. , Origin of the present work

. , 2.2.2 Bi-local approach to the NS equations

. , 3.1 Bi-Local stability analysis: numerical approach

. , 66 IV Linear analysis of flow over cylindrical roughness

. , 1.2 Boundary layer receptivity to the Free Stream Turbulence

. , Optimal forcing and response analysis

. , General receptivity of the varicose mode

. , Overall discussion about varicose dynamics

. , V Non-linear analysis of flow over cylindrical roughness

.. .. ,

. , References H List of Figures I.1 Boundary layer sketch

. , Controlled wake for drag reduction

. .. , 36 III.5 Residual evolution reached by BoostConvfor 2D cylinder flow at Re = 60.. 37 III.6 Base flow comparison obtained with Boostconv and SFD, III.1 Structure of the SEM mass and stiffness matrices

. .. Operator, 43 III.10Stability analysis for a velocity field behind a 3D bump, 9 Dirichlet boundary conditions on y derivative

. , III.20Structure of the matrices resulting from DMD

I. .. , 24Block diagram representation of the direct-adjoint loop, 27Rossler system steady and periodic solution

, Stability of the Orr-Sommerfeld system for Blasius profile, p.75

. , Sketch of experimental set-up

, Varicose and sinuous contribution in the unsteady dynamics, p.84

, Time signal and Fourier transform of streamwise velocity, p.84

. , PIV snapshots at y = 1 for (?, Re) = (1, 700)

. .. , IV.10Sketch of experimental set-up and computational domain, p.86

. , IV.13Streamwise evolution of the streaks

. , IV.14Amplitude of the streaks A ST (x)

. , IV.15Area of each positive and negative streaks

. , IV.17Experimental mean flow vs numerical base state

. , IV.182D slices of the base flow for local stability

. , IV.19Local eigenmodes at x = 10 for ? = 1

. , IV.20Streamwise evolution of the local unstable modes

. , IV.23Section of sinuous and varicose mode at x = 10, 40

. , IV.28Energy budget analysis for varicose global mode

. , IV.29Spatial distribution of the lift-up production I 2

. .. , IV.31Adjoint mode associated to the varicose global mode, vol.104

. , IV.33Optimal forcing and optimal response at ? = 1.02

, IV.34Time signal and fourier transform for (?, Re) = (3, 500) and (3, 550), p.107

. Iv, 35PIV snapshot at y = 1 for (?, Re) = (3, 500)

. .. , IV.36Same as in figure IV.24 and IV.25 for (?, Re) = (3, 500), p.108

. .. , IV.37Same as in figure IV.24 and IV.25 for (?, Re) = (3, 550), p.108

. .. , IV.38Direct and adjoint varicose mode for (?, Re) = (3, 550), vol.109

?. M. Bucci, S. Cherubini, and J. , Robinet Global stability analysis of the flow past micro vortex generators: the influence of the angle 6 th symposium, Global Flow Instability and Control, 2015.

?. M. Bucci, J. Robinet, and S. , Cherubini Global analysis of flow over MVG roughness 11 th European Fluid Mechanics Conference, 2016.

?. M. Bucci, S. Cherubini, J. Robinet, and J. , Loiseau Receptivity of roughness-induced streaky flow subject to free-stream turbulence ERCOFTAC, European Drag Reduction and Flow Control Meeting, vol.20, 2017.

?. M. Bucci, D. K. Puckert, C. Andriano, J. Loiseau, S. Cherubini et al., Rist Roughness-induced transition by quasi-resonance of a varicose global mode ERCOFTAC, SIG 33, Progress in Flow Instability, Transition and Control, 2017.
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2017.791

?. M. Bucci, J. Robinet, and S. , Cherubini Modal and non modal analysis of flow over MVG roughness 16 th European Turbulence Conference, 2017.

?. M. Bucci, D. K. Puckert, C. Andriano, J. Loiseau, S. Cherubini et al., Rist Roughness-induced transition by quasi-resonance of a varicose global mode EUROMECH 591, 3-D Instability Mechanisms in Transitional and Turbulent flows, 2017.

