P. A. Adler and P. Adler, Membership roles in field research, pp.7-24, 1987.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412984973

S. Ansari, K. Munir, and T. Gregg, Impact at the 'Bottom of the Pyramid': The Role of Social Capital in Capability Development and Community Empowerment, SSRN Electronic Journal, vol.49, issue.4, pp.813-842, 2012.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2034297

D. Arjaliès, C. Goubet, and J. P. Ponssard, Approches stratégiques des émissions CO2: Les cas de l'industrie cimentière et de l'industrie chimique (Strategic Approaches to CO2 Emissions: The Case of the Cement Industry and of the Chemical Industry) Revue française de gestion, pp.123-146, 2011.

S. Arora and H. Romijn, The empty rhetoric of poverty reduction at the base of the pyramid, Organization, vol.92, issue.3, pp.481-505, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2010.487095

A. Banerjee and E. Duflo, Poor Economics: a radical rethinking of the way to fight global poverty, 2011.

J. Battilana and S. Dorado, Building Sustainable Hybrid Organizations: The Case of Commercial Microfinance Organizations, The Academy of Management Journal, pp.1419-1440, 2010.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2010.57318391

F. Bédécarrats, La microfinance. Entre utilité sociale et rentabilité financière, 2013.

T. Brannick and D. Coghlan, In Defense of Being ???Native???: The Case for Insider Academic Research, Organizational Research Methods, vol.23, issue.1, pp.59-74, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/1094428106289253

J. Brugmann and C. K. Prahalad, Cocreating business's new social compact, Harvard Business Review, vol.85, issue.2, p.80, 2007.

M. Capron and P. Petit, Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et diversité des capitalismes. Revue de la régulation, p.23, 2011.

M. Capron and F. Quairel, Évaluer les stratégies de développement durable des entreprises: l'utopie mobilisatrice de la performance globale. Revue de l'organisation responsable, pp.5-17, 2006.

A. B. Carroll, A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance, The Academy of Management Review, vol.4, issue.4, pp.497-505, 1979.

A. B. Carroll, The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders, Business Horizons, vol.34, issue.4, pp.39-48, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G

A. B. Carroll and K. M. Shabana, The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol.67, issue.3, pp.85-105, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00275.x

S. Cavaco and P. Crifo, CSR and financial performance: complementarity between environmental, social and business behaviours, Applied Economics, vol.76, issue.27, pp.46-3323, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.03.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01410626

K. Cooney and T. R. Shanks, New Approaches to Old Problems: Market???Based Strategies for Poverty Alleviation, Social Service Review, vol.84, issue.1, pp.29-55, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/652680

T. Dacin, P. Dacin, and P. Tracey, Social Entrepreneurship: A Critique and Future Directions. Organization science, pp.1203-1213, 2011.

F. Dalsace and D. Ménascé, Structurer le débat «entreprises et pauvretés». Revue française de gestion, pp.15-44, 2010.
DOI : 10.3166/rfg.208-209.15-44

K. Davidson, Ethical concerns at the bottom of the pyramid: where CSR meets BOP, Journal of International Business Ethics, vol.2, issue.1, 2009.

W. Easterly, The elusive quest for growth: economists' adventures and misadventures in the tropics, 2001.

K. Eisenhardt and M. Graebner, THEORY BUILDING FROM CASES: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES., Academy of Management Journal, vol.50, issue.1, pp.25-32, 2007.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888

M. J. Epstein and M. Roy, Sustainability in Action: Identifying and Measuring the Key Performance Drivers, Long Range Planning, vol.34, issue.5, pp.585-604, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0024-6301(01)00084-X

B. Faivre-tavignot, L. Lehman-ortega, and B. Moingeon, Le social business, laboratoire d'apprentissage des strat??gies de rupture, Revue fran??aise de gestion, vol.36, issue.208-209, pp.175-189, 2010.
DOI : 10.3166/rfg.208-209.175-189

R. E. Freeman and . Edward-freeman, Strategic management : a stakeholder approach, 1984.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139192675

R. Hahn, The Ethical Rational of Business for the Poor ??? Integrating the Concepts Bottom of the Pyramid, Sustainable Development, and Corporate Citizenship, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.6, issue.3, pp.313-324, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10551-008-9711-6

M. Halme and J. Laurila, Philanthropy, Integration or Innovation? Exploring the Financial and Societal Outcomes of Different Types of Corporate Responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.82, issue.12, pp.325-339, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10551-008-9712-5

A. L. Hammond, W. J. Karmer, R. S. Katz, J. T. Tran, and C. Walker, The Next 4 Billion. Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, World Ressources Institute, International Finance Corporation, p.164, 2007.

S. Hart, Capitalism at the Crossroads, Aligning Business, Earth, and Humanity, 2007.

A. Höchstädter and B. Scheck, What's in a Name: An Analysis of Impact Investing Understandings by Academics and Practitioners, Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-27, 2014.

R. Jenkins, Globalization, Corporate Social Responsibility and poverty, International Affairs, vol.81, issue.3, pp.525-540, 1944.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00467.x

R. M. Kanter, From spare change to real change: The social sector as beta site for business innovation, Havard Business Review, 1999.

A. Karamchandani, M. Kubzansky, and N. Lalwani, Is the bottom of the pyramid really for you?, Harvard Business Review, vol.89, issue.3, pp.107-111, 2011.

