, Conspicuous Consumption versus Charitable Behavior in Response to Social Exclusion: A Differential Needs Explanation, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.39, issue.3, pp.530-544, 2012.
, Self-Threats and Consumption, The Routledge Companion to Identity and Consumption, pp.216-240, 2013.
, Maggots and morals: Physical disgust is to fear as moral disgust is to anger, Components of Emotional Meaning, pp.271-280, 2013.
, Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice, Cognition and Emotion, vol.14, issue.4, pp.473-493, 2000.
,
, Fear, anger, and risk, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.81, issue.1, pp.146-159, 2001.
, , 2000.
, Limbic Activation and Psychophysiologic Responses to Aversive Visual Stimuli: Interaction with Cognitive Task, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.23, issue.5, pp.508-516
, , pp.157-160
, The emotional profiling of disgust-eliciting stimuli: Evidence for primary and complex disgusts, Cognition & Emotion, vol.18, issue.3, pp.313-336, 2004.
,
, Single Paper Meta-analysis: Benefits for Study, vol.59, pp.899-915, 2017.
, Emotion elicitation using films, Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment, pp.9-28, 2007.
, Disgust: The Body and Soul Emotion, T, 2005.
, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, pp.429-445
,
, Handbook of emotions, pp.757-776, 2008.
, Desire to Acquire: Powerlessness and Compensatory Consumption, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.35, issue.2, pp.257-267, 2008.
,
, Conspicuous consumption versus utilitarian ideals: How different levels of power shape consumer behavior, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.549-555, 2009.
, Taboo advertising : can humor help to attract attention and enhance recall, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol.20, issue.4, pp.407-422, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01123550
,
, Criteria for Emotion-Antecedent Appraisal: A Review, Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation, pp.89-126, 1988.
, Appraisal theory, Handbook of cognition and emotion, pp.637-663, 1999.
, What are emotions? And how can they be measured?, Social Science Information, vol.44, issue.4, pp.695-729, 2005.
, Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings, 2014.
, Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.34, issue.8, pp.1096-1109, 2008.
,
, The credibility of shock advocacy: Animal rights attack messages, Public Relations Review, vol.35, issue.2, pp.162-164, 2009.
,
, Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.48, issue.4, 1985.
, Emotion and adaptation, Handbook of personality: Theory and research, pp.609-637, 1990.
, The REFERENCES, 2015.
, Factors which influenced brand loyalty in the United States as of, 2016.
, The Value of Free: How Businesses Benefit From Giving Stuff Away, 2016.
, It's the thought that counts: A signed digraph analysis of gift-giving, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.3, issue.3, pp.155-162, 1976.
, Gifting-giving behavior: Research in marketing, 1979.
, Gift Giving as Agapic Love: An Alternative to the Exchange Paradigm Based on Dating Experiences, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.20, issue.3, pp.393-417, 1993.
, Exploring the effectiveness of business gifts: A controlled field experiment, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol.20, issue.1, pp.87-91, 1992.
,
, Exploring the Effectiveness of Business Gifts: Replication and Extension, Journal of Advertising, vol.29, issue.2, pp.75-78, 2000.
,
, Consumer responses to gift receipt in business-toconsumer contexts, Psychology & Marketing, vol.22, issue.5, pp.441-456, 2005.
,
, Angry Customers Don't Come Back, They Get Back: The Experience and Behavioral Implications of Anger and Dissatisfaction in Services, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol.31, issue.4, pp.377-393, 2003.
,
, Consumer Entitlement Theory and Measurement, Psychology & Marketing, vol.22, issue.3, pp.271-286, 2005.
, Consumer entitlement theory and measurement, Psychology and Marketing, vol.22, issue.3, pp.271-286, 2005.
, Proposition for an Improved Version of the Consumer Entitlement Inventory, Psychology & Marketing, vol.27, issue.3, pp.285-297, 2010.
, , 2004.
, Psychological Entitlement: Interpersonal Consequences and Validation of a Self-Report Measure, Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.83, issue.1, pp.29-45
,
, A benefit congruency framework of sales promotion effectiveness, Journal of Marketing, vol.64, issue.4, pp.65-81, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00598168
,
, A pause in promotion escalation, 2016.
, Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.48, issue.3, p.291, 1984.
, Too Proud to Let Go: Narcissistic Entitlement as a Barrier to Forgiveness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.87, issue.6, 2004.
, Taking the Cake in Loyalty: Going Beyond Birthday Rewards with Kellogg's, Hertz, Smashbox, 2015.