?. M. Bucci, D. K. Puckert, C. Andriano, J. Loiseau, S. Cherubini et al., Rist Roughness-induced transition by quasi-resonance of a varicose global mode
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2017.791

?. M. Bucci, S. Cherubini, J. Loiseau, and J. , Robinet Receptivity of roughness-induced streaky flow subject to free-stream turbulence Under preparation

?. M. Bucci, S. Cherubini, S. Cherubini, and J. , Robinet Subcritical and supercritical limitations in passive control with MVG roughness

?. M. Bucci, J. Robinet, and S. , Chibbaro Global stability analysis of 3D micro-combustion model 6 th International symposium on Bifurcation and Instabilities in Fluid Dynamics, 2015.

?. M. Bucci, J. Robinet, and S. , Chibbaro Global stability analysis of 3D micro-combustion model Combustion and Flame, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.018

?. M. Bucci, J. Robinet, S. Acarlar, M. Smith, and C. , A study of hairpin vortices in a laminar boundary layer. part 1. hairpin vortices generated by a hemisphere protuberance, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.175, pp.1-41, 1987.

E. Åkervik, L. Brandt, D. S. Henningson, J. Hoepffner, O. Marxen et al., Steady solutions of the navier-stokes equations by selective frequency damping, Physics of fluids, vol.18, issue.6, p.68102, 2006.

S. Albensoeder, H. Kuhlmann, R. , and H. , Three-dimensional centrifugal-flow instabilities in the lid-driven-cavity problem, Physics of fluids, vol.13, issue.1, pp.121-135, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1329908

F. Alizard, S. Cherubini, R. , and J. , Sensitivity and optimal forcing response in separated boundary layer flows, Physics of Fluids, vol.21, issue.6, p.64108, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3153908
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00799747

F. Alizard and J. Robinet, Spatially convective global modes in a boundary layer, Physics of fluids, vol.19, issue.11, p.114105, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2804958

F. Alizard and J. Robinet, Modeling of optimal perturbations in flat plate boundary layer using global modes: benefits and limits, Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, vol.25, issue.1, pp.147-165, 2011.

E. Andersen, Z. Bai, C. Bischof, J. Demmel, J. Dongarra et al., Lapack user's guide, 3rd, Society for Industrial and Applied Math, 1999.

G. F. Anderson and Y. Wu, Drag reduction by use of mhd boundary-layer control, J. Hydronaut, issue.4, p.5, 1971.
DOI : 10.2514/3.62885

P. Andersson, L. Brandt, A. Bottaro, and D. S. Henningson, On the breakdown of boundary layer streaks, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.428, pp.29-60, 2001.

D. Arnal, R. Houdeville, A. Séraudie, and O. Vermeersch, Overview of laminarturbulent transition investigations at onera toulouse, 41st AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, pp.2011-3074, 2011.
DOI : 10.2514/6.2011-3074

V. Babenko and L. Kozlov, Experimental investigation of hydrodynamic stability on rigid and elastic damping surfaces, Journal of Hydraulic Research, vol.10, issue.4, pp.283-308, 1972.

S. Bagheri, E. Åkervik, L. Brandt, and D. S. Henningson, Matrix-free methods for the stability and control of boundary layers, AIAA J, vol.47, issue.5, pp.1057-1068, 2009.

P. G. Baines, S. J. Majumdar, and H. Mitsudera, The mechanics of the tollmienschlichting wave, Journal of fluid mechanics, vol.312, pp.107-124, 1996.

C. Baker, The laminar horseshoe vortex, Journal of fluid mechanics, vol.95, issue.2, pp.347-367, 1979.

D. Barkley, H. Blackburn, and S. J. Sherwin, Direct optimal growth analysis for timesteppers, International journal for numerical methods in fluids, vol.57, issue.9, pp.1435-1458, 2008.

J. Beaudoin, Contrôle actif d'écoulement en aérodynamique automobile, 2004.

G. Berkooz, P. Holmes, and J. L. Lumley, The proper orthogonal decomposition in the analysis of turbulent flows, Annual review of fluid mechanics, vol.25, issue.1, pp.539-575, 1993.

M. Bernardini, S. Pirozzoli, and P. Orlandi, Compressibility effects on roughnessinduced boundary layer transition, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol.35, pp.45-51, 2012.

