,
173 7.2.3 Identification of a reversed wake state with the pitch angle ?. .. 174 7.2.3.1 Successful identification of a reversed wake state, vol.177 ,
Wake bistability under yawing conditions ,
, Baseline with closed air-intake and wake state selection, p.183
Wake reversals triggered by the pitch angle ? with closed front airintake ,
193 7.2.8.1 Effect of rear tappers, Manipulations of the flow around the vehicles ,
,
,
, International Council on Clean Transportation, 2017.
Numerical study of flow over a bluff body with drag reduction devices, Proceedings of the World Congress on Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, 2018. ,
Some salient features of the time-averaged ground vehicle wake. SAE Technical Paper Series 840300, 1984. ,
Influence of Base Slant on the Wake Structure and Drag of Road Vehicles, J. Fluids Eng, vol.105, issue.4, pp.429-434, 1983. ,
Flow and turbulent structures around simplified car models, Computers & Fluids, vol.96, pp.122-135, 2014. ,
Experimental and theoretical investigation of backward facing step flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.127, issue.473, 1983. ,
An introduction to numerical analysis, 1978. ,
Characterisation of the wake of the DrivAer estate vehicle, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.177, pp.242-259, 2018. ,
Road tested: Comparative overview of real-world versus type-approval NO x and CO 2 emissions from Diesel cars in Europe, 2017. ,
École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique (ISAE-ENSMA), 2015. ,
Forcing symmetry exchanges and flow reversals in turbulent wakes, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.829, 2017. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01856248
Bluff body drag manipulation using pulsed jets and Coanda effect, J. Fluid Mech, vol.805, pp.422-459, 2016. ,
Control of three-dimensionnal blunt body wake using low and high frequency pulsed jets, International Journal of Flow Control, vol.6, issue.1, pp.61-74, 2014. ,
Einfluß der Form und der Umströmung von Kraftfahrezeugen auf Widerstand, Bodenhaftung und Fahrtrichtungshaltung. VDI-Zeitschrift, 1956. ,
Office of the Commissioner-General for Sustainable Development, 2017. ,
On vortex street wakes, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.28, issue.4, pp.625-641, 1967. ,
On vortex shedding from a circular cylinder in the critical Reynolds number regime, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.37, issue.03, pp.577-585, 1969. ,
Some observations on road vehicle wakes, 1984. ,
An investigation of the flow around rectangular cylinders, Aeronautical Quarterly, vol.23, pp.229-237, 1972. ,
Investigation of the flow behind a two-dimensional model with a blunt trailing edge and fitted with splitter plates, J. Fluid Mech, vol.21, issue.2, pp.241-255, 1965. ,
Cavitation as a complementary tool for automotive aerodynamics, Experiments in Fluids, vol.37, issue.5, pp.763-768, 2004. ,
Conditions for validity of mean flow stability analysis, J. Fluid Mech, vol.798, pp.485-504, 2016. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01445633
Unsteady flow dynamics reconstruction from mean flow and point sensors: an experimental study, J. Fluid Mech, vol.824, pp.174-201, 2017. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01799822
Stability and dynamics of the laminar wake past a slender blunt-based axisymmetric body, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.676, issue.1, pp.110-144, 2011. ,
Unstable wake dynamics of rectangular flat-backed bluff bodies with inclination and ground proximity, J. Fluid Mech, vol.854, pp.196-232, 2018. ,
On multistabilities of real car's wake, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.164, pp.22-33, 2017. ,
Effect of a base cavity on the wake of the squareback Ahmed body at various ground clearances and application to drag reduction, Congrès Français de Mécanique, CFM 2017, 2017. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01893915
Visualisation en temps réel de pressions en soufflerie automobile avec LabVIEW, 2018. ,
Stochastic modelling and feedback control of bistability in a turbulent bluff body wake, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.802, pp.726-749, 2016. ,
Modelling and feedback control of vortex shedding for drag reduction of a turbulent bluff body wake, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol.71, pp.127-136, 2018. ,
Les surfaces de glissement d'Helmholtz et la résistance des fluides, Annales de chimie et de physique XXIII, issue.8, pp.145-230, 1910. ,
Flow analysis of square-back simplified vehicles in platoon 66, pp.43-59, 2017. ,
Influence of afterbody rounding on the pressure drag of an axisymmetrical bluff body, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, pp.179-188, 1997. ,
Transitions to chaos in the wake of an axisymmetric bluff body, Phys. Lett. A, vol.376, issue.45, pp.3219-3222, 2012. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00781680
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations. Wiley Blackwell, 2016. ,
Active control of the wake from a rectangular-sectioned body, 2014. ,
Stochastic fluid structure interaction of three-dimensional plates facing a uniform flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.794, 2016. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01299271
