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Résumé substantiel en français Introduction Depuis le développement de l'agriculture, l'Homme est confronté au problème des ravageurs de culture qui détruisent les récoltes. Si l'utilisation des pesticides a indéniablement permis d'augmenter les rendements à une échelle globale, cette amélioration des performances agricoles s'est accompagnée de coûts sanitaires et environnementaux importants, 2002. ,
Plus particulièrement, l'utilisation des pesticides est responsable du déclin des populations d'arthropodes bénéfiques aux systèmes agricoles, tels que les auxiliaires de culture ou les pollinisateurs, 2010. ,
intensification de l'agriculture ces dernières décennies est responsable de l'homogénéisation spatiale et temporelle des cultures, 1997. ,
Ainsi les alternatives aux pesticides sont de plus en plus plébiscitées, 2000. ,
les pratiques agroécologiques s'ancrent dans une approche systémique de la protection des cultures en développant la capacité inhérente de l'agroécosystème à réguler les ravageurs présents et en gardant les méthodes thérapeutiques (ex : biopesticides ou lutte biologique classique) comme solution de dernier recours, 1997. ,
Parmi les pratiques agroécologiques, les pratiques de diversification, c'est à dire l'augmentation de la diversité végétale, permet de réguler les populations de ravageurs dans de nombreux agroécosystèmes, 2003. ,
Cela fait référence à l'hypothèse de « résistance associationnelle » (Tahvanainen & Root, 1972) qui peut être expliqué par deux processus écologiques : la régulation dite « bottom-up » qui concerne la régulation des ravageurs par les plantes elles-mêmes (soit le niveau trophique inférieur) et la régulation dite « top-down » qui concerne la régulation des ravageurs par leurs ennemis naturels, 2011. ,
, En effet, selon l'hypothèse de la concentration des ressources (Root, 1973) les herbivores spécialistes sont plus enclin de trouver et de se développer sur le leur plante hôte quand celle-ci est en monoculture. Des environnements diversifiés tels que les polycultures sont donc moins favorables aux herbivores, mais plus favorables à leur ennemis naturels grâce à une offre plus abondante de ressources (ex : proies ou hôtes alternatifs, 2017.
La manipulation des éléments autour du champ, tels que les bandes fleuries ou les éléments semi-naturels, ont principalement pour objectif de favoriser les ennemis naturels en leur fournissant des conditions favorables à proximité des cultures afin qu'ils viennent réguler les ravageurs des cultures, La diversification de l'agroécosystème peut se réaliser à différentes échelles : du champ aux éléments du paysage, 2015. ,
Au sein du champ, la diversité végétale peut être augmentée à deux niveaux: génétique (diversité intraspécifique) ou spécifique (diversité interspécifique). La première consiste en l'utilisation de mélanges variétaux tandis que la deuxième repose sur les associations de cultures, c'est-à-dire deux cultures de rente ou une culture de rente avec une plante compagne, 1991. ,
, , 2017.
Problématique Dans notre étude nous avons choisi d'étudier l'application de deux pratiques de diversification en cultures céréalières: le mélange de variété de blé (diversification intraspécifique) et écosystémiques, tels que la régulation des maladies ou des adventices, ainsi que la fertilisation azotée, Mundt, 2000. ,
, , 2018.
Cependant, le potentiel de régulation des ravageurs de culture de ces deux pratiques n'a pas été évalué en conditions réelles de cultures. Plus particulièrement, la combinaison de ces deux niveaux de diversification n'a jamais été étudié en système agricole et très peu en systèmes naturels, Or les agriculteurs sont particulièrement susceptibles d'adopter des pratiques délivrant un panel de services écosystémiques, 2017. ,
Or le lien entre la biodiversité, définie en tant que nombre d'espèces, de gènes ou de traits fonctionnels, 2012. ,
, Le premier objectif de cette thèse est donc de déterminer l'influence de chaque pratique (intra-et interspécifique) prises séparément et en combinaison sur les pucerons du blé en plein champs
, Hypothèse 1 : les pucerons seront réduits par chaque pratiques de diversification
, Hypothèse 2 : la combinaison des pratiques aura un effet synergique sur la régulation des pucerons
, Hypothèse 3 : les performances du blé (rendement et taux d'azote du grain) seront au moins aussi bonnes qu'en monoculture
, Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer l'impact de deux associations de blélégumineuses (c'est à dire : blé-trèfle et blé-pois) sur les capacités du puceron à localiser sa aestivum L.) et dans deux associations de culture différentes: le blé associé au trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens L.) -notre modèle d'étude, et le blé associé au pois (Pisum sativum L.). Ces deux associations sont des pratiques utilisées par les agriculteurs, 2014.
, Ces deux plantes compagnes sont aussi structurellement différentes. Le pois est caractérisé par la production de vrilles ainsi qu'une hauteur supérieure à 60cm (Cousin, 1997.
tandis que le trèfle blanc se développe d'avantage horizontalement et n'atteint pas plus de 20-30cm de hauteur, 1986. ,
En plein champ, ces deux plantes sont semées à différentes densités lorsqu'elles sont associées au blé, 2005. ,
, Nous avons également observé la croissance des populations de pucerons selon la présence ou non d'une plante compagne et selon l'espèce. Nos résultats indiquent que les pucerons ont mis plus de temps à localiser leur plante hôte et ont passé moins de temps dessus lorsque le blé était associé au trèfle comparativement au blé en monoculture ou associé au pois. Il semblerait que cet effet soit principalement dû à la différence de densité entre les deux types d'association, le trèfle étant plus densément peuplé que le pois. De plus, associer du blé à une légumineuse a réduit le nombre absolu de pucerons sur les plantes de blé comparativement au blé cultivé en monoculture. Cependant, nous avons observé que si nous prenions en compte la biomasse des plantes, Dans ce chapitre nous avons réalisé des expériences comportementales pour vérifier si la capacité du puceron à localiser sa plante hôte est réduite en présence d'une plante compagne
, Ainsi nos observations suggèrent que le ratio entre les plantes hôtes et les plantes compagnes est un paramètre explicatif du succès d'une association de culture pour réguler les ravageurs
La taille du champ a une forte influence sur les mesures de biodiversité en plein champ et des champs de petites surface présentent des communautés d'arthropodes plus diverse et plus abondantes, favoriser les mouvements des espèces vers les champs et maintenir les populations au sein du champ après une perturbation, 2003. ,
Premièrement, le contexte de l'agriculture biologique est un facteur très souvent absents des revues de littérature faisant l'état des connaissances sur les pratiques de diversifications et leur influence sur les arthropodes. Hors l'agriculture biologique repose sur des pratiques spécifiques en terme de fertilisation, contrôle mécanique des adventices, dates de semis, ? et présente des objectifs différents en terme de performances agronomiques et de conservation de la biodiversité, Un certain nombre de facteurs limitant pourraient influencer les résultats observés sur les pratiques de diversifications dans cette étude, 1997. ,
, , 2011.
, Cela est cohérent avec les faibles niveaux d'infestation observés dans notre étude
Deuxièmement, l'échelle expérimentale est un facteur important des études sur l'effet des la diversification sur la régulation des ravageurs. Par exemple, Bommarco & Banks (2003) observent que des dispositifs expérimentaux < 256 m² exacerbe les effets des pratiques de diversification sur les herbivores et les ennemis naturels, De plus, il existe des effets d'interactions entre l'agriculture biologique et la richesse du paysage en ce qui concerne les ennemis naturels et la prédation des pucerons, 2005. ,