, Cyclic Lateral Loading of Monopile Foundations in Cohesionless Soils, 2015.
, Lateral pile analysis in weak carbonate rocks, 1983.
, Behavior of monopile foundations under cyclic lateral load, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.36, issue.5, p.41, 2009.
, Cyclic response of calcareous soil from the North-West Shelf of Australia, Géotechnique 41.1, p.38, 1991.
, API RP2A -Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms -Working stress design, 2000.
, An analytical model to predict the natural frequency of offshore wind turbines on three-spring flexible foundations using two different beam models, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol.74, pp.40-45, 2015.
, Design of monopiles for offshore wind turbines in 10 steps, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol.92, pp.126-152, 2017.
, Evaluation of pile diameter effect on initial modulus of subgrade reaction, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.129, p.102, 2003.
, Theoretical study of lateral reaction mechanism of piles, Géotechique 27.3, vol.82, p.179, 1977.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00547333
, Recommandations pou la conception et le dimensionnement des fondations d'éoliennes offshore, vol.18, p.10, 2019.
, Challenges in Design of Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines, The institution of Engineering and Technology, vol.18, 2014.
, Experimental validation of soil-structure interaction of offshore wind turbine, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol.31, p.109, 2011.
, Foundations for offshore wind turbines, Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.361, p.11, 2003.
, Field testing of large diameter piles under lateral loading for offshore wind applications, 16th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ECSMGE), vol.52, p.41, 2015.
, New design methods for large diameter piles under lateral loading for offshore wind applications, Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III, pp.705-710, 2015.
, Analysis of Laterally Loaded Shafts in Rock, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, pp.839-855, 1992.
, Cyclic and Fatigue Behaviour of Rock Materials: Review, Interpretation and Research Perspectives, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, vol.51, pp.391-414, 2018.
, Strain-rate dependency of the dynamic tensile strength of rock, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol.40, issue.5, p.35, 2003.
, Mechanical behaviour of soils under environmentally induced cyclic loads, p.36, 2012.
, DNV-OS-J101: Design of Offshore Wint Turbine Structures, 2014.
, Laterally loaded monopile design for offshore wind farms, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol.165, p.12, 2011.
, WP Framework/Industry Challenges Report construction, deployment and installation, Tech. rep. LEANWIND, pp.1-114, 2014.
, Simple rainflow counting algorithms, International Journal of Fatigue, p.56, 1982.
, Experimental and analytical investigation of the behaviour of single piles in overconsolidated clay subjected to cyclic lateral loads, p.33, 1986.
, Experimental p-y model for submerged stiff clay, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol.127, issue.1, p.96, 1989.
, Application de la sollicitation d'expansion de cavité cylindrique à l'évaluation des caractéristiques de liquéfaction d'un sable, p.36, 1995.
, Monotonic Lateral Loading of Piles in Calcerous Sand, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.127, pp.346-352, 2001.
, A New Method for the Design of Laterally Loaded Anchor Piles in Soft Rock, Offshore Technology Conference, 2004.
, Axial and lateral pile design in carbonate soils, Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics II, vol.157, pp.125-154, 2011.
, Engineering behaviour of rocks, p.38, 1983.
, Load Tests on Grouted Piles in Rock, Offshore Technology Conference, pp.93-99, 1985.
, Calcul des fondations superficielles et profondes. Ed. by T. de l'Ingénieur. Presse de l'Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, vol.30, p.82, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00853367
, Experimentally derived CPT-based p-y curves for soft clay, 3rd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, p.96, 2014.
, Generalized cyclic p-y curve modeling for analysis of laterally loaded piles, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol.63, p.42, 2014.
, A model for nonlinear hysteretic and ratcheting behaviour, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.120, p.42, 2017.
, Principles of Hyperplasticity: An Approach to Plasticity Therory Based on Thermodynamic Principles, p.42, 2006.
, IEC 61400-3 Wind Turbines -Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission, 2009.
, Offshore code comparison collaboration (OC3) for IEA task 23: offshore wind technology and deployment, p.108, 2010.
, Definition of a 5-MW reference wind turbinne for offshore system development, p.108, 2009.
, Optimization of monopiles for offshore wind turbines, Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.373, p.10, 2015.
, Detection of excessive wind turbine tower oscillations fore-afte and sideways, p.109, 2012.
, Response of stiff piles in sand to long-term cyclic lateral loading, Géotechique 60.2, vol.66, p.71, 2010.
, Response of stiff piles to random two-way lateral loading, Géotechnique 60.9, pp.715-721, 2010.
, Investigation of monopile behaviour under cyclic lateral loading, Proceedings of the 6th International Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnics Conference, p.41, 2007.
, Effect of Recent Load History on Laterally Loaded Piles in Normally Consolidated Clay, International Journal of Geomechanics, vol.88, pp.102-104, 2007.
, Cyclic shakedown of piles subjected to twodimensional lateral loading, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.33, pp.1339-1361, 2009.
, p-y Criterion for Rock Mass, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.135, issue.1, p.33, 2009.
, Permanent strains of piles in sand due to cyclic lateral loads, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.125, pp.798-802, 1999.