Characterisations of force and pressure fluctuations of real vehicles, Int. J. Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation, vol.8, issue.2, pp.99-105, 2016. ,
Statistics and dynamics of the boundary layer reattachments during the drag crisis transitions of a circular cylinder, Physics of Fluids, vol.27, issue.1, p.14101, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01164695
Imperfect supercritical bifurcation in a three-dimensional turbulent wake, Physical Review E, vol.91, issue.6, p.63005, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01164472
The Onera elsA CFD software: input from research and feedback from industry, Mechanics & Industry, vol.14, issue.3, pp.159-174, 2013. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01293795
Identification of flow classes in the wake of a simplified truck model depending on the underbody velocity, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.175, pp.352-363, 2018. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02085847
A new approach to the simulation of compressible multifluid flows with AUSM scheme. 16th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, 2003. ,
Control of flow over a bluff body, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.40, pp.113-139, 2008. ,
Aerodynamics of heavy vehicles, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.46, pp.441-468, 2014. ,
Loss of a fixed plane of symmetry in the wake of a sphere, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol.41, pp.51-56, 2013. ,
A parametric study on the ground effect of a simplified car model, 1998. ,
Experimental aerodynamic study of a car-type bluff body, Exp. Fluids, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1273-1284, 2011. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01319500
Drag reduction of a tractor-trailer using planar boat tail plates, The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles: Trucks, Buses, and Trains Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, pp.249-265, 2004. ,
Effect of aspect ratio on the near-wake flow structure of an Ahmed body, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.47, pp.95-103, 2015. ,
Über die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik, Mathematische Annalen, vol.100, issue.1, pp.32-74, 1928. ,
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-5385-3_7
Passive control of base pressure on an axisymmetric blunt body using a perimetric slit, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol.2, issue.4, p.43905, 2017. ,
Feedback control for form-drag reduction on a bluff body with a blunt trailing edge, J. Fluid Mech, vol.704, pp.360-387, 2012. ,
Essai d'une nouvelle théorie de la résistance des fluides, 1752. ,
Bi-modality in the wakes of simplified road vehicles: simulation and feedback control, Proc.52nd 3AF International Conference in Applied Aerodynamics. 3AF, 2017. ,
Recent improvements in the Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation (ZDES) formulation. Theor, Comput. Fluid Dyn, vol.26, issue.6, pp.523-550, 2012. ,
Operations Research for green logistics-An overview of aspects, issues, contributions and challenges, Eur. J. Oper. Res, vol.219, issue.3, pp.671-679, 2012. ,
, , 2017.
, Aérodynamique expérimentale: souffleries et méthodes de mesure. Cépadues Editions
Fluid dynamic mechanisms and interactions within separated flows, 1998. ,
Fluid force and symmetry breaking modes of a 3D bluff body with a base cavity, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol.61, pp.99-114, 2016. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01249010
Comparative effects of vortex generators on Ahmed's squareback and minivan car models, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, vol.231, pp.1287-1293, 2017. ,
Simulation and feedback control of the ahmed body flow exhibiting symmetry breaking behaviour, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.817, 2017. ,
Bifurcations and symmetry breaking in the wake of axisymmetric bodies, Physics of Fluids, vol.20, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00874366
The effect of ground simulation on the flow around vehicles in wind tunnel testing, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.38, pp.47-57, 1991. ,
Characterization of flow contributions to drag and lift of a circular cylinder using a volume expression of the fluid force, European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, vol.30, 2010. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01289951
A study of computational methods for wake structure and base pressure prediction of a generic SUV model with fixed and rotating wheels, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, vol.231, issue.9, pp.1222-1238, 2017. ,
Numerical simulation of the Ahmed vehicle model near-wake, Latin American Applied Research, vol.39, issue.4, 2009. ,
Development of container-mounted devices for reducing the aerodynamic drag of commercial vehicles, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, vol.9, issue.1, pp.113-124, 1981. ,
Some effects of ground clearance and ground plane boundary layer thickness on the mean base pressure of a bluff vehicle type body, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, vol.62, issue.1, pp.1-10, 1996. ,
Simulation of rear surface contamination for a simple bluff body, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, vol.165, pp.13-22, 2017. ,
, , 2016.