A. Boiko, K. Westin, B. Klingmann, V. Kozlov, A. et al., Experiments in a boundary layer subjected to free stream turbulence, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.281, pp.219-245, 1994.

O. Botella, On the solution of the navier-stokes equations using chebyshev projection schemes with third-order accuracy in time, Computers & Fluids, vol.26, issue.2, pp.107-116, 1997.

J. P. Boyd, Chebyshev and Fourier spectral methods, 2001.

L. Brandt, Numerical studies of the instability and breakdown of a boundary-layer low-speed streak, European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, vol.26, issue.1, pp.64-82, 2007.

L. Brandt, The lift-up effect: The linear mechanism behind transition and turbulence in shear flows, European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, vol.47, pp.80-96, 2014.

L. Brandt, D. S. Henningson, P. , and D. , Weakly nonlinear analysis of boundary layer receptivity to free-stream disturbances, Physics of fluids, vol.14, issue.4, pp.1426-1441, 2002.

L. Brandt, P. Schlatter, and D. S. Henningson, Transition in boundary layers subject to free-stream turbulence, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.517, pp.167-198, 2004.

L. Brandt, D. Sipp, J. O. Pralits, and O. Marquet, Effect of base-flow variation in noise amplifiers: the flat-plate boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.687, pp.503-528, 2011.

A. L. Braslow, Review of the effect of distributed surface roughness on boundarylayer transition, ADVISORY GROUP FOR AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 1960.

M. Brynjell-rahkola, N. Shahriari, P. Schlatter, A. Hanifi, and D. S. Henningson, Stability and sensitivity of a cross-flow-dominated falkner-skan-cooke boundary layer with discrete surface roughness, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.826, pp.830-850, 2017.

, J

M. Carini, F. Giannetti, A. , and F. , On the origin of the flip-flop instability of two side-by-side cylinder wakes, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.742, pp.552-576, 2014.

A. Cary, D. Bushnell, and J. Hefner, Slot injection for skin-friction drag reduction, 1977.

S. Cherubini, P. De-palma, J. Robinet, and A. Bottaro, Rapid path to transition via nonlinear localized optimal perturbations in a boundary-layer flow, Physical Review E, vol.82, issue.6, p.66302, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00799736

S. Cherubini, P. De-palma, J. Robinet, and A. Bottaro, The minimal seed of turbulent transition in the boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.689, pp.221-253, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00782191

S. Cherubini, M. De-tullio, P. De-palma, P. , and G. , Transient growth in the flow past a three-dimensional smooth roughness element, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.724, pp.642-670, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01086742

S. Cherubini, J. Robinet, A. Bottaro, D. Palma, and P. , Optimal wave packets in a boundary layer and initial phases of a turbulent spot, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.656, pp.231-259, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00782182

M. Choudhari, Numerical simulation of roughness-induced transient growth in a laminar boundary layer, 2004.

V. Citro, F. Giannetti, P. Luchini, A. , and F. , Global stability and sensitivity analysis of boundary-layer flows past a hemispherical roughness element, Physics of Fluids, vol.27, issue.8, p.84110, 2015.

V. Citro, P. Luchini, F. Giannetti, A. , and F. , Efficient stabilization and acceleration of numerical simulation of fluid flows by residual recombination, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.344, pp.234-246, 2017.

J. Cohen, M. Karp, and V. Mehta, A minimal flow-elements model for the generation of packets of hairpin vortices in shear flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.747, pp.30-43, 2014.

C. Cossu and L. Brandt, Stabilization of tollmien-schlichting waves by finite amplitude optimal streaks in the blasius boundary layer, Physics of Fluids, vol.14, issue.8, pp.57-60, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01024915

C. Cossu and L. Brandt, On tollmien-schlichting-like waves in streaky boundary layers, European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, vol.23, issue.6, pp.815-833, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01024941

C. Cossu and J. Chomaz, Global measures of local convective instabilities. Physical review letters, vol.78, p.4387, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02042814

R. J. Daniello, N. E. Waterhouse, and J. P. Rothstein, Drag reduction in turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces, Physics of Fluids, vol.21, issue.8, p.85103, 2009.