A. Karnani, Misfortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Greener Management International, vol.2005, issue.51, pp.99-110, 2006.
DOI : 10.9774/GLEAF.3062.2005.au.00009

A. Karnani, The Mirage of Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid: How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty, California Management Review, vol.53, issue.4, pp.90-111, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/41166407

R. Kennedy and J. Novogratz, Innovation for the BoP: the patient capital approach Upper Saddle River, Next Generation Business Strategies for the Base of the Pyramid, pp.45-76, 2011.

S. Knox and S. Maklan, Corporate Social Responsibility:, European Management Journal, vol.22, issue.5, pp.508-516, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.emj.2004.09.009

A. Kolk, M. Rivera-santos, and C. Rufín, Reviewing a Decade of Research on the, Bottom of the Pyramid " (BOP) Concept. Business & Society, pp.338-377, 2014.

E. C. Kurucz, B. A. Colbert, and D. Wheeler, The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility, The Oxford Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility, pp.83-112, 2008.

M. P. Lee, A review of the theories of corporate social responsibility: Its evolutionary path and the road ahead, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol.170, issue.1, pp.53-73, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/257192

T. London and S. L. Hart, Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model, Journal of International Business Studies, vol.26, issue.1, pp.350-370, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/2392599

J. Mair and I. Marti, Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight, Journal of World Business, vol.41, issue.1, pp.36-44, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002

J. Margolis, H. Elfenbein, and J. Walsh, Does it pay to be good? A meta-analysis and redirection of research on the relationship between corporate social and financial performance, pp.48109-41234, 2007.

J. Margolis and J. Walsh, Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.48, issue.2, pp.268-305, 2003.
DOI : 10.2307/3556659

R. U. Mendoza and N. Thelen, Innovations to Make Markets More Inclusive for the Poor, Development Policy Review, vol.2, issue.1, pp.427-458, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-7679.2008.00417.x

D. Moyo, Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa, 2009.

K. Munir, S. Ansari, and T. Gregg, Beyond the hype: Taking business strategy to the " bottom of the pyramid Advances in Strategic Management, pp.247-276, 2010.

M. Murphy, F. Perrot, and M. Rivera-santos, New perspectives on learning and innovation in cross-sector collaborations, Journal of Business Research, vol.65, issue.12, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.02.011

C. Oliver, STRATEGIC RESPONSES TO INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSES, Academy of Management Review, vol.16, issue.1, pp.145-179, 1991.
DOI : 10.5465/AMR.1991.4279002

M. Orlitzky, F. L. Schmidt, and S. L. Rynes, Corporate Social Financial Performance, pp.403-441, 2003.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412956260.n205

F. Perrot, Corporate Strategies and the Construction of Markets at the Base of the Pyramid Corporate Social Responsibility: From Compliance to opportunity?, pp.233-253, 2010.

M. Porter and M. Kramer, Creating Shared value. How to reinvent capitalism and unleash a wave of innovation and growth, Harvard Business Review, p.17, 2011.

C. K. Prahalad and H. Fruehauf, The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.2, 2004.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e220081-23

C. K. Prahalad and A. L. Hammond, Serving the World's Poor, Profitably, Harvard Business Review, vol.80, issue.9, p.10, 2002.

C. K. Prahalad and S. Hart, Strategies for the Bottom of the Pyramid: Creating Sustainable Development, 1999.

C. K. Prahalad and S. Hart, The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.2, p.15, 2002.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e220081-23

S. V. Ramani and V. Mukherjee, Can breakthrough innovations serve the poor (bop) and create reputational (CSR) value? Indian case studies, Technovation, vol.34, issue.5-6, pp.5-6, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.technovation.2013.07.001

R. N. Rapoport, Three Dilemmas in Action Research, Human Relations, vol.3, issue.1, pp.499-513, 1970.
DOI : 10.1177/001872677002300601

D. J. Reed, Stalking the Elusive Business Case for Corporate Sustainability, 28): World Resources Institute, 2001.

E. Reficco and P. Márquez, Inclusive Networks for Building BOP Markets, Business & Society, vol.47, issue.1, pp.512-556, 2012.
DOI : 10.2307/2393808

J. Sachs, O. Ionescu-somers, A. Steger, and U. , The end of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time The Business Case for Corporate Sustainability:: Literature Review and Research Options, European Management Journal, vol.23, issue.1, pp.27-36, 2005.

S. A. Electric, Access to energy at the Base of the Pyramid The Marketization of Poverty: with CA comment by Krista Badiane and David Berdish, Current Anthropology, issue.S3, pp.52-71, 2011.

C. Seelos and J. Mair, Social entrepreneurship: Creating new business models to serve the poor, Business Horizons, vol.48, issue.3, pp.241-246, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bushor.2004.11.006

C. Seelos and J. Mair, Profitable Business Models and Market Creation in the Context of Deep Poverty: A Strategic View. The academy of management perspectives, pp.49-63, 2007.

A. Sen, Inequality, reexamined, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/0198289286.001.0001

E. Simanis, Reality Check at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Harvard Business Review, vol.90, issue.6, 2012.

E. Simanis and S. Hart, The Base of the Pyramid Protocol: Toward Next Generation BoP Strategy Second Edition (pp. 57), 2008.

E. Simanis and M. Milstein, Back to Business Fundamentals: Making BoP Relevant to Core Business, Field Actions Science Report(Special Issue, vol.4, issue.8, 2012.

R. Simons, Levers of control: How Managers use Innovative Control Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal, 1995.

J. E. Stiglitz, Markets, market failures, and development. The American Economic Review, pp.197-203, 1989.

G. I. Susman and R. D. Evered, An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.23, issue.4, pp.582-603, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/2392581

V. Desroches, G. André, and T. , The BipBop programme: Providing access to reliable, affordable and clean energy with a combined approach of investment, offers and training. Field Actions Science Reports, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00744236

D. Vogel, The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility, 2006.

J. Warnholz, Poverty Reduction for Profit? A Critical Examination of Business Opportunities at the Bottom of the Pyramid Working Paper, 2007.