, Why Pret A Manger gives away so much free food to customers, 2015.
, Recent Attribution Research in Consumer Behavior: A Review and New Directions, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.14, issue.4, pp.548-565, 1988.
,
, Economic dimensions of household gift giving, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.18, issue.3, pp.368-379, 1991.
, The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement, American Sociological Review, pp.161-178, 1960.
, The Effects of Relationship Quality on Customer Retaliation, Marketing Letters, vol.17, issue.1, pp.31-46, 2006.
, Customer betrayal and retaliation: when your best customers become your worst enemies, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol.36, issue.2, pp.247-261, 2008.
, A Comprehensive Model of Customer Direct and Indirect Revenge: Understanding the Effects of Perceived Greed and Customer Power, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol.38, issue.6, pp.738-758, 2010.
,
, 5 Gifts that Keep You at the Top of Clients' Minds, 2013.
, PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Observed Variable Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Modeling, 2012.
, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, 1982.
, Review of the Theoretical Underpinnings of Loyalty Programs, Journal of Consumer Psychology, vol.21, issue.3, pp.256-276, 2011.
,
, Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states, 1970.
, The conceptualization and measurement of attributions, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.90024-90026, 1987.
, Consumer retaliation as a response to dissatisfaction, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, vol.13, pp.61-79, 2000.
, The Dark Side of Scarcity Promotions: How Exposure to Limited-Quantity Promotions Can Induce Aggression, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.43, issue.5, pp.683-706, 2017.
,
, Sales promotion effectiveness: the impact of consumer differences at an ethnic-group level, Journal of Product & Brand Management, vol.14, issue.3, pp.170-186, 2005.
, A Guide Map to the Terrain of Gift Value, Psychology & Marketing, vol.18, issue.8, pp.889-906, 2001.
, The structure and determinants of consumer complaint intentions and behavior, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.219-247, 1993.
, , pp.90001-90003
, The effects of introducing and terminating loyalty programs, European Journal of Marketing, vol.49, issue.3/4, pp.398-419, 2015.
, Starbucks customers lash out at new rewards program, 2016.
, Giving Firms an "E" for Effort: Consumer Responses to High-effort Firms, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.31, issue.4, pp.806-812, 2005.
, Fraud Sinks Subway's Sub Club, 2005.
, Effect of expectation and disconfirmation on postexposure product evaluations: An alternative interpretation, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol.62, issue.4, 1977.
, Satisfaction: a behavioral perspective on the consumer, 2010.
, Gift giving: a research anthology, 1996.
, The Role of Customer Gratitude in Relationship Marketing, Journal of Marketing, vol.73, issue.5, pp.1-18, 2009.
,
, Double-Edged Nature of Free Perks: Consumer Entitlement and Its Consequences in the Marketplace. NA-Advances in Consumer Research, vol.42, 2014.
, A Principal-components Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Further Evidence of its Construct Validity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.54, issue.5, p.890, 1988.
, Exit strategies of loyalty programs, Journal of Business Market Management, vol.9, issue.1, pp.564-596, 2016.
, The Social Psychology of the Gift, American Journal of Sociology, vol.73, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1967.
, An Introduction to Attribution Processes, 1975.
, Gift Giving in Anthropological Perspective, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.10, issue.2, pp.157-168, 1983.
, Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.89, issue.6, pp.845-851, 2005.
,
, Narcissism and Empathy: Validity Evidence for the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.48, issue.3, pp.301-305, 1984.
, Attributional Thoughts about Consumer Behavior, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.27, issue.3, pp.382-387, 2000.
, Gratitude Versus Entitlement: A Dual Process Model of the Profitability Implications of Customer Prioritization, Journal of Marketing, vol.78, issue.2, pp.1-19, 2014.
, 5 Ways Companies Win by Giving Stuff Away, 2013.
, Causal powers, causal questions, and the place of regularity information in causal attribution, British Journal of Psychology, vol.83, issue.2, p.161, 1992.
, Victim Entitlement to Behave Selfishly, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.98, issue.2, pp.245-255, 2010.
,
, Customer Negative Behavioral Intentions Scale
, Please indicate how likely you are going to engage in the following behaviors if you were in the scenario, where 1 = "extremely unlikely
, I will talk unfavorably about this online retailer on social media
, I will contact them and give them a hard time (e.g. call customer service, email them, send a letter to CEO
, I will stop supporting this online retailer online (e.g. unlike Facebook page, unfollow them on twitter
, I will remove this online retailer's website from my browser bookmarks
, *These items were included in the shortened negative behavioral intentions scale used in study 3
, The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation, Psychological bulletin, vol.117, issue.3, p.497, 1995.