, Low-frequency behavior of the turbulent axisymmetric near-wake, Physics of Fluids, vol.28, issue.6
The effect of angular misalignment on low-frequency axisymmetric wake instability, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.813, 2017. ,
Experimental analysis of flow structures and forces on a three-dimensional bluff body in constant cross-wind, Experiments in Fluids, vol.43, issue.4, pp.579-594, 2007. ,
Analysis and control of three-dimensional turbulent wakes : from axisymmetric bodies to real road vehicles. PhD thesis, ENSTA ParisTech, 2013. ,
A study of wake effects on the drag of the Ahmed squareback model at the industrial scale, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.145, pp.282-291, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01205907
Reflectional symmetry breaking of the separated flow over three-dimensional bluff bodies, Physical Review E, vol.86, p.35302, 2012. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00838864
Bi-stability in the turbulent wake past parallelepiped bodies with various aspect ratios and wall effects, Physics of Fluids, vol.25, pp.95-103, 2013. ,
Turbulent wake past a threedimensional blunt body. Part 1. Global modes and bi-stability, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.722, pp.51-84, 2013. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01161541
Statistical axisymmetry of the turbulent sphere wake, Experiments in fluids, vol.55, issue.11, pp.1-10, 2014. ,
Turbulent wake past a threedimensional blunt body. Part 2. Experimental sensitivity analysis, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.752, pp.439-461, 2014. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01161541
Effect on drag of the flow orientation at the base separation of a simplified blunt road vehicle, Experiments in fluids, vol.54, issue.5, pp.1-10, 2013. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01228154
On experimental sensitivity analysis of the turbulent wake from an axisymmetric blunt trailing edge, Physics of Fluids, vol.24, p.35106, 2012. ,
Characterization of the flow past real road vehicles with blunt afterbodies, International Journal of Aerodynamics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.24-42, 2014. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01164775
Cross wind effects on a simplified car model by a DES approach, Comput. Fluids, vol.78, pp.29-40, 2013. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145179
Optimization of bluff body for minimum drag in ground proximity, AIAA Journal, vol.30, issue.4, pp.882-889, 1992. ,
Ground effects on the stability of separated flow around a NACA 4415 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers, Aerosp. Sci. Technol, vol.72, pp.63-76, 2018. ,
New development in FreeFem++, J. Numer. Math, vol.20, issue.3-4, pp.251-265, 2012. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01476313
Investigation of unsteady flow structures in the wake of a realistic generic car model, 29th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, p.3669, 2011. ,
Experimental and numerical investigation of the DrivAer model, ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, pp.41-51, 2012. ,
Introduction of a new realistic generic car model for aerodynamic investigations, 2012. ,
Details of the drag curve near the onset of vortex shedding, Physics of Fluids, vol.7, issue.9, pp.2102-2104, 1995. ,
Flow bi-stability downstream of three-dimensional double backward facing steps at zero-degree slideslip, ASME Transactions Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol.133, issue.054501, pp.1-4, 2011. ,
Aerodynamic drag in a windy environment, International Vehicle Aerodynamics Conference, pp.14-15, 2014. ,
Aerodynamic drag of passenger cars at yaw, SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems, vol.8, pp.306-316, 1559. ,
The Effect of Backlight Aspect Ratio on Vortex and Base Drag for a Simple Car-Like Shape. SAE Technical Paper, 2008. ,
Bluff body drag reduction with ventilated base cavities, SAE International journal of passenger cars. Mechanical systems, vol.5, issue.1, pp.152-160, 2012. ,
The Aerodynamic Drag of Cars Current Understanding, Unresolved Problems, and Future Prospects, Aerodynamic drag mechanisms of bluff bodies and road vehicles, pp.7-44, 1978. ,
Aerodynamics of road vehicles, 1998. ,
Aerodynamics of road vehicles: From fluid mechanics to vehicle engineering, 1998. ,
Eddies, streams, and convergence zones in turbulent flows. Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases-I1 p, p.193, 1988. ,
The effect of base bleed and rear cavities on the drag of an SUV, SAE Technical Paper Series, 2010. ,
Experimental investigation on the aerodynamic loads and wake flow features of a low aspect-ratio circular cylinder, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol.28, pp.279-291, 2012. ,
A finite-element study of the onset of vortex shedding in flow past variously shaped bodies, J. Fluid Mech, vol.182, pp.23-45, 1987. ,
Least-squares finite element solutions for three-dimensional backward-facing step flow, International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, vol.4, issue.1-2, pp.1-19, 1995. ,
Flow past a sphere up to a reynolds number of 300, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.378, pp.19-70, 1999. ,
Computational simulations of unsteady flow field and spray impingement on a simplified automotive geometry, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn, vol.171, pp.178-195, 2017. ,
