. H. Bradley, B. A. Moffitt, R. W. Thomas, D. Mavris, and D. E. Parekh, Test Results for a Fuel Cell-Powered Demonstration Aircraft, SAE Technical Paper Series, 2006.
DOI : 10.4271/2006-01-3092

J. C. Kellogg, L. Monforton, D. White, M. Vick, K. S. Lyons et al., Fuel Cell for Micro Air Vehicles, proceedings.ndia.org, 2005.

Q. Yan, H. Toghiani, Y. Lee, K. Liang, and H. Causey, Effect of sub-freezing temperatures on a PEM fuel cell performance, startup and fuel cell components, Journal of Power Sources, vol.160, issue.2, pp.1242-1250, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.075

G. Hetsroni, A. Mosyak, E. Pogrebnyak, and L. P. Yarin, Fluid flow in micro-channels, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.48, issue.10, pp.1982-1998, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.12.019

N. Lapeña-rey, J. Mosquera, E. Bataller, F. Ortí, C. Dudfield et al., Environmentally friendly power sources for aerospace applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.181, issue.2, pp.353-362, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.045

A. D. Le and B. Zhou, A numerical investigation on multi-phase transport phenomena in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.16, pp.5278-5291, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.03.014

A. D. Le and B. Zhou, Fundamental understanding of liquid water effects on the performance of a PEMFC with serpentine-parallel channels, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, issue.8, pp.2137-2154, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.029

C. Fang, C. Hidrovo, F. Wang, J. Eaton, and K. Goodson, 3-D numerical simulation of contact angle hysteresis for microscale two phase flow, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol.34, issue.7, pp.690-705, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2007.08.008

N. Akhtar and P. J. Kerkhof, Dynamic behavior of liquid water transport in a tapered channel of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathode, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.4, pp.3076-3086, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.11.096

X. Zhu, P. C. Sui, and N. Djilali, Dynamic behaviour of liquid water emerging from a GDL pore into a PEMFC gas flow channel, Journal of Power Sources, vol.172, issue.1, pp.287-295, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.07.024

X. Zhu, P. C. Sui, and N. Djilali, Three-dimensional numerical simulations of water droplet dynamics in a PEMFC gas channel, Journal of Power Sources, vol.181, issue.1, pp.101-115, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.005

V. Rouss, P. Lesage, S. Bégot, D. Candusso, W. Charon et al., Mechanical behaviour of a fuel cell stack under vibrating conditions linked to aircraft applications part I: Experimental, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, issue.22, pp.6755-6765, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.08.032

N. Rajalakshmi, S. Pandian, and K. S. Dhathathreyan, Vibration tests on a PEM fuel cell stack usable in transportation application, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.9, pp.3833-3837, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.002

O. Erdinc, B. Vural, and M. Uzunoglu, A wavelet-fuzzy logic based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid vehicular power system, Journal of Power Sources, vol.194, issue.1, pp.369-380, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.04.072

J. M. Andújar, F. Segura, and M. J. Vasallo, A suitable model plant for control of the set fuel cell???DC/DC converter, Renewable Energy, vol.33, issue.4, pp.813-826, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2007.04.013

Q. Cai, D. J. Brett, D. Browning, and N. P. Brandon, A sizing-design methodology for hybrid fuel cell power systems and its application to an unmanned underwater vehicle, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.19, pp.6559-6569, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.078

T. Anna and É. De, Interface Lithium Métal, 2005.

M. Prasanna, H. Y. Ha, E. A. Cho, S. Hong, and I. Oh, Investigation of oxygen gain in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.137, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.05.034

W. Yuan, Y. Tang, M. Pan, Z. Li, and B. Tang, Model prediction of effects of operating parameters on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance, Renewable Energy, vol.35, issue.3, pp.656-666, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2009.08.017

T. Hordé, P. Achard, and R. Metkemeijer, PEMFC application for aviation: Experimental and numerical study of sensitivity to altitude, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.14, pp.10818-10829, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.085

J. C. Amphlett, R. M. Baumert, R. F. Mann, B. A. Peppley, P. R. Roberge et al., Performance Modeling of the Ballard Mark IV Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.142, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1995.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2043866

M. Tekin, D. Hissel, M. Pera, and J. Kauffmann, Energy consumption reduction of a PEM fuel cell motor-compressor group thanks to efficient control laws, Journal of Power Sources, vol.156, issue.1, pp.57-63, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.08.037

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00502979

R. C. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1985.

B. Blunier and A. Miraoui, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Air Management in Automotive Applications, Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, vol.7, issue.4, p.41007, 2010.
DOI : 10.1115/1.4000627

K. Haraldsson and P. Alvfors, Effects of ambient conditions on fuel cell vehicle performance, Journal of Power Sources, vol.145, issue.2, pp.298-306, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.080

J. Zheng, X. Liu, P. Xu, P. Liu, Y. Zhao et al., Development of high pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technologies, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.1, pp.1048-1057, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.02.125

E. Tzimas, C. Filiou, S. D. Peteves, and J. Veyret, Hydrogen Storage: State-Of-The-Art And Future Perspective, 92-894-6950-1, 2003.