W. and &. Snv, Inclusive Business: Profitable business for successful development (pp. 20): Alliance for Inclusive Business, 2008.

M. Weber, The business case for corporate social responsibility: A company-level measurement approach for CSR, European Management Journal, vol.26, issue.4, pp.247-261, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.emj.2008.01.006

D. J. Wood, Corporate Social Performance Revisited, The Academy of Management Review, vol.16, issue.4, pp.691-718, 1991.

D. J. Wood, Measuring Corporate Social Performance: A Review, International Journal of Management Reviews, vol.11, issue.1, pp.50-84, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00274.x

W. Bank, Pro-Poor Growth in the 1990s, Lessons and Insights from 14 Countries, p.116, 2005.

W. Bank, World Development Indicators 2015, 2015.

R. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods, 2009.

P. A. Adler and P. Adler, Membership roles in field research, pp.7-24, 1987.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412984973

S. Ansari, K. Munir, and T. Gregg, Impact at the 'Bottom of the Pyramid': The Role of Social Capital in Capability Development and Community Empowerment, SSRN Electronic Journal, vol.49, issue.4, pp.813-842, 2012.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2034297

D. Arjaliès, C. Goubet, and J. P. Ponssard, Approches stratégiques des émissions CO2: Les cas de l'industrie cimentière et de l'industrie chimique (Strategic Approaches to CO2 Emissions: The Case of the Cement Industry and of the Chemical Industry) Revue française de gestion, pp.123-146, 2011.

S. Arora and H. Romijn, The empty rhetoric of poverty reduction at the base of the pyramid, Organization, vol.92, issue.3, pp.481-505, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2010.487095

F. T. Baddache and D. Coghlan, Procter & Gamble: Providing Safe Drinking Water to the Poor GIM Case Study, Defense of Being " Native " : The Case for Insider Academic Research. Organizational Research Methods, pp.59-74, 2007.

J. Brugmann and C. K. Prahalad, Cocreating business's new social compact, Harvard Business Review, vol.85, issue.2, p.80, 2007.

M. Capron and P. Petit, Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et diversité des capitalismes. Revue de la régulation, p.23, 2011.

A. B. Carroll, A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance, The Academy of Management Review, vol.4, issue.4, pp.497-505, 1979.

A. B. Carroll, The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders, Business Horizons, vol.34, issue.4, pp.39-48, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G

C. Cholez, P. Trompette, and D. Vinck, L'exploration des marchés BoP, Revue française de gestion, issue.9, pp.117-135, 2010.

J. W. Clay, Exploring the links between international business and poverty reduction: A case study of Unilever in Indonesia: Oxfam. Commission of the European Communities Promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility Green Paper, p.32, 2001.

A. Crabtree, Evaluating " The Bottom of the Pyramid " from a Fundamental Capabilities Perspective. Working Paper, Copenhagen Business School Centre for Business and Development Studies, 2007.

K. Davidson, Ethical concerns at the bottom of the pyramid: where CSR meets BOP, Journal of International Business Ethics, vol.2, issue.1, 2009.

K. Eisenhardt and M. Graebner, THEORY BUILDING FROM CASES: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES., Academy of Management Journal, vol.50, issue.1, pp.25-32, 2007.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888

K. M. Eisenhardt, Building theories from case study research Academy of management review, pp.532-550, 1989.

. Essilor, 2005 Annual Report. Different cultures, the same mission, p.60, 2006.

. Essilor, Seeing the World Better, p.60, 2006.

B. Faivre-tavignot, Quels sont les processus qui permettent aux modèles sociétaux d'accès aux biens et services (social business et BoP) de constituer des leviers de renouveau stratégique de l'entreprise ? Le cas d'une multinationale de l'agroalimentaire, 2012.

B. Faivre-tavignot, L. Lehman-ortega, and B. Moingeon, Le social business, laboratoire d'apprentissage des strat??gies de rupture, Revue fran??aise de gestion, vol.36, issue.208-209, pp.175-189, 2010.
DOI : 10.3166/rfg.208-209.175-189

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=RFG_208_0175

R. E. Freeman and . Edward-freeman, Strategic management : a stakeholder approach, 1984.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139192675

. Grundfos, Sustainability Report, p.60, 2008.

G. Hahn and R. , The Ethical Rational of Business for the Poor ??? Integrating the Concepts Bottom of the Pyramid, Sustainable Development, and Corporate Citizenship, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.6, issue.3, pp.313-324, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10551-008-9711-6

R. Hahn, Inclusive business, human rights and the dignity of the poor: a glance beyond economic impacts of adapted business models, Business Ethics: A European Review, vol.86, issue.4, pp.47-63, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01640.x

M. Halme and J. Laurila, Philanthropy, Integration or Innovation? Exploring the Financial and Societal Outcomes of Different Types of Corporate Responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.82, issue.12, pp.325-339, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10551-008-9712-5

S. Hart, Capitalism at the Crossroads, Aligning Business, Earth, and Humanity, 2007.

J. Hillemann and A. Verbeke, An internalization theory perspective on the Bottom of the Pyramid, Progress In International Business Research, vol.8, pp.69-90, 2014.
DOI : 10.1108/S1745-8862(2013)0000008009

A. Karamchandani, M. Kubzansky, and N. Lalwani, Is the bottom of the pyramid really for you?, Harvard Business Review, vol.89, issue.3, pp.107-111, 2011.