A Parametric Study of Automotive Rear End Geometries on Rear Soiling, SAE Int. J. Passenger Cars Mech. Syst, vol.10, issue.2, pp.553-562, 2017. ,
Unsteady aerodynamic flow investigation around a simplified squareback road vehicle with drag reduction devices, Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol.134, issue.6, 2012. ,
Experimental and computational study of unsteady wake flow behind a bluff body with a drag reduction device, SAE Technical Paper Series, 1042. ,
Comparison of real-world and certification emission rates for light duty gasoline vehicles, Sci. Total Environ, pp.790-800, 2018. ,
Wakes behind a prolate spheroid in crossflow, J. Fluid Mech, vol.701, pp.98-136, 2012. ,
A bio-inspired device for drag reduction on a three-dimensional model vehicle, Bioinspiration Biomimetics, vol.11, issue.2, p.26004, 2016. ,
Zur Theorie freier Flüssigkeitsstrahlen, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik LXX, issue.4, pp.289-298, 1869. ,
Experimental investigation of flow behind a cube for moderate reynolds numbers, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.750, pp.73-98, 2014. ,
Resolving the dependence on freestream values for the k ? ? turbulence model, AIAA journal, vol.38, issue.7, pp.1292-1295, 2000. ,
Large-eddy simulation of the flow around a bluff body, AIAA journal, vol.40, issue.5, pp.927-936, 2002. ,
Numerical study of the flow around a bus-shaped body, Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol.125, 2003. ,
Flow around a simplified car, part 1: large eddy simulation, Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol.127, 2005. ,
Flow around a simplified car. Part 2. Understanding the flow, Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol.127, 2005. ,
Effect of a base cavity on subsonic near-wake flow, AIAA Journal, vol.28, issue.11, pp.1885-1893, 1990. ,
Assessing direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases in road transportation, taking into account the role of uncertainty in the emissions inventory, Environ. Impact Assess. Rev, vol.69, pp.82-93, 2018. ,
Direct numerical simulation of a separation bubble on a rounded finite-width leading edge, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol.29, issue.3, pp.612-625, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00372188
Direct numerical simulation of flow separation behind a rounded leading edge: Study of curvature effects, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol.31, issue.3, pp.295-306, 2010. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00523568
Understanding Practical Limits to Heavy Truck Drag Reduction, SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh, vol.2, issue.2, pp.183-190, 2009. ,
Sur la théorie du mouvement brownien, Compt. Rendus, vol.146, pp.530-533, 1908. ,
Aerodynamic Performance of a Drag Reduction Device on a Full-Scale Tractor/Trailer, 1991. ,
Is 50 Miles Per Gallon Possible With Correct Streamlining? SAE Trans, vol.28, pp.177-186, 1933. ,
The Aesthetics of Low Drag Vehicles, SAE Int. J. Engines, vol.4, issue.2, pp.2638-2658, 2011. ,
On the use of reference models in automotive aerodynamics, 2004. ,
Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Tests of Production and Prototype, Second-Generation Aerodynamic Drag-Reducing Devices for TractorTrailers, 2006. ,
Feedback control of bimodal wake dynamics, Experiments in Fluids, vol.57, issue.10, 2016. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01856290
A sequel to AUSM, part II: AUSM-up for all speeds, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.214, issue.1, pp.137-170, 2006. ,
A new flux splitting scheme, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.107, issue.1, pp.23-39, 1993. ,
The optimization of roof trailing edge geometry of a simple squareback, SAE Technical Paper Series, 2010. ,
Aerodynamic drag reduction of a simplified squareback vehicle using steady blowing, Experiments in Fluids, vol.53, issue.2, pp.1-11, 2012. ,
An investigation into the wake structure of square back vehicles and the effect of structure modification on resultant vehicle forces 4, pp.2629-2637, 2011. ,
Drag reduction of slender blunt-based bodies using optimized rear cavities, J. Fluids Struct, vol.74, pp.158-177, 2017. ,
A numerical investigation of the asymmetric wake mode of a squareback Ahmed body-effect of a base cavity, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.831, issue.1, pp.675-697, 2017. ,
Reduction of base drag by boat-tailed afterbodies in low-speed flow, Aeronautical Quarterly, vol.20, issue.4, pp.307-320, 1969. ,
Experimental investigation on the influence of boundary layer thickness on the base pressure and near-wake flow features of an axisymmetric blunt-based body, Exp. Fluids, vol.54, issue.11, p.1612, 2013. ,
Separation control and drag reduction for boat-tailed axisymmetric bodies through contoured transverse grooves, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.832, pp.514-549, 2017. ,
Global wake instabilities of low aspect-ratio flatplates, European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids, vol.49, pp.400-412, 2014. ,
Drag reduction induced by the addition of a multi-cavity at the base of a bluff body, J. Fluids Struct, vol.48, pp.347-361, 2014. ,
, The Drag Related Flow Field Characteristics of Trucks and Buses, pp.45-93, 1978.