, A domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations, 2006.
, Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: the MacArthur social neuroscience studies, International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol.35, issue.2-3, pp.143-154, 2000.
, Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection, 2008.
, The effect of social exclusion on consumer preference for anthropomorphized brands, Journal of Consumer Psychology, vol.27, issue.1, pp.23-34, 2017.
, No hugging: are we living through a crisis of touch? the Guardian, vol.17, 2018.
, The Midas touch: The effects of interpersonal touch on restaurant tipping, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.10, issue.4, pp.512-517, 1984.
, Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear, Behaviour Research and Therapy, vol.45, issue.9, pp.2110-2120, 2007.
, Social surrogacy: How favored television programs provide the experience of belonging, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.45, issue.2, pp.352-362, 2009.
, Social exclusion and early-stage interpersonal perception: Selective attention to signs of acceptance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.96, issue.4, pp.729-741, 2009.
, Touch, 2003.
, The science of interpersonal touch: An overview, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol.34, issue.2, pp.246-259, 2010.
, Loneliness and expressive communication, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, vol.88, issue.3, p.258, 1979.
, Daily time spent on social networking by internet users worldwide from, Accessed, vol.17, 2012.
, The effect of touch on compliance with a restaurant's employee suggestion, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol.26, issue.4, pp.1019-1023, 2007.
, Mediated social touch: a review of current research and future directions, Virtual Reality, vol.9, issue.2-3, pp.149-159, 2006.
, The nature of love, American psychologist, vol.13, issue.12, p.673, 1958.
, Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, vol.40, 2010.
, Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach, 2013.
, The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review, Clinical Psychology Review, vol.26, issue.6, pp.695-718, 2006.
, The communication of emotion via touch, Emotion, vol.9, issue.4, p.566, 2009.
, Touch communicates distinct emotions, Emotion, vol.6, issue.3, p.528, 2006.
, Tactile Stimulation and Consumer Response, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.19, issue.3, p.449, 1992.
, The Epidemic of Loneliness-and How to Combat It, Accessed, vol.18, 2018.
, Touch matters: exploring the relationship between consumption and tactile interaction, Social Semiotics, vol.21, issue.4, pp.531-546, 2011.
, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2005.
, Opinion | Is Loneliness a Health Epidemic? The New York Times, vol.17, 2018.
, Truly, madly, deeply: Consumers in the throes of material possession love, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.38, issue.2, pp.323-342, 2011.
, Increasing social engagement among lonely individuals: The role of acceptance cues and promotion motivations, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.36, issue.10, pp.1346-1359, 2010.
, Compensatory deficits following rejection: the role of social anxiety in disrupting affiliative behavior, Depression and Anxiety, vol.26, issue.5, pp.438-446, 2009.
, Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the "porcupine problem, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.92, issue.1, pp.42-55, 2007.
, Social Exclusion Causes People to Spend and Consume Strategically in the Service of Affiliation, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.37, issue.5, pp.902-919, 2011.
, How and when exclusion motivates social reconnection, pp.121-131, 2013.
, Products as Pals: Engaging with Anthropomorphic Products Mitigates the Effects of Social Exclusion, Journal of Consumer Research, 2017.
, Isolation is rising in Europe. Can loneliness ministers help change that, 2018.
, Accessed, vol.18, 2018.
, Social neuroscience: The social brain, oxytocin, and health, Social Neuroscience, vol.7, issue.1, pp.18-29, 2012.
, Does self-threat promote social connection? The role of selfesteem and contingencies of self-worth, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.96, issue.1, pp.203-217, 2009.
, Does touch matter? Insights from haptic research in marketing, Sensory marketing: Research on the sensuality of products, pp.47-62, 2010.
, Individual differences in haptic information processing: The "need for touch" scale, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.30, issue.3, pp.430-442, 2003.
, If I touch it I have to have it: Individual and environmental influences on impulse purchasing, Journal of Business Research, vol.59, issue.6, pp.765-769, 2006.
, Sensory factors and consumer behavior, 2008.
, Handbook of consumer psychology, vol.4, pp.193-219
, It Just Feels Good: Customers' Affective Response to Touch and Its Influence on Persuasion, Journal of Marketing, vol.70, issue.4, pp.56-69, 2006.