A. Karnani, Misfortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Greener Management International, vol.2005, issue.51, pp.99-110, 2006.
DOI : 10.9774/GLEAF.3062.2005.au.00009

A. Karnani, Doing well by doing good?Case study:'Fair & Lovely'whitening cream. Strategic management journal, pp.1351-1357, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/smj.645

A. Karnani, Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Mirage, Ross School of Business Paper, pp.1035-1077, 2007.

C. Keating and T. Schmidt, Opportunities and challenges for multinational corporations at the base of the pyramid, Sustainability Challenges and Solutions at the Base of the Pyramid: Business, Technology and the Poor, pp.387-410, 2008.
DOI : 10.9774/GLEAF.978-1-909493-77-3_24

R. Kennedy and J. Novogratz, Innovation for the BoP: the patient capital approach Upper Saddle River, Next Generation Business Strategies for the Base of the Pyramid, pp.45-76, 2011.

A. Kolk, M. Rivera-santos, and C. Rufin, Reviewing a Decade of Research on, Bottom of the Pyramid' (BOP) Concept. Business & Society, p.36, 2012.

E. C. Kurucz, B. A. Colbert, and D. Wheeler, The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility, The Oxford Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility, pp.83-112, 2008.

. Lafarge, Sustainability. Our Ambitions for 2020, p.24, 2012.

T. London, The Base of the Pyramid Impact Assessment Framework: Understanding and Enhancing Value Creation, 2008.

T. London, BUSINESS MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR BASE-OF-THE-PYRAMID MARKET ENTRY., Academy of Management Proceedings, vol.2010, issue.1, 2010.
DOI : 10.5465/AMBPP.2010.54493460

T. London and S. L. Hart, Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model, Journal of International Business Studies, vol.26, issue.1, pp.350-370, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/2392599

S. Mary, Inclusive Business ESG Sustainability Research, 2013.

P. Matambanadzo, HP's World eInclusion: Strategy Document for implementation of eJobs in Developing Countries, p.29, 2001.

R. Mcfalls, Testing the Limits of Inclusive Capitalism, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, vol.2007, issue.28, pp.85-98, 2007.
DOI : 10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2007.wi.00009

K. Munir, S. Ansari, and T. Gregg, Beyond the hype: Taking business strategy to the " bottom of the pyramid Advances in Strategic Management, pp.247-276, 2010.

M. Murphy, F. Perrot, and M. Rivera-santos, New perspectives on learning and innovation in cross-sector collaborations, Journal of Business Research, vol.65, issue.12, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.02.011

. Natixis, ISR / Bottom of the pyramid Etudes ISR Recherche Action (pp. 95): Natixis Equity Markets, 2012.

F. Perrot, Corporate Strategies and the Construction of Markets at the Base of the Pyramid Corporate Social Responsibility: From Compliance to opportunity?, pp.233-253, 2010.

F. Perrot, Multinational Corporations at the base of the Economic Pyramid: A Strategic Analysis Framework Ecole Polytechnique Retrieved from http://ssrn Creating Shared value. How to reinvent capitalism and unleash a wave of innovation and growth, Harvard Business Review, p.17, 2011.

C. K. Prahalad and H. Fruehauf, The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.2, 2004.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e220081-23

C. K. Prahalad and A. L. Hammond, Serving the World's Poor, Profitably, Harvard Business Review, vol.80, issue.9, p.10, 2002.

C. K. Prahalad and S. Hart, Strategies for the Bottom of the Pyramid: Creating Sustainable Development, 1999.

C. K. Prahalad and S. Hart, The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.2, p.15, 2002.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e220081-23

S. V. Ramani and V. Mukherjee, Can breakthrough innovations serve the poor (bop) and create reputational (CSR) value? Indian case studies, Technovation, vol.34, issue.5-6, pp.5-6, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.technovation.2013.07.001

E. Reficco and P. Márquez, Inclusive Networks for Building BOP Markets, Business & Society, vol.47, issue.1, pp.512-556, 2012.
DOI : 10.2307/2393808

M. Rivera-santos and C. Rufín, Global village vs. small town: Understanding networks at the Base of the Pyramid, International Business Review, vol.19, issue.2, pp.126-139, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.07.001

S. Electric, The Planet & Society Barometer Letter, 2011.

S. Electric, Schneider Electric Extra-financial results Q3, p.16, 2013.

A. Schwittay, The Marketization of Poverty, Current Anthropology, vol.52, issue.S3, pp.71-82, 2011.
DOI : 10.1086/656472

C. Seelos and J. Mair, Profitable Business Models and Market Creation in the Context of Deep Poverty: A Strategic View. The academy of management perspectives, pp.49-63, 2007.

A. Sen, Inequality, reexamined, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/0198289286.001.0001

E. Simanis, Reality Check at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Harvard Business Review, vol.90, issue.6, 2012.

E. Simanis and S. Hart, The Base of the Pyramid Protocol: Toward Next Generation BoP Strategy Second Edition (pp. 57), 2008.

E. Simanis and M. Milstein, Back to Business Fundamentals: Making BoP Relevant to Core Business, Field Actions Science Report(Special Issue, vol.4, issue.8, 2012.

T. Thieme and J. Dekoszmovszky, Community Cleaning Services: combining market-and donor-based approaches to urban sanitation and youth engagement, Field Actions Science Report(Special Issue, vol.4, issue.8, 2012.