R. Mohtadi, W. Lee, and J. W. Van-zee, Assessing durability of cathodes exposed to common air impurities, Journal of Power Sources, vol.138, issue.1-2, pp.216-225, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.06.036

F. Jing, M. Hou, W. Shi, J. Fu, H. Yu et al., The effect of ambient contamination on PEMFC performance, Journal of Power Sources, vol.166, issue.1, pp.172-176, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.12.103

Y. Nagahara, S. Sugawara, and K. Shinohara, The impact of air contaminants on PEMFC performance and durability, Journal of Power Sources, vol.182, issue.2, pp.422-428, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.091

S. Chen and Y. Wu, Gravity effect on water discharged in PEM fuel cell cathode, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.7, pp.2888-2893, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.111

N. Lapeña-rey, J. Mosquera, E. Bataller, F. Ortí, C. Dudfield et al., Environmentally friendly power sources for aerospace applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.181, issue.2, pp.353-362, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.045

S. Wasterlain, D. Candusso, F. Harel, D. Hissel, and X. François, Development of new test instruments and protocols for the diagnostic of fuel cell stacks, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, issue.12, pp.5325-5333, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.08.029

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01006663

P. Deevanhxay, T. Sasabe, S. Tsushima, and S. Hirai, In situ diagnostic of liquid water distribution in cathode catalyst layer in an operating PEMFC by high-resolution soft X-ray radiography, Electrochemistry Communications, vol.22, pp.33-36, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.05.028

.. Architecture-d-'hybridation-directe, 129 III.1.1. Concept de l'hybridation directe, 129 III.1.2. Choix du type et du modèle de batterie Li-Ion, p.130

.. Li-ion, 132 III.2.1. Caractérisation d'un élément de batterie Li-Ion, p.132

M. G. Arregui, Theoretical study of a power generation unit based on the hybridization of a fuel cell stack and ultracapacitors, 2007.

O. Langlois, Conception d'un réseau de secours électrique pour l'aéronautique, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, 2006.

T. Yalcinoz and M. S. Alam, Improved dynamic performance of hybrid PEM fuel cells and ultracapacitors for portable applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, issue.7, pp.1932-1940, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.027

J. Kallo, J. Ungethüm, and K. A. Friedrich, Fuel Cell Systems for Mobile Applications: a Comparison of Automotive and Aeronautic System Design, 2011.

M. Song, S. Park, F. M. Alamgir, J. Cho, and M. Liu, Nanostructured electrodes for lithium-ion and lithium-air batteries: the latest developments, challenges, and perspectives, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol.72, issue.11, pp.203-252, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mser.2011.06.001

M. Dubarry, C. Truchot, M. Cugnet, B. Y. Liaw, K. Gering et al., Evaluation of commercial lithium-ion cells based on composite positive electrode for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications. Part I: Initial characterizations, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, issue.23, pp.10328-10335, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.08.077

B. Scrosati and J. Garche, Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future, Journal of Power Sources, vol.195, issue.9, pp.2419-2430, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048

A. Ritchie and W. Howard, Recent developments and likely advances in lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, issue.2, pp.809-812, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.07.014

R. Liang, Z. Wang, H. Guo, X. Li, W. Peng et al., Fabrication and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries for power tools, Journal of Power Sources, vol.184, issue.2, pp.598-603, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.004

I. 3. Conclusion and .. , 175 III. Modèle numérique de batterie Li-Ion, p.175

Y. Eren, O. Erdinc, H. Gorgun, M. Uzunoglu, and B. Vural, A fuzzy logic based supervisory controller for an FC/UC hybrid vehicular power system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.20, pp.8681-8694, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.08.033

O. Erdinc, B. Vural, and M. Uzunoglu, A wavelet-fuzzy logic based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery/ultra-capacitor hybrid vehicular power system, Journal of Power Sources, vol.194, issue.1, pp.369-380, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.04.072

Y. Haitao, Z. Yulan, S. Zechang, and W. Gang, Model-based power control strategy development of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle, Journal of Power Sources, vol.180, issue.2, pp.821-829, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.041

J. M. Andújar, F. Segura, and M. J. Vasallo, A suitable model plant for control of the set fuel cell???DC/DC converter, Renewable Energy, vol.33, issue.4, pp.813-826, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2007.04.013

P. Zhao, J. Wang, L. Gao, and Y. Dai, Parametric analysis of a hybrid power system using organic Rankine cycle to recover waste heat from proton exchange membrane fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.4, pp.3382-3391, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.11.081

C. Yang, S. Srinivasan, A. B. Bocarsly, S. Tulyani, and J. B. Benziger, A comparison of physical properties and fuel cell performance of Nafion and zirconium phosphate/Nafion composite membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.237, issue.1-2, pp.145-161, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.03.009

T. Hordé, P. Achard, and R. Metkemeijer, PEMFC application for aviation: Experimental and numerical study of sensitivity to altitude, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, issue.14, pp.10818-10829, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.04.085

J. C. Amphlett, R. M. Baumert, R. F. Mann, B. A. Peppley, P. R. Roberge et al., Performance Modeling of the Ballard Mark IV Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.142, issue.1, pp.1-8, 1995.
DOI : 10.1149/1.2043866

M. Dubarry, N. Vuillaume, and B. Y. Liaw, From single cell model to battery pack simulation for Li-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, vol.186, issue.2, pp.500-507, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.051