N. De-tullio, P. Paredes, N. Sandham, and V. Theofilis, Laminar-turbulent transition induced by a discrete roughness element in a supersonic boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.735, pp.613-646, 2013.

N. Denissen and E. White, Continuous spectrum analysis of roughness-induced transient growth, Physics of Fluids, vol.21, issue.11, p.114105, 2009.

N. A. Denissen and E. B. White, Roughness-induced bypass transition, revisited, AIAA journal, vol.46, issue.7, pp.1874-1877, 2008.

M. O. Deville, P. F. Fischer, and E. H. Mund, High-order methods for incompressible fluid flow, vol.9, 2002.

T. Duriez, Application des générateurs de vortex au contrôle d'Écoulements décollés, 2009.

W. Edwards, L. S. Tuckerman, R. A. Friesner, and D. Sorensen, Krylov methods for the incompressible navier-stokes equations, Journal of computational physics, vol.110, issue.1, pp.82-102, 1994.

F. G. Ergin and E. B. White, Unsteady and transitional flows behind roughness elements, AIAA journal, vol.44, issue.11, p.2504, 2006.

M. Farano, S. Cherubini, J. Robinet, D. Palma, and P. , Hairpin-like optimal perturbations in plane poiseuille flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, p.775, 2015.
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2015.320
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211623

M. Farano, S. Cherubini, J. Robinet, D. Palma, and P. , Subcritical transition scenarios via linear and nonlinear localized optimal perturbations in plane poiseuille flow, Fluid Dynamics Research, vol.48, issue.6, p.61409, 2016.
DOI : 10.1088/0169-5983/48/6/061409

M. Farano, S. Cherubini, J. Robinet, D. Palma, and P. , Optimal bursts in turbulent channel flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.817, pp.35-60, 2017.
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2017.107
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01492000

M. Farazmand, An adjoint-based approach for finding invariant solutions of navier-stokes equations, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.795, pp.278-312, 2016.
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2016.203
URL : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1508.06363

P. F. Fischer, J. W. Lottes, and S. G. Kerkemeier, , 2008.

D. Foures, C. Caulfield, and P. Schmid, Localization of flow structures using ?-norm optimization, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.729, pp.672-701, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00996436

D. Foures, C. Caulfield, and P. J. Schmid, Optimal mixing in two-dimensional plane poiseuille flow at finite péclet number, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.748, pp.241-277, 2014.

F. W. Fraim and W. H. Heiser, The effect of a strong longtitudinal magnetic field on the flow of mercury in a circular tube, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.33, issue.2, pp.397-413, 1968.

J. H. Fransson, L. Brandt, A. Talamelli, C. , and C. , Experimental and theoretical investigation of the nonmodal growth of steady streaks in a flat plate boundary layer, Physics of Fluids, vol.16, issue.10, pp.3627-3638, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01024954

J. H. L-fransson, L. Brandt, A. Talamelli, C. , and C. , Experimental study of the stabilization of tollmien-schlichting waves by finite amplitude streaks, Physics of Fluids, vol.17, issue.5, p.54110, 2005.

J. H. Fransson and A. Talamelli, On the generation of steady streamwise streaks in flat-plate boundary layers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.698, pp.211-234, 2012.

J. H. Fransson, A. Talamelli, L. Brandt, C. , and C. , Delaying transition to turbulence by a passive mechanism, Physical review letters, vol.96, issue.6, p.64501, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01023352

X. Garnaud, L. Lesshafft, P. J. Schmid, and J. Chomaz, A relaxation method for large eigenvalue problems, with an application to flow stability analysis, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.231, issue.10, pp.3912-3927, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716681

F. Giannetti and P. Luchini, Structural sensitivity of the first instability of the cylinder wake, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.581, pp.167-197, 2007.

D. Gottlieb and R. S. Hirsh, Parallel pseudospectral domain decomposition techniques, Journal of Scientific Computing, vol.4, issue.4, pp.309-325, 1989.

N. Gregory and W. Walker, The effect on transition of isolated surface excrescences in the boundary layer, 1956.

C. E. Grosch and H. Salwen, The continuous spectrum of the orr-sommerfeld equation. part 1. the spectrum and the eigenfunctions, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.87, issue.1, pp.33-54, 1978.