The effect of boat-tailing on the flow round a two-dimensional blunt-based aerofoil at zero incidence, The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, vol.71, issue.684, pp.854-858, 1967. ,
On the near wake of a simplified heavy vehicle, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol.66, pp.293-314, 2016. ,
Nonsymmetric bi-stable flow around the Ahmed body, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol.57, pp.34-47, 2016. ,
Global mode interaction and pattern selection in the wake of a disk: a weakly nonlinear expansion, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.633, pp.159-189, 2009. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01002592
Sensitivity of two-dimensional turbulent flow past a D-shaped cylinder using global stability, Physics of Fluids, vol.24, issue.6, pp.61701-061701, 2012. ,
Suppression of vortex shedding on a bluff body, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.121, pp.16-28, 2013. ,
Zonal two equation k ? ? turbulence models for aerodynamic flows, 23rd Fluid Dynamics, Plasmadynamics, and Lasers Conference, 1993. ,
Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications, AIAA Journal, vol.32, issue.8, pp.1598-1605, 1994. ,
Quasi-laminar stability and sensitivity analyses for turbulent flows: Prediction of low-frequency unsteadiness and passive control, Physics of Fluids, vol.26, issue.4, p.45112, 2014. ,
Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of flows around two different Ahmed bodies, Computers & Fluids, vol.117, pp.273-286, 2015. ,
Study of subsonic base cavity flowfield structure using particle image velocimetry, AIAA Journal, vol.33, issue.2, pp.201-209, 1995. ,
Aerodynamic drag of bluff body shapes characteristic of hatch-back cars, SAE Technical Paper, 1978. ,
Effect of base cavities on the aerodynamic drag of an axisymmetric cylinder, Aeronautical Quarterly, vol.30, pp.400-412, 1979. ,
Numerical Simulations of the Flow around a Yawing Truck in Wind Tunnel, 2011. ,
An approximate method for the prediction of the zero lift pressure distribution and drag of symmetrical blunt trailing edge aerofoil sections at subsonic speeds in the absence of a vortex street, Aero Res Coun R & M, vol.3436, 1964. ,
Experiments on two-dimensional base flow at subsonic and transonic speeds. HM Stationery Office, 1963. ,
The instability of the steady flow past spheres and disks, J. Fluid Mech, vol.254, pp.323-344, 1993. ,
Transition to turbulence in the wake of a sphere, Physical Review Letters, vol.83, issue.1, pp.80-83, 1999. ,
On the need for a nonlinear subscale turbulence term in pod models as exemplified for a highreynolds-number flow over an ahmed body, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.747, pp.518-544, 2014. ,
Fuel economy sensitivity to vehicle mass for advanced vehicle powertrains, 2006. ,
The development of an integrated routing and carbon dioxide emissions model for goods vehicles, 2007. ,
The impact of a local perturbation on global properties of a turbulent wake, Physics of Fluids, vol.21, 2009. ,
Experimental sensitivity analysis of the global properties of a two-dimensional turbulent wake, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.693, pp.115-149, 2012. ,
Characterization of the turbulent bistable flow regime of a 2D bluff body wake disturbed by a small control cylinder, Exp. Fluids, vol.56, issue.1, 2015. ,
A penalty model of synthetic micro-jet actuator with application to the control of wake flows, Computers & Fluids, vol.114, issue.0, pp.203-217, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01144703
The application of particle image velocimetry in automotive aerodynamics, 2010. ,
Characterisation of Wake Bi-stability for a SquareBack Geometry with Rotating Wheels, Progress in Vehicle Aerodynamics and Thermal Management, vol.13, pp.93-109, 0205. ,
Influence of short rear end tapers on the unsteady base pressure of a simplified ground vehicle. SAE Technical Paper Series, 2016. ,
Evolution of the bi-stable wake of a square-back automotive shape, Experiments in Fluids, vol.59, issue.1, 2018. ,
Afterbody drag. volume 1. drag of conical and circular arc afterbodies without jet flow, 1980. ,
Characterization of the near-wake of an ahmed body profile, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical, vol.10, issue.5, pp.926-931, 2016. ,