D. Traça and S. Foryt, Bridging the Digital Divide (A) HP's e-Inclusion. INSEAD, 25, Veolia Environnement, p.120, 2004.

D. Vogel, The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility, 2006.

J. P. Walsh, J. C. Kress, and K. W. Beyerchen, Book Review Essay: Promises and Perils at the Bottom of the PyramidThe Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits. PrahaladC. K.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2004. 432 pp. $28.95., Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.29, issue.1, pp.473-482, 2005.
DOI : 10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.473

J. Warnholz, Poverty Reduction for Profit? A Critical Examination of Business Opportunities at the Bottom of the Pyramid Working Paper, 2007.

W. and &. Snv, Inclusive Business: Profitable business for successful development (pp. 20): Alliance for Inclusive Business, 2008.

D. J. Wood, Corporate Social Performance Revisited, The Academy of Management Review, vol.16, issue.4, pp.691-718, 1991.

R. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods, 1994.

R. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods, 2009.

R. Yin, Applications of Case Study Research, 2012.

F. Danone, E. Duflo, P. Dupas, W. Pariente, and V. Pons, Danone 2012 Sustainability Report Strategy and Performance (pp. 176). danone.communities. (2013). danone.communities. Retrieved, Happiness on Tap: Piped Water Adoption in Urban Morocco, p.42, 2011.

B. Faivre-tavignot, Quels sont les processus qui permettent aux modèles sociétaux d'accès aux biens et services (social business et BoP) de constituer des leviers de renouveau stratégique de l'entreprise ? Le cas d'une multinationale de l'agroalimentaire, 2012.

B. Faivre-tavignot, L. Lehman-ortega, and B. Moingeon, Le social business, laboratoire d'apprentissage des strat??gies de rupture, Revue fran??aise de gestion, vol.36, issue.208-209, pp.175-189, 2010.
DOI : 10.3166/rfg.208-209.175-189

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=RFG_208_0175

B. Garrette, K. Benkirane, and C. Roger-marchant, Essilor's " Base Of the Pyramid " Strategy in India, 2008.

. Grundfos, Sustainability Report, p.60, 2007.

. Grundfos, Sustainability Report, p.60, 2008.

. Grundfos, The CEO Water Mandate, p.28, 2013.

C. Heuraux, Access to Energy in Developping Countries: EDF's Experience with Rural Electrification Using an Innovative Business Model, 2010.

P. A. Adler and P. Adler, Membership roles in field research, pp.7-24, 1987.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412984973

T. André, Corporate Social Responsibility Boosts Value Creation at the Base of the Pyramid. Cahier de recherche 2014-11. Ecole Polytechnique Retrieved from https, 2014.

C. Argyris and D. A. Schön, Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective, Reis, vol.173, issue.77/78, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/40183951

D. Arjaliès, C. Goubet, and J. P. Ponssard, Approches stratégiques des émissions CO2: Les cas de l'industrie cimentière et de l'industrie chimique (Strategic Approaches to CO2 Emissions: The Case of the Cement Industry and of the Chemical Industry) Revue française de gestion, pp.123-146, 2011.

D. Arjaliès and J. Ponssard, A Managerial Perspective on the Porter Hypothesis. The Case of CO 2 Emissions, Corporate Social Responsibility: From Compliance to opportunity, pp.151-168, 2010.

S. Arora and H. Romijn, The empty rhetoric of poverty reduction at the base of the pyramid, Organization, vol.92, issue.3, pp.481-505, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2010.487095

T. Brannick and D. Coghlan, In Defense of Being ???Native???: The Case for Insider Academic Research, Organizational Research Methods, vol.23, issue.1, pp.59-74, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/1094428106289253

M. Capron and P. Petit, Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et diversité des capitalismes. Revue de la régulation, p.23, 2011.

A. B. Carroll, A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance, The Academy of Management Review, vol.4, issue.4, pp.497-505, 1979.

A. Crabtree, Evaluating " The Bottom of the Pyramid " from a Fundamental Capabilities Perspective. Working Paper, Copenhagen Business School Centre for Business and Development Studies, 2007.

K. Davidson, Ethical concerns at the bottom of the pyramid: where CSR meets BOP, Journal of International Business Ethics, vol.2, issue.1, 2009.

. Dfid, Energy for the Poor, Underpinning the Millennium Development Goals, p.32, 2002.

B. Faivre-tavignot, L. Lehman-ortega, and B. Moingeon, Le social business, laboratoire d'apprentissage des strat??gies de rupture, Revue fran??aise de gestion, vol.36, issue.208-209, pp.175-189, 2010.
DOI : 10.3166/rfg.208-209.175-189

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=RFG_208_0175

R. E. Freeman and . Edward-freeman, Strategic management : a stakeholder approach, 1984.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139192675

K. E. Goodpaster, The concept of corporate responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1-22, 1983.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00382708

A. K. Gupta, K. G. Smith, and C. E. Shalley, THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION., Academy of Management Journal, vol.49, issue.4, pp.693-706, 2006.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2006.22083026

A. L. Hammond, W. J. Karmer, R. S. Katz, J. T. Tran, and C. Walker, The Next 4 Billion. Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, World Ressources Institute, International Finance Corporation, p.164, 2007.

S. Hart, Capitalism at the Crossroads Aligning Business, Earth, and Humanity New Jersey: Wharton School Publishing World Energy Outlook, International Energy Agency, 2007.

A. Karnani, Misfortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Greener Management International, vol.2005, issue.51, pp.99-110, 2006.
DOI : 10.9774/GLEAF.3062.2005.au.00009

A. Karnani, Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Mirage, Ross School of Business Paper, pp.1035-1077, 2007.