T. Herbert, Secondary instability of boundary layers, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.20, issue.1, pp.487-526, 1988.

J. Hoepffner and L. Brandt, Stochastic approach to the receptivity problem applied to bypass transition in boundary layers, Physics of fluids, vol.20, issue.2, p.24108, 2008.

P. Huerre, G. Batchelor, H. Moffatt, and M. Worster, Open shear flow instabilities. Perspectives in fluid dynamics, pp.159-229, 2000.

P. Huerre and P. A. Monkewitz, Absolute and convective instabilities in free shear layers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.159, pp.151-168, 1985.
DOI : 10.1017/s0022112085003147

R. Jacobs and P. Durbin, Simulations of bypass transition, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.428, pp.185-212, 2001.

R. G. Jacobs and P. A. Durbin, Shear sheltering and the continuous spectrum of the orr-sommerfeld equation, Physics of Fluids, vol.10, issue.8, pp.2006-2011, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.869716

J. Jeong and F. Hussain, On the identification of a vortex, J. Fluid Mech, vol.285, pp.69-94, 1995.

R. D. Joslin and C. E. Grosch, Growth characteristics downstream of a shallow bump: Computation and experiment, Physics of Fluids, vol.7, issue.12, pp.3042-3047, 1995.
DOI : 10.1063/1.868680
URL : http://historical.ncstrl.org/tr/pdf/icase/TR-96-43.pdf

M. R. Jovanovi?, P. J. Schmid, N. , and J. W. , Sparsity-promoting dynamic mode decomposition, Physics of Fluids, vol.26, issue.2, p.24103, 2014.

M. P. Juniper, A. Hanifi, and V. Theofilis, Modal stability theorylecture notes from the flow-nordita summer school on advanced instability methods for complex flows, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol.66, issue.2, p.24804, 2013.
DOI : 10.1115/1.4026604

Y. S. Kachanov, Physical mechanisms of laminar-boundary-layer transition. Annual review of fluid mechanics, vol.26, pp.411-482, 1994.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fl.26.010194.002211

G. Karniadakis and S. Sherwin, Spectral/hp element methods for computational fluid dynamics, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528692.001.0001

T. Kato, Perturbation theory for linear operators, vol.132, 2013.

P. Klebanoff, W. Cleveland, and K. Tidstrom, On the evolution of a turbulent boundary layer induced by a three-dimensional roughness element, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.237, pp.101-187, 1992.

P. Klebanoff and K. Tidstrom, Mechanism by which a two-dimensional roughness element induces boundary-layer transition, The Physics of Fluids, vol.15, issue.7, pp.1173-1188, 1972.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1694065

F. Y. Kong and J. A. Schetz, Turbulent boundary layer over porous surfaces with different surface geometries, AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 1982.

F. Y. Kong, J. A. Schetz, and F. Collier, Turbulent boundary layer over solid and porous surfaces with small roughness, 1982.

B. O. Koopman, Hamiltonian systems and transformation in hilbert space, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.17, issue.5, pp.315-318, 1931.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.17.5.315
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/17/5/315.full.pdf

H. B. Kurz and M. J. Kloker, Mechanisms of flow tripping by discrete roughness elements in a swept-wing boundary layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.796, pp.158-194, 2016.

M. Landahl, A note on an algebraic instability of inviscid parallel shear flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.98, issue.2, pp.243-251, 1980.
DOI : 10.1017/s0022112080000122

M. T. Landahl, Wave breakdown and turbulence, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, vol.28, issue.4, pp.735-756, 1975.
DOI : 10.1137/0128061
URL : http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~fannjiang/home/tea/221/wave-breakdown.pdf

L. Lesshafft, Artificial eigenmodes in truncated flow domains, 2017.
DOI : 10.1007/s00162-017-0449-6
URL : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.08450

B. Lindgren and A. V. Johansson, Design and evaluation of a low-speed windtunnel with expanding corners, 2002.

J. Loiseau, Dynamics and global stability analysis of three-dimensional flows, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01177042

J. Loiseau, J. Robinet, S. Cherubini, L. , and E. , Investigation of the roughness-induced transition: global stability analyses and direct numerical simulations, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.760, pp.175-211, 2014.
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2014.589
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01086744

P. Luchini and A. Bottaro, Adjoint equations in stability analysis, Annual Review of fluid mechanics, vol.46, 2014.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141253

J. L. Lumley, Drag reduction by additives, Annual review of fluid mechanics, vol.1, issue.1, pp.367-384, 1969.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.002055

A. Lundbladh, S. Berlin, M. Skote, C. Hildings, J. Choi et al., An efficient spectral method for simulation of incompressible flow over a flat plate, Trita-mek. Tech. Rep, p.11, 1999.