Numerical study of drag reduction of a car model by active control using mico-jets, CFM 2013-21ème Congrès Français de Mécanique, 2013. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875715
The study of a bi-stable wake region of a generic squareback vehicle using tomographic PIV, 2016. ,
, Cars-Mech. Syst, vol.9
The impact of underbody roughness on rear wake structure of a squareback vehicle, 2013. ,
Influence of short rear end tapers on the base pressure of a simplified vehicle, 2015. ,
Influence of short rear end tapers on the wake of a simplified square-back vehicle: wake topology and rear drag, Experiments in Fluids, vol.57, issue.11, p.169, 2016. ,
Drag reduction obtained by the addition of a boattail to a box shaped vehicle, 1981. ,
Local and global instabilities in the wake of a sphere, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.603, pp.39-61, 2008. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00632344
Fundamentals of hydro-and aerodynamics, 1934. ,
Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, Exp. Fluids, vol.29, issue.2, pp.103-116, 2000. ,
Bénard-von Kármán instability: transient and forced regimes, J. Fluid Mech, vol.182, pp.1-22, 1987. ,
Comparison of experimental and numerically obtained flow properties of a bluff body, The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles III, pp.393-411, 2016. ,
Time averaged phenomenological investigation of a wake behind a bluff body, Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Application VI Conference, 2008. ,
Particle Image Velocimetry: a practical guide, 1998. ,
On the two flow states in the wake of a hatchback Ahmed body, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.73, pp.262-278, 2018. ,
An application of the vorticity-vector potential method to laminar cube flow, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, vol.10, issue.8, pp.875-888, 1990. ,
On the dynamical theory of incompressible viscous fluids and the determination of the criterion, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A, vol.186, pp.123-164, 1895. ,
Symmetry breaking in a 3D bluff-body wake, 2016. ,
Diffusive dynamics and stochastic models of turbulent axisymmetric wakes, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.778, 2015. ,
Low-dimensional dynamics of a turbulent axisymmetric wake, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.755, 2014. ,
Sensitivity frequency response to type of tubing. 11th awes workshop, darwin. Windtech Consultants Pty Ltd, 2004. ,
A new hodograph for free-streamline theory. NACA Technical Note 3168, 1954. ,
On the drag and shedding frequencies of two-dimensional bluff bodies. NACA Technical Note 3169, 1954. ,
On the wake and drag of bluff bodies, Journal of the aeronautical sciences, vol.22, issue.2, pp.124-132, 1955. ,
Perspectives on bluff body aerodynamics, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.49, issue.1-3, pp.79-100, 1993. ,
Analysis and control of the nearwake flow over a squareback geometry, Computers & Fluids, vol.38, issue.1, pp.60-70, 2009. ,
On the nature of turbulence, Commun. Math. Phys, vol.20, issue.3, pp.167-192, 1971. ,
Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the transition of flow past a cube, Physics of Fluids, vol.16, issue.5, pp.1630-1646, 2004. ,
Effect of base cavities on the stability of the wake behind slender blunt-based axisymmetric bodies, Physics of Fluids, vol.23, issue.11, 2011. ,
Minist'ere de la transition écologique et solidaire, France, 2018. ,
Boundary layer theory, 2000. ,
The effect of flow control on the wake dynamics of a rectangular bluff body in ground proximity, Exp. Fluids, vol.59, issue.6, p.107, 2018. ,
Large trucks drag reduction using active flow control, 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, p.743, 2008. ,
Large trucks drag reduction using active flow control, The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles II: Trucks, Buses, and Trains, pp.115-133, 2009. ,
Comments on the feasibility of LES for wings, and on a hybrid RANS/LES approach, Proceedings of first AFOSR international conference on DNS/LES, 1997. ,
A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows, 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 1992. ,
Flow separations generated by a simplified geometry of an automotive vehicle, Congress IUTAM Symposium on Unsteady Separated Flows, 2002. ,