, Digital Addiction: Increased Loneliness, vol.5, pp.3-8, 2018.
, Toward a social psychology of loneliness, Relationships in Disorder, vol.3, pp.31-56, 1981.
, , 2017.
, Social Media Use and Perceived Social Isolation Among Young Adults in the
, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol.53, issue.1, pp.1-8
, The sense of touch, 1990.
, Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust, American Psychologist, vol.26, issue.5, pp.443-452, 1971.
, UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure, Journal of personality assessment, vol.66, issue.1, pp.20-40, 1996.
, Functional intimacy: Needing-But not wanting-The touch of a stranger, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.113, issue.6, pp.910-924, 2017.
, Transition to college: Network changes, social skills, and loneliness, Understanding Personal Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Approach, pp.193-219, 1985.
, Chicken Soup Really Is Good for the Soul "Comfort Food" Fulfills the Need to Belong, Psychological Science, vol.22, issue.6, pp.747-753, 2011.
, If you can't join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.81, issue.6, pp.1058-1069, 2001.
, The Lonely Consumer: Loner or Conformer?, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1116-1128, 2012.
, Individual differences in interpersonal touch: On the development, validation, and use of the "comfort with interpersonal touch" (CIT) scale, Journal of Consumer Psychology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.60-77, 2015.
, The effects of loneliness: A review of the literature, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol.27, issue.4, pp.90011-90019, 1986.
, Nostalgia: Content, Triggers, Functions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.91, issue.5, pp.975-993, 2006.
, Social anxiety and response to touch: incongruence between self-evaluative and physiological reactions, Biological Psychology, vol.58, issue.3, pp.181-202, 2001.
, Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and emotion, vol.18, pp.129-166, 1994.
, The power of touch in psychotherapy, International Journal of Psychotherapy, vol.11, issue.3, p.15, 2007.
, Loneliness, depression and cognitive therapy: Theory and application, 1982.
, Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy, pp.1-18
, Counteracting loneliness on the restorative function of nostalgia, Psychological Science, vol.19, issue.10, pp.1023-1029, 2008.
, 20 are all reverse scored. Need for touch scale (Peck and Childers 2003) 1. When walking through stores, I can't help touching all kinds of products, vol.10
, I feel more comfortable purchasing a product after physically examining it
, When browsing in stores, it is important for me to handle all kinds of products
, If I can't touch a product in the store, I am reluctant to purchase the product. 7. I like to touch products even if I have no intentions of buying them
, I feel more confident making a purchase after touching a product
, When browsing in stores, I like to touch lots of products. 10. The only way to make sure a product is worth buying is to actually touch it. 11. There are many products that I would only buy if I could handle them before purchase. 12. I find myself touching all kinds of products in stores
, 12 measure autotelic need for touch Items 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 measure instrumental need for touch Comfort with interpersonal touch scale (Webb and Peck 2015) 1. I consider myself to be a more 'touchy' person than most of my friends, = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree Items 1, 2, 5, vol.7
, I feel more comfortable initiating touch than most people. 3. When talking to people, I often touch them on the arm
, I don't mind if someone touches my arm
, During conversation, I don't mind if people touch me
, I typically don't mind receiving touch from another person
, Most people will respond in kind when they are trusted by others
, I like when a store is designed to encourage customers to interact with each other
, Study 2 SHOPPING EXPERIENCE STUDY In this next study, we are interested in understanding what consumers like (and don't like) about various aspects of in-store shopping. Please read each statement below and indicate your level of agreement or disagreement, -store haptic interaction
, I like when a store is designed to encourage sales personnel to approach customers. 2. I enjoy interacting with salespeople
, I actively seek advice from salespeople
, I like when a store is designed to encourage customers to interact with each other
, I dislike being in a crowded area
, I like to browse touch screen devices to obtain additional product information. 10. I like to chat with sales personnel to obtain additional product information
, Online vs. offline shopping preferences
, In this next study, we are interested understanding what consumers like and don't like about online vs. offline shopping
, Below is a list of shopping attributes. Please rate each one in terms of which you think is better in terms of the online vs
, = shopping offline is much better; 9 = shopping online is much better Preference for haptic-related product name
, A chewy-soft center of premium caramel enrobed in milk chocolate
, Milk Caramel Vortex (non-haptic-related product name)
, to respond to various aspects of in-store shopping now. We would like you to read several selected short scenarios and to imagine that each scenario is true. Do your best to pretend that you are actually in the scenario. Then answer each question as if you were in the scenario at this very moment
, Imagine that a salesperson drops something and cannot be reached/warned otherwise (e.g., he/she is wearing headphones). How likely are you to tap the salesperson on the shoulder at this moment?