A. Lundbladh and A. V. Johansson, Direct simulation of turbulent spots in plane couette flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.229, pp.499-516, 1991.
DOI : 10.1017/s0022112091003130

O. Marquet, D. Sipp, J. , and L. , Sensitivity analysis and passive control of cylinder flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.615, pp.221-252, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01026007

M. E. Mccormick and R. Bhattacharyya, Drag reduction of a submersible hull by electrolysis, Naval Engineers Journal, vol.85, issue.2, pp.11-16, 1973.

A. Michalke, On the inviscid instability of the hyperbolictangent velocity profile, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.543-556, 1964.

A. Michalke, On spatially growing disturbances in an inviscid shear layer, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.23, issue.3, pp.521-544, 1965.
DOI : 10.1017/s0022112065001520

A. Monokrousos, E. Åkervik, L. Brandt, and D. S. Henningson, Global three-dimensional optimal disturbances in the blasius boundary-layer flow using timesteppers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.650, pp.181-214, 2010.

M. Morkovin, E. Reshotko, H. , and T. , Transition in open flow systems-a reassessment, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc, vol.39, issue.9, p.1882, 1994.

S. A. Orszag, Accurate solution of the orr-sommerfeld stability equation, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.50, issue.4, pp.689-703, 1971.
DOI : 10.1017/s0022112071002842

V. Patel and M. Head, Some observations on skin friction and velocity profiles in fully developed pipe and channel flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.38, issue.1, pp.181-201, 1969.
DOI : 10.1017/s0022112069000115

A. T. Patera, A spectral element method for fluid dynamics: laminar flow in a channel expansion, Journal of computational Physics, vol.54, issue.3, pp.468-488, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9991(84)90128-1

J. Perraud, D. Arnal, A. Seraudie, T. , and D. , Laminar-turbulent transition on aerodynamic surfaces with imperfections, ONERA: Tire a Part, vol.13, 2004.
DOI : 10.1504/ijesms.2014.063129

B. Pier and P. Huerre, Nonlinear self-sustained structures and fronts in spatially developing wake flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.435, pp.145-174, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00119721

E. O-piot, G. Casalis, and U. Rist, Stability of the laminar boundary layer flow encountering a row of roughness elements: Biglobal stability approach and dns, European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, vol.27, issue.6, pp.684-706, 2008.

C. C. Pringle and R. R. Kerswell, Using nonlinear transient growth to construct the minimal seed for shear flow turbulence, Physical review letters, vol.105, issue.15, p.154502, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/physrevlett.105.154502

C. C. Pringle, A. P. Willis, and R. R. Kerswell, Minimal seeds for shear flow turbulence: using nonlinear transient growth to touch the edge of chaos, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.702, pp.415-443, 2012.

D. Puckert, A. Subasi, U. Rist, G. , and H. , Experimental investigations of critical roughness heights in a laminar boundary layer, 2015.

D. K. Puckert, M. Dieterle, and U. Rist, Reduction of freestream turbulence at low velocities, Exp. Fluids, vol.58, issue.5, p.45, 2017.
DOI : 10.1007/s00348-017-2333-y

M. Quadrio and P. Ricco, Critical assessment of turbulent drag reduction through spanwise wall oscillations, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.521, pp.251-271, 2004.

S. C. Reddy and D. S. Henningson, Energy growth in viscous channel flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.252, pp.209-238, 1993.
DOI : 10.1017/s0022112093003738

S. C. Reddy, P. J. Schmid, and D. S. Henningson, Pseudospectra of the orrsommerfeld operator, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, vol.53, issue.1, pp.15-47, 1993.
DOI : 10.1137/0153002
URL : http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~fannjiang/home/tea/221/pseudospectra.pdf

J. Robinet, X. Gloerfelt, C. , and C. , Dynamics of two-dimensional square liddriven cavity at high reynolds number, 3rd Global flow instability and control symposium, 2005.