Hopf bifurcation, Landau equation, and vortex shedding behind circular cylinders, pp.1-13, 1987. ,
Stability properties of 2D flow around Ahmed body. Mathematical Modelling and Analysis, pp.5-924, 2005. ,
Über eine besondere Art der Tonerregung, Annalen der Physik, vol.241, issue.10, pp.216-251, 1878. ,
Asymptotic theory of separation flows, Fluid Dynamics, vol.17, issue.2, pp.179-188, 1982. ,
Nonlinear evolution of instabilities behind spheres and disks, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol.28, pp.483-487, 2012. ,
Kinematics and dynamics of sphere wake transition, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol.15, issue.3-4, pp.575-585, 2001. ,
Aerodynamic drag reduction and flow control of ahmed body with flaps, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol.9, issue.7, pp.1-17, 2017. ,
Numerical investigation of transitional and weak turbulent flow past a sphere, J. Fluid Mech, vol.416, pp.45-73, 2000. ,
Approximate-state Riemann solvers. Riemann Solvers and Numerical Methods for Fluid Dynamics p, pp.293-313, 1999. ,
Effects of rear slant angles on the flow characteristics of Ahmed body, Exp. Therm Fluid Sci, vol.57, pp.165-176, 2014. ,
An album of fluid motion, 1982. ,
The Effect of Passive Base Ventilation on the Aerodynamic Drag of a Generic SUV Vehicle, SAE Int. J. Passenger Cars Mech. Syst, vol.10, issue.1, pp.345-357, 2017. ,
Chaotic dynamics of large-scale structures in a turbulent wake, Physical Review Fluids, vol.2, 2017. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02111690
Two-dimensional potential flow solutions with separation, J. Fluid Mech, vol.657, pp.238-264, 2010. ,
Experimental sensitivity analysis of the global mode of a sphere turbulent wake using steady disturbances, Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol.41, pp.119-126, 2013. ,
Flow management techniques for base and afterbody drag reduction, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, vol.32, issue.2-3, pp.79-129, 1996. ,
Experimental characterization of the unsteady natural wake of the full-scale square back Ahmed body: flow bi-stability and spectral analysis, Experiments in Fluids, vol.56, issue.5, 2015. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01186708
Experimental study of wheel-vehicle aerodynamic interactions, Third International Conference in numerical and experimental aerodynamics of road vehicles and trains, 3rd Aerovehicles, 2018. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02157958
The GIE S2A full-scale aeroacoustic wind tunnel. SAE Technical Paper Series 2004-01-0808, 2004. ,
Self-sustained oscillations and vortex shedding in backward-facing step flows: Simulation and linear instability analysis, Physics of Fluids, vol.16, issue.9, pp.3361-3373, 2004. ,
The Use of Fast Fourier Transform for the Estimation of Power Spectra: A Method Based on Time Averaging Over Short, Modified Periodograms, IEEE Trans. Audio & Electroacoust, vol.15, pp.70-73, 1967. ,
Gradient effects on drag due to boundary-layer suction in automotive wind tunnels. SAE Technical Paper Series, 2003. ,
Numerical simulations of laminar flow over a 3D backward-facing step, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, vol.24, issue.11, pp.1159-1183, 1999. ,
Three-dimensional wake transition, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.328, pp.345-407, 1996. ,
Real world drag coefficient-is it wind averaged drag?, International Vehicle Aerodynamics Conference, pp.14-15, 2014. ,
Boat-tailed afterbodies of square section as dragreduction devices, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.229-235, 1983. ,
A wake model for free-streamline flow theory .1. fully and partially developed wake flows and cavity flows past an oblique flat plate, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.13, issue.2, pp.161-181, 1962. ,
Numerical study on instabilities behind a circular disk in a uniform flow, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol.50, pp.359-368, 2014. ,
Fluctuating wind pressure measured with tubing system, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol.42, issue.13, pp.987-998, 1992. ,
Önden ve yanal rüzgar ?arti altinda zamana ba?li siki?tirilamaz ahmed cisminin sayisal incelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi MühendislikMimarl?k Fakültesi Dergisi, vol.32, 2017. ,
Flow around circular cylinders: fundamentals, 1997. ,