, Imagine that a salesperson helps you take your size measurements (e.g., tailors a suit, measures your waist)
, Imagine that a salesperson approaches you to ask if you're aware of a sale that's going on right now
, How likely are you to appreciate the fact that relevant isles are clearly marked at this moment? 11. Imagine that you are trying to find a specific product. How likely are to you appreciate the fact that the retailer has a small assortment to choose from at this moment? 12. Imagine that there is a long cue at checkout. How likely are to use self-service check-out lanes at this moment?
, Imagine that you have been waiting in line at checkout for more than 10 minutes. How likely are you to be bothered by it at this moment?
, How likely are you to find it annoying if a salesperson cannot answer one of your product questions at this moment? to functional or imposed in-store touch interactions Items 10 to 16 refer to non-touch in-store touch interactions
, Domain-specific risk-taking scale (DOSPERT; Blais and Weber, 2006.
, For each of the following statements, please indicate the likelihood that you would engage in the described activity or behavior if you were to find yourself in that situation. 1. Admitting that your tastes are different from those of a friend
, Betting a day's income at the horse races
, Investing 10% of your annual income in a moderate growth mutual fund
, Drinking heavily at a social function. (H/S) 6. Taking some questionable deductions on your income tax return. (E) 7. Disagreeing with an authority figure on a major issue. (S)* 8. Betting a day's income at a high-stake poker game
, Going down a ski run that is beyond your ability. (R) 12. Investing 5% of your annual income in a very speculative stock. (F) 13. Going whitewater rafting at high water in the spring. (R) 14. Betting a day's income on the outcome of a sporting event (F) 15. Engaging in unprotected sex. (H/S) 16. Revealing a friend's secret to someone else. (E) 17. Driving a car without wearing a seat belt. (H/S) 18. Investing 10% of your annual income in a new business venture. (F) 19. Taking a skydiving class. (R) 20. Riding a motorcycle without a helmet. (H/S) 21. Choosing a career that you truly enjoy over a more secure one. (S)* 22. Speaking your mind about an unpopular issue in a meeting at work. (S)* 23. Sunbathing without sunscreen. (H/S) 24. Bungee jumping off a tall bridge. (R) 25. Piloting a small plane. (R) 26. Walking home alone at night in an unsafe area of town. (H/S) 27. Moving to a city far away from your extended family. (S)* 28. Starting a new career in your mid-thirties, p.10
,
, Only a subset of these objects was used in Study 1 corresponding to the social risk-taking
, Chocolatier is a Belgian chocolate manufacturer that competes with other companies primarily on the basis of responding to changes in consumer preferences. For this reason, its managers often pilot-test consumers' preferences for new products they are willing to introduce on the market
, Chocolatier wants to launch a high-end chocolate sculpture product selection for its customers. So far, its maître chocolatiers have developed two prototypes (A and B below)
, = definitely prototype A, 5 = neither prototype A or B, 9 = definitely prototype B Note. Images A and B were presented in counterbalanced
, In this study, we are interested in better understanding how people feel about certain situations attitudes and opinions. There are no right or wrong answers, simply answer as honestly as you can. Please indicate how you feel about each statement at this moment: 1. TV is my main form of entertainment
, Overall, I'd say I am pretty happy
, 7. I would rather spend a quiet evening at home than go out to a party
, My family is the single most important thing to me
, I think I have more self-confidence than most people. 10. A woman's life is fulfilled only if she can provide a happy home for her family. 11. My social status is an important part of my life
, It's very important to me to feel I am a part of a group
, 7 = strongly agree Pretest Results When comparing trust boost option A and control, the one-way ANOVA on the manipulation items showed that the manipulation had a marginal significant effect (F(1, 77) = 2.80, p = .10)
, When comparing trust boost option B and control, the one-way ANOVA on the manipulation items showed that the manipulation had a marginal significant effect (F(1, 78) = .14, p = .71)
, Based on the above results, we decided to use option A for our main study
, Imagine that a salesperson drops something and cannot be reached/warned otherwise (e.g., he/she is wearing headphones) so you tap him/her on the shoulder to do so
, Imagine that there is a long cue at checkout and you decide to use self-service check-out lanes