E. C. Kurucz, B. A. Colbert, and D. Wheeler, The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility, The Oxford Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility, pp.83-112, 2008.

N. Landrum, Defining a base of the pyramid strategy, International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, vol.6, issue.4, pp.286-297, 2014.
DOI : 10.1504/IJBEM.2014.065582

T. London, A base-of-the-pyramid perspective on poverty alleviation Ann Arbor: The William Davidson Institute, 2007.

J. G. March, Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization science, pp.71-87, 1991.

R. Mcfalls, Testing the Limits of Inclusive Capitalism, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, vol.2007, issue.28, pp.85-98, 2007.
DOI : 10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2007.wi.00009

O. Reilly, C. Tushman, and M. , The ambidextrous organization, Harvard Business Review, vol.82, issue.4, pp.74-83, 2004.

O. Reilly, C. Tushman, and M. , Organizational ambidexterity: Past, present and future. The academy of management perspectives, 2013.

M. Olsen and E. Boxenbaum, Bottom-of-the-Pyramid: Organizational Barriers to Implementation, California Management Review, vol.35, issue.4, pp.100-125, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/41166507

F. Perrot, Multinational Corporations at the Base of the Economic Pyramid: A Strategic Analysis Framework, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2078500

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00643949

F. Perrot, Organizational Challenges of Multinational Corporations at the Base of the Pyramid: An Action-research Inquiry. Cahier de recherche 2013-01. Ecole polytechnique Retrieved from https, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00771299

M. Porter and M. Kramer, The link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility, Harvard Business Review, vol.84, issue.12, pp.78-92, 2006.

M. Porter and M. Kramer, Creating Shared value. How to reinvent capitalism and unleash a wave of innovation and growth, Harvard Business Review, p.17, 2011.

C. K. Prahalad and H. Fruehauf, The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.2, 2004.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e220081-23

C. K. Prahalad and A. L. Hammond, Serving the World's Poor, Profitably, Harvard Business Review, vol.80, issue.9, p.10, 2002.

C. K. Prahalad and S. Hart, Strategies for the Bottom of the Pyramid: Creating Sustainable Development, 1999.

C. K. Prahalad and S. Hart, The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.2, p.15, 2002.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e220081-23

R. N. Rapoport, Three Dilemmas in Action Research, Human Relations, vol.3, issue.1, pp.499-513, 1970.
DOI : 10.1177/001872677002300601

. Schneider-electric, Rapport d'activité et de développement durable, p.44, 2008.

S. Electric, Business and Sustainable Development Report, p.44, 2008.

S. Electric, Schneider Electric Announces the Winners of Go Green in the City 2014, its Fourth International Case Study Competition, 2013.

A. Schwittay, The Marketization of Poverty, Current Anthropology, vol.52, issue.S3, pp.71-82, 2011.
DOI : 10.1086/656472

E. Simanis, Reality Check at the Bottom of the Pyramid, Harvard Business Review, vol.90, issue.6, pp.120-125, 2012.

E. Simanis and S. Hart, The Base of the Pyramid Protocol: Toward Next Generation BoP Strategy Second Edition (pp. 57), 2008.

E. Simanis and M. Milstein, Back to Business Fundamentals: Making BoP Relevant to Core Business, Field Actions Science Report(Special Issue, vol.4, issue.8, 2012.

R. Simons, Levers of control: How Managers use Innovative Control Systems to Drive Strategic Renewal, 1995.

S. Vachani and N. C. Smith, Socially responsible distribution: distribution strategies for reaching the bottom of the pyramid, INSEAD Business School Research Paper, vol.21, 2007.

V. Desroches, G. André, and T. , The BipBop programme: Providing access to reliable, affordable and clean energy with a combined approach of investment, offers and training. Field Actions Science Reports, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00744236

D. Vogel, The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility, 2006.

C. L. Wang and P. K. Ahmed, Organisational learning: a critical review. Learning Organization, The, pp.8-17, 2003.

J. Warnholz, Poverty Reduction for Profit? A Critical Examination of Business Opportunities at the Bottom of the Pyramid Working Paper, 2007.

R. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods, 1994.

P. A. Adler and P. Adler, Membership roles in field research, pp.7-24, 1987.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412984973

T. André, Corporate Social Responsibility Boosts Value Creation at the Base of the Pyramid, Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference of the International Association for Business and Society (IABS), 2014.
DOI : 10.5840/iabsproc2014257

T. André and J. Ponssard, Managing Base of the Pyramid as a business opportunity. A longitudinal field study. Working Paper. Ecole Polytechnique, 2015.

N. Antadze and F. R. Westley, Impact Metrics for Social Innovation: Barriers or Bridges to Radical Change?, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, vol.15, issue.2, pp.133-150, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/19420676.2012.726005

D. Arjalies, Institutional change in the making?the case of socially responsible investment, Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, vol.9, issue.1, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00715484

J. Battilana and S. Dorado, Building Sustainable Hybrid Organizations: The Case of Commercial Microfinance Organizations, The Academy of Management Journal, pp.1419-1440, 2010.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2010.57318391

F. Bédécarrats, La microfinance. Entre utilité sociale et rentabilité financière, 2013.

A. Bouri, How Standards Emerge: The Role of Investor Leadership in Realizing the Potential of IRIS, Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, vol.75, issue.3, pp.117-131, 2011.
DOI : 10.1162/INOV_a_00088

T. Brannick and D. Coghlan, In Defense of Being ???Native???: The Case for Insider Academic Research, Organizational Research Methods, vol.23, issue.1, pp.59-74, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/1094428106289253

S. Cavaco and P. Crifo, CSR and financial performance: complementarity between environmental, social and business behaviours, Applied Economics, vol.76, issue.27, pp.46-3323, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.03.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01410626

C. Group, Toolkit on ESG for fund managers (pp. 192), 2010.

T. Dacin, P. Dacin, and P. Tracey, Social Entrepreneurship: A Critique and Future Directions. Organization science, pp.1203-1213, 2011.