, Cyclic horizontal load tests on six piles in sands Houston Ship Channel, vol.5640, 1988.
, Effects of cyclic lateral loads on piles in sand, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, pp.225-244, 1994.
, Procedures and instrumentation for tests on a laterally loaded pile, 8th Texas Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, p.33, 1956.
, Determination of multidirectional p-y curves for soft clays, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.28, p.24, 2005.
, Modeling clay-pile interface during multi-directional loading, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.74, pp.163-173, 2016.
, Multi-directional cyclic p-y curves for soft clays, Ocean Engineering, vol.115, pp.1-18, 2016.
, Bounding surface model for soil resistance to cyclic lateral pile displacements with arbitrary direction, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.71, pp.47-55, 2016.
, Laterally loaded piles in sand: slope effect on P-y curves, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.35, p.33, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01735809
, Design of large diameter monopiles in chalk at Westermost Rough offshore wind farm, Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III, p.43, 2015.
, A macro-element pile foundation model for integrated analyses of monopile-based offshore wind turbines, Ocean Engineering, vol.167, p.28, 2018.
, Application of an undrained and partially drained cyclic accumulation model for monopile design, Proceedings of the 5th International Young Geotechnical Engineers' Conference, p.42, 2013.
, IEA-Annex XXIII Subtask 2, Stuttfart, Germany: Endowed Chair of Energy (cit, pp.108-110, 2006.
, Aseismic pile foundation design analysis, p.146, 1993.
, Investigations on the Behavior of Large Diameter Piles under Long-Term Lateral Cyclic Loading in Cohesionless Soil, vol.157, 2010.
, Behavior of laterally loaded piles: I-Single piles, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, pp.711-731, 1971.
, Pile foundation analysis and design, p.28, 1980.
, The role of analytical geomechanics in foundation engineering, Foundation Engineering: Current principles and practices, vol.20, p.82, 1989.
, Design of Piles Under Cyclic Loading: SOLCYP Recommendations, p.452, 2017.
, Integration of the elastoplastic mechanical behaviors of Drucker-Prager, associated (DRUCK_PRAGER)and non-aligned (DRUCK_PRAG_N_A) and postprocessings, vol.130, p.129, 2013.
, Laws of behavior of the joints of stoppings: JOINT_MECA_RUPT and JOINT_MECA_FROT, pp.131-133, 2016.
, Comportement des pieux et des groupes de pieux sous chargement latéral cyclique, p.40, 2009.
, The response of flexible piles to lateral loading, Géotechnique 31, vol.2, pp.247-259, 1981.
, The limiting pressure on a circular pile loaded laterally in cohesive soil, p.102, 1984.
, Analysis of Laterally Loaded Piles in Weak Rock, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.123, pp.1010-1017, 1997.
, Single Piles and Pile Groups Under Lateral Loading, p.29, 2011.
, Lateral loadings of deep foundations in stiff clay, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, vol.101, issue.7, pp.633-649, 1975.
, Trends of offshore wind projects, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.49, pp.1114-1135, 2015.
, Pieux sous charge latérale cyclique, vol.32, p.33, 2004.
,
, Effect of variation of the loading direction on the displacement accumulation of large-diameter piles under cyclic lateral loading in sand, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.51, p.24, 2014.
, Influence of Soil Parameters on the Fatigue Lifetime of Offshore Wind Turbines with Monopile Support Structure, Energy Procedia, vol.22, p.10, 2016.
, Dynamic stiffness of monopiles supporting offshore wind turbine generators, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol.88, pp.15-32, 2016.
, Resistance of short, stiff piles to multidirectional lateral loadings, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.35, 2012.
, A multidirectional p-y model forlateralsand-pileinteractions, Soils and Foundations 53, vol.2, pp.199-214, 2013.
, Finite element modelling of laterally loaded piles in a dense marine sand at Dunkirk, Géotechnique Accepted, p.97, 2019.
, Computational study on the modification of a bounding surface plasticity model for sands, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.59, p.34, 2014.
, Design of Monopile Foundations to Support the DTU 10 MW Offshore Wind Turbine, 2016.
, Analysis of centrifuge model test data from laterally loaded piles in calcareous sand". In: Engineering for calcareous sediments, vol.162, p.93, 1988.
, Soil-Pile Superstructure Interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay, p.33, 1998.
, Offshore Wind in Europe windeurope.org Key trends and statistics, pp.5-8, 2018.
, Inverted S-shaped model for nonlinear fatigue damage of rock, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol.46, issue.3, p.38, 2009.
, Optimization technique to determine the p-y curves of laterally loaded stiff piles in dense sand, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.39, issue.5, p.32, 2016.
, Methods for deriving p-y curves from instrumented lateral load tests, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.30, issue.1, p.32, 2007.
, Numerical modelling of large diameter piles under lateral loading for offshore wind applications, Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III, vol.34, p.33, 2015.
, Finite element modelling of laterally loaded piles in a stiff glacial clay till at Cowden, Géotechnique Accepted, p.97, 2019.
, Soil reaction curves for monopiles in clay, Marine Structures, vol.65, pp.94-113, 2019.