R. S. Rogallo, Numerical experiments in homogeneous turbulence, 1981.

V. Romanov, Stability of plane-parallel couette flow. Functional analysis and its applications, vol.7, pp.137-146, 1973.
DOI : 10.1007/bf01078886

C. W. Rowley, I. Mezi?, S. Bagheri, P. Schlatter, and D. S. Henningson, Spectral analysis of nonlinear flows, Journal of fluid mechanics, vol.641, pp.115-127, 2009.

H. Salwen and C. E. Grosch, The continuous spectrum of the orr-sommerfeld equation. part 2. eigenfunction expansions, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.104, pp.445-465, 1981.

S. S. Sattarzadeh, J. H. Fransson, A. Talamelli, and B. E. Fallenius, Consecutive turbulence transition delay with reinforced passive control, Physical Review E, vol.89, issue.6, p.61001, 2014.
DOI : 10.1103/physreve.89.061001

P. Schlatter, Direct numerical simulation of laminar-turbulent transition in boundary layer subject to free-stream turbulence, 2001.

P. Schlatter, N. Adams, and L. Kleiser, A windowing method for periodic inflow/outflow boundary treatment of non-periodic flows, Journal of computational physics, vol.206, issue.2, pp.505-535, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcp.2004.12.015

P. Schlatter, L. Brandt, H. De-lange, and D. S. Henningson, On streak breakdown in bypass transition, Physics of fluids, vol.20, issue.10, p.101505, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3005836
URL : https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/3377668/Metis220414.pdf

P. Schlatter, R. De-lange, and L. Brandt, The effect of free-stream turbulence on growth and breakdown of tollmien-schlichting waves, Advances in Turbulence XI, pp.179-181, 2007.

P. Schlatter, E. Deusebio, R. De-lange, and L. Brandt, Numerical study of the stabilisation of boundary-layer disturbances by finite amplitude streaks, International Journal of Flow Control, vol.2, issue.4, pp.259-288, 2010.

P. J. Schmid, Dynamic mode decomposition of numerical and experimental data, Journal of fluid mechanics, vol.656, pp.5-28, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01020654

P. J. Schmid and L. Brandt, Analysis of fluid systems: Stability, receptivity, sensitivitylecture notes from the flow-nordita summer school on advanced instability methods for complex flows, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol.66, issue.2, p.24803, 2013.

P. J. Schmid and D. S. Henningson, Stability and transition in shear flows, vol.142, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4613-0185-1

P. J. Schmid and J. Sesterhenn, Dynamic mode decomposition of numerical and experimental data, Sixty-First Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01020654

R. Sedney, A survey of the effects of small protuberances on boundary-layer flows, AIAA J, vol.11, issue.6, pp.782-792, 1973.

S. Shahinfar, J. H. Fransson, S. Sattarzadeh, and A. Talamelli, Scaling of streamwise boundary layer streaks and their ability to reduce skin-friction drag, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.733, pp.1-32, 2013.

S. Shahinfar, S. S. Sattarzadeh, and J. H. Fransson, Passive boundary layer control of oblique disturbances by finite-amplitude streaks, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.749, pp.1-36, 2014.

S. Shahinfar, S. S. Sattarzadeh, J. H. Fransson, and A. Talamelli, Revival of classical vortex generators now for transition delay, Physical review letters, vol.109, issue.7, p.74501, 2012.

Y. Shin, U. Rist, and E. Krämer, Stability of the laminar boundary-layer flow behind a roughness element, Experiments in Fluids, vol.56, issue.1, p.11, 2015.

L. Siconolfi, S. Camarri, and J. H. Fransson, Boundary layer stabilization using free-stream vortices, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, p.764, 2015.

L. Siconolfi, S. Camarri, J. H. Fransson, L. Siconolfi, V. Citro et al., Stability analysis of boundary layers controlled by miniature vortex generators, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.784, pp.147-164, 2015.