J. M. Drees and P. P. Heugens, Synthesizing and Extending Resource Dependence Theory, Journal of Management, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1666-1698, 2013.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.13.6.701.503

E. Duflo and M. Kremer, Use of Randomization in the Evaluation of Development Effectiveness, Paper presented at the Conference on Evaluation and Development Effectiveness, 2003.

K. Eisenhardt and M. Graebner, THEORY BUILDING FROM CASES: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES., Academy of Management Journal, vol.50, issue.1, pp.25-32, 2007.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2007.24160888

M. Evans, Meeting the challenge of impact investing: how can contracting practices secure social impact without sacrificing performance?, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, vol.33, issue.3, pp.138-154, 2013.
DOI : 10.1080/20430795.2013.776260

J. Freireich and K. Fulton, Investing for Social & Environmental Impact: A Design for Catalyzing an Emerging Industry, p.86, 2009.

S. Geobey, F. R. Westley, and O. Weber, Enabling Social Innovation through Developmental Social Finance, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, vol.19, issue.1, pp.151-165, 2012.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511808678

R. Greenwood, M. Raynard, F. Kodeih, E. R. Micelotta, and M. Lounsbury, Institutional Complexity and Organizational Responses, The Academy of Management Annals, vol.5, issue.1, pp.317-371, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/19416520.2011.590299

R. Greenwood, R. Suddaby, and C. R. Hinings, THEORIZING CHANGE: THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF INSTITUTIONALIZED FIELDS., Academy of Management Journal, vol.45, issue.1, pp.58-80, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/3069285

A. Hamilton and D. A. Gioia, Fostering sustainability-focused organizational identities Exploring positive identities and organizations: Building a theoretical and research foundation, pp.427-451, 2009.

A. Höchstädter and B. Scheck, What's in a Name: An Analysis of Impact Investing Understandings by Academics and Practitioners, Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-27, 2014.

D. Hulme, Impact Assessment Methodologies for Microfinance: Theory, Experience and Better Practice, World Development, vol.28, issue.1, pp.79-98, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00119-9

D. Jamali, MNCs and International Accountability Standards Through an Institutional Lens: Evidence of Symbolic Conformity or Decoupling, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.34, issue.4, pp.617-640, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10551-010-0443-z

J. Jay, Navigating Paradox as a Mechanism of Change and Innovation in Hybrid Organizations, Academy of Management Journal, vol.56, issue.1, pp.137-159, 2013.
DOI : 10.5465/amj.2010.0772

I. Joy, L. De-las-casas, and B. Rickey, Understanding the demand for and Supply of social finance, 2011.

C. Kauffmann, Financing SMEs in Africa Policy Insights No, 2005.

T. B. Lawrence, C. Hardy, and P. Nelson, INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTS OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION: THE EMERGENCE OF PROTO-INSTITUTIONS., Academy of Management Journal, vol.45, issue.1, pp.281-290, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/3069297

T. L. Maclean and M. Behnam, The Dangers of Decoupling: The Relationship Between Compliance Programs, Legitimacy Perceptions, and Institutionalized Misconduct, Academy of Management Journal, vol.53, issue.6, pp.1499-1520, 2010.
DOI : 10.5465/AMJ.2010.57319198

J. Mair and I. Marti, Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight, Journal of World Business, vol.41, issue.1, pp.36-44, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002

M. Mendell and E. Barbosa, Impact investing: a preliminary analysis of emergent primary and secondary exchange platforms, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, vol.59, issue.1, pp.111-123, 2013.
DOI : 10.1080/20430795.2013.776258

J. W. Meyer and B. Rowan, Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony, American Journal of Sociology, vol.83, issue.2, pp.340-363, 1977.
DOI : 10.1086/226550

G. Mulgan, Measuring Social Value, 2010.

A. Nicholls, The Institutionalization of Social Investment: The Interplay of Investment Logics and Investor Rationalities, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, vol.34, issue.1, pp.70-100, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01115419

C. Oliver, STRATEGIC RESPONSES TO INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSES, Academy of Management Review, vol.16, issue.1, pp.145-179, 1991.
DOI : 10.5465/AMR.1991.4279002

S. Olsen and B. Galimidi, Catalog of Approaches to Impact Measurement, Private Ventures (pp. 72): Social Venture Technology Group, 2008.

A. Pache and F. Santos, WHEN WORLDS COLLIDE: THE INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSES TO CONFLICTING INSTITUTIONAL DEMANDS., Academy of Management Review, vol.35, issue.3, pp.455-476, 2010.
DOI : 10.5465/AMR.2010.51142368

A. Pache and F. Santos, Inside the Hybrid Organization: Selective Coupling as a Response to Competing Institutional Logics, Academy of Management Journal, vol.56, issue.4, pp.972-1001, 2013.
DOI : 10.5465/amj.2011.0405

J. Pfeffer and G. R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, 1978.

M. Porter and M. Kramer, Creating Shared value. How to reinvent capitalism and unleash a wave of innovation and growth, Harvard Business Review, p.17, 2011.

C. K. Prahalad and H. Fruehauf, The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.2, 2004.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e220081-23

R. N. Rapoport, Three Dilemmas in Action Research, Human Relations, vol.3, issue.1, pp.499-513, 1970.
DOI : 10.1177/001872677002300601

T. Reay and C. R. Hinings, Managing the Rivalry of Competing Institutional Logics. Organization studies, pp.629-652, 2009.

Y. Saltuk, A. Idrissi, A. Bouri, A. Mudaliar, and H. Schiff, Spotlight on the Market: The Impact Investor Survey, 52): J.P. Morgan Chase and the Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN), 2014.

S. Electric, Access to energy at the Base of the Pyramid, from www.schneider-electric.com/bipbop Schneider Electric. (2015b). Energy Access Ventures Fund launched: boost for access to energy in Sub, 2015.

C. Seelos and J. Mair, Social entrepreneurship: Creating new business models to serve the poor, Business Horizons, vol.48, issue.3, pp.241-246, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bushor.2004.11.006

W. K. Smith, M. Gonin, and M. L. Besharov, ABSTRACT:, Business Ethics Quarterly, vol.20, issue.03, pp.407-442, 2013.
DOI : 10.1177/1476127006069427

E. Stievenart and A. Pache, Evaluer l'impact social d'une entreprise sociale: points de repère. Revue internationale de l'économie sociale: Recma(331, pp.76-92, 2014.
DOI : 10.7202/1023486ar

URL : http://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/recma/2014-n331-recma01239/1023486ar.pdf

M. C. Suchman, Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches Academy of management review, pp.571-610, 1995.

G. I. Susman and R. D. Evered, An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol.23, issue.4, pp.582-603, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/2392581

J. Tan and L. Wang, MNC Strategic Responses to Ethical Pressure: An Institutional Logic Perspective, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.42, issue.5, pp.373-390, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10551-010-0553-7

P. Thornton, C. Jones, and K. Kury, Institutional Logics and Institutional Change in Organizations: Transformation in Accounting, Architecture, and Publishing. In P. T, 2005.

P. Thornton and W. Ocasio, Institutional Logics, The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, pp.99-129, 2008.
DOI : 10.4135/9781849200387.n4

P. Tracey, N. Phillips, and O. Jarvis, Bridging Institutional Entrepreneurship and the Creation of New Organizational Forms: A Multilevel Model, Organization Science, vol.22, issue.1, pp.60-80, 2011.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.1090.0522

V. Desroches, G. André, and T. , The BipBop programme: Providing access to reliable, affordable and clean energy with a combined approach of investment, offers and training. Field Actions Science Reports, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00744236

M. Westermann-behaylo, S. L. Berman, and H. J. Van-buren, The Influence of Institutional Logics on Corporate Responsibility Toward Employees, Business & Society, vol.53, issue.5, pp.714-746, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/0007650313476934

F. Westley and N. Antadze, Making a difference: strategies for scaling social innovation for greater impact. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 2010.

R. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods, 2009.

M. Yunus, Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism: PublicAffairs. would help BoP initiatives to recognize its own limits in promoting development as well as confront the potential tensions between the objectives of profitability and poverty alleviation, 2008.

S. Arora and H. Romijn, The empty rhetoric of poverty reduction at the base of the pyramid, Organization, vol.92, issue.3, pp.481-505, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2010.487095

A. Banerjee and E. Duflo, The economic lives of the poor. The journal of economic perspectives: a journal of the, American Economic Association, vol.21, issue.1, p.141, 2007.

S. Chatterjee, Engaging with an emergent metanarrative: A critical exploration of the BOP proposition, Organization, vol.21, issue.6, pp.888-906, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/1350508413494435

A. Crabtree, Evaluating " The Bottom of the Pyramid " from a Fundamental Capabilities Perspective. Working Paper, Copenhagen Business School Centre for Business and Development Studies, 2007.

K. Davidson, Ethical concerns at the bottom of the pyramid: where CSR meets BOP, Journal of International Business Ethics, vol.2, issue.1, 2009.

F. Devoto, E. Duflo, P. Dupas, W. Pariente, and V. Pons, Happiness on tap: piped water adoption in urban Morocco, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

E. Duflo and M. Kremer, Use of Randomization in the Evaluation of Development Effectiveness, Paper presented at the Conference on Evaluation and Development Effectiveness, 2003.

G. Giraud, C. Renouard, H. Huillier, R. De-la-martiniere, and C. Sutter, Relational Capability: A Multidimensional Approach, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2333529

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00827690

R. Hahn, Inclusive business, human rights and the dignity of the poor: a glance beyond economic impacts of adapted business models, Business Ethics: A European Review, vol.86, issue.4, pp.47-63, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01640.x

D. Hulme, Impact Assessment Methodologies for Microfinance: Theory, Experience and Better Practice, World Development, vol.28, issue.1, pp.79-98, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00119-9

E. Ilskog, Indicators for assessment of rural electrification???An approach for the comparison of apples and pears, Energy Policy, vol.36, issue.7, pp.2665-2673, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.023

E. Ilskog, Rural electrification sustainability indicators. Manual for field workers, 2008.

R. Jenkins, Globalization, Corporate Social Responsibility and poverty, International Affairs, vol.81, issue.3, pp.525-540, 1944.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00467.x

A. Karnani, The Mirage of Marketing to the Bottom of the Pyramid: How the Private Sector Can Help Alleviate Poverty, California Management Review, vol.53, issue.4, pp.90-111, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/41166407

A. Sen, Inequality, reexamined, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/0198289286.001.0001

M. Weber, The business case for corporate social responsibility: A company-level measurement approach for CSR, European Management Journal, vol.26, issue.4, pp.247-261, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.emj.2008.01.006