D. Sipp and O. Marquet, Characterization of noise amplifiers with global singular modes: the case of the leading-edge flat-plate boundary layer, Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, vol.27, issue.5, p.617, 2013.

D. Sipp, O. Marquet, P. Meliga, and A. Barbagallo, Dynamics and control of global instabilities in open-flows: a linearized approach, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol.63, issue.3, p.30801, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01020656

D. C. Sorensen, Implicit application of polynomial filters in ak-step arnoldi method. Siam journal on matrix analysis and applications, vol.13, pp.357-385, 1992.

W. Spangenberg, W. Rowland, M. , and N. , Measurements in a turbulent boundary layer maintained in a nearly separating condition, 1967.

H. B. Squire, On the stability for three-dimensional disturbances of viscous fluid flow between parallel walls, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, vol.142, issue.847, pp.621-628, 1933.

G. W. Stewart, A krylov-schur algorithm for large eigenproblems, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, vol.23, issue.3, pp.601-614, 2002.

B. Stratford, The prediction of separation of the turbulent boundary layer, Journal of fluid mechanics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.1-16, 1959.

A. Subasi, D. Puckert, H. Gunes, and U. Rist, Calibration of constant temperature anemometry with hot-film probes for low speed laminar water channel flows, The 13th international symposium on fluid control, measurement and visualization, 2015.

T. Tatsumi and T. Yoshimura, Stability of the laminar flow in a rectangular duct, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.212, pp.437-449, 1990.

V. Theofilis, Advances in global linear instability analysis of nonparallel and three-dimensional flows. Progress in aerospace sciences, vol.39, pp.249-315, 2003.

V. Theofilis, Global linear instability, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.43, pp.319-352, 2011.

K. Toh and L. N. Trefethen, Calculation of pseudospectra by the arnoldi iteration, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, vol.17, issue.1, pp.1-15, 1996.

T. , L. Trefethen, A. Reddy, S. Driscoll, and T. , Hydrodynamic stability without eigenvalues, Science, vol.261, issue.5121, pp.578-584, 1993.

L. N. Trefethen, L. N. Siam.-r-trefethen, and M. Embree, Spectra and pseudospectra: the behavior of nonnormal matrices and operators, 2000.

C. Viotti, M. Quadrio, and P. Luchini, Streamwise oscillation of spanwise velocity at the wall of a channel for turbulent drag reduction, Physics of fluids, vol.21, issue.11, p.115109, 2009.

F. Waleffe, Hydrodynamic stability and turbulence: Beyond transients to a selfsustaining process, Studies in Applied Mathematics, vol.95, issue.3, pp.319-343, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/sapm1995953319

M. J. Walsh, Turbulent boundary layer drag reduction using riblets, AIAA, Aerospace sciences meeting, 1982.

K. Westin, A. Boiko, B. Klingmann, V. Kozlov, A. et al., Experiments in a boundary layer subjected to free stream turbulence. part 1. boundary layer structure and receptivity, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.281, pp.193-218, 1994.

T. Wiegand, Experimentelle untersuchungen zum laminar-turbulenten transitionsprozess eines wellenzuges in einer plattengrenzschicht, 1996.

Q. Ye, F. F. Schrijer, and F. Scarano, Boundary layer transition mechanisms behind a micro-ramp, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.793, pp.132-161, 2016.
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2016.120

Q. Ye, F. F. Schrijer, and F. Scarano, Geometry effect of isolated roughness on boundary layer transition investigated by tomographic piv, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol.61, pp.31-44, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2016.05.016
URL : https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A185b29bc-da3b-42a2-bf83-25217fd91132/datastream/OBJ/download

Q. Ye, F. F. Schrijer, and F. Scarano, Tomographic piv measurement of hypersonic boundary layer transition past a micro-ramp, 47th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, p.4512, 2017.
DOI : 10.2514/6.2017-4512

J. Zhou, R. J. Adrian, S. Balachandar, K. , and T. , Mechanisms for generating coherent packets of hairpin vortices in channel flow, Journal of fluid mechanics, vol.387, pp.353-396, 1999.

S. Zuccher, P. Luchini, and A. Bottaro, Algebraic growth in a blasius boundary layer: optimal and robust control by mean suction in the nonlinear regime, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.513, pp.135-160, 2004.