, Applicability of Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown strength criteria to the dynamic strength of brittle rock, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol.37, issue.7, p.35, 2010.
, Annual offshore wind installations by country and cumulative capacity (WindEurope, 2019)
, Different types of foundations for offshore wind turbine after Abadie (2015) with their respective share in Europe for grid-connected wind turbines at the end of 2018 (a) Gravity Base (301, i.e. 6 %), (b) Monopiles (4 062 i.e. 80.9 %), (c) Tripile (80, i.e. 1.6 %)
, Offshore wind turbine components (Velarde, 2016)
, Frequency spectrum of the dynamic loads showing design choice (Bhattacharya, 2014)
, A 3.5 MW offshore wind turbine and a jack-up rig drawn to the same scale showing typical loads applying on each structure, 2003.
, Pile failure mechanisms for soils with (a) Es=10 MPa and (b) Es=100
, , 2011.
, 19 2.2 Flowchart of a simplified design procedure after Arany, MW turbine in water depth from 20-50 m, p.20, 2003.
, Example of pile relative stiffness influence on pile head relative displacement (Puech and Garnier, 2017)
, 23 2.5 Wave rose (a) and wind rose (b) at Hornsea wind farm, from National Infrastructure Planning, Results of a sensitivity study on the natural frequency depending on the lateral, rotational and cross-coupling stiffness performed in Arany et, p.25, 2015.
, 30 2.8 Sketch of typical cyclic behaviour encountered during stress (or load) controlled cyclic tests (a) Purely elastic (b) Adaptation (c) Accomodation (d) Perfect ractcheting (e) Unstable ractheting after Di Prisco and Muir Wood (2012), Schematic representation of the possible pile design methodologies, 2015.
, Sketch of typical cyclic behaviour encountered during strain (or displacement) controlled cyclic tests (a) Cyclic hardening (b) Cyclic softening after Dupla (1995), 2018.
, Comparison between mechanism of deformation under (a) creep loading (Farmer, 1983) (b) cyclic loading after, p.38, 2009.
, Characteristics of cyclic loading defined in terms of ? b and ? c, 2010.
, Results and interpretation of one uniaxial test and two triaxial tests perfomed on samples from OPT site
,
, Description of the different elements constitutive of the pulling assembly 51
, Location of the sensors in the pile section, the optical fibre gauges are spaced every 0.5 m, the inclinometers and the extensometers are spaced every 1 m
, Locations of lateral and vertical displacements measurements above the ground surface
, Cumulative number of cycles for different level of loading expressed as a percentage of the defined ultimate load (rainflow analysis SLS), p.56
, Example of static testing programme, duration for which the load is maintained is expressed in minute on the graph
, Example of cyclic testing programme, number of cycles are expressed for each series of constant amplitude cycles
, 60 3.10 Results of the fitting using Equation 3.3 for the accumulated rotations measured for pile P10 (top) and pile P2 (bottom), p.63
, Results of the fitting using Equation 3.4 for the accumulated rotations measured for pile P10 (top) and pile P2 (bottom), p.64
, Results of the fitting using Equation 3.4 and ? = 0.27 for the accumulated rotations measured for pile P10 (top) and pile P2 (bottom), p.65
, Picture of the crushed rock retrieved on site
, Grain size distribution results of the crushed rock, p.68
, 69 of the tangent oedometric modulus of the crushed rock at lows normal stresses, Oedometer test results on the crushed rock
, Shear box tests results
, Graphical representation of the normal components and the tangential components for the cohesive formulation after, p.133, 2016.
, Different normal behaviour of the radial cracks depending on the critical strain energy release
,
, Comparison of the radial stress
, Comparison of the tangential stress
, 137 5.10 Comparison of the global response (left) and the frontal (noted f ) and tangential (noted tg) proportions in the total reaction (right) for various values of initial confinement
,
, Sensitivity study on the cohesive joints parameters, p.142
, 143 5.16 Results of the numerical simulation considering elasto-plastic behaviour in both the crushed rock and the rock
, Geometry for the 3D model
, Typical FE mesh for the 3D modelling
, 148 5.21 Comparison between OPT results for pile P5 and the numerical results (with and without gapping), Comparison of 3D FEM simulations using Code_Aster with existing solutions147 5.20 Comparison between OPT results for pile P7 and the numerical results (with and without gapping)
, Locations of the cohesive joints in the 3D calculation, p.150
, 150 5.24 Comparison between OPT results (at 10 cm above the ground level) for pile P7 and the numerical results with gapping (with and without radial cracks)
, A.1 Typical p-y curves for brittle carbonate rocks (Abbs, 1983), p.160
, Typical shape of p-y curves for Zumaya claystone, p.161, 1985.
, Sketch of p-y curve for rock (Reese, 1997)
, 163 A.5 Definition of problem (Erbrich, 2004), Typical experimental and optimized load-transfer curves for calcareous sand, 2001.
, Approximation of the reaction with secant modulus (see Figure B.1a) and tangent modulus (see Figure B.1b)
, Sensitivity study of numerical parameters of the joint elements considering an adhesion equals to zero and µ equals to 0.35, p.177
, 14 2.1 Different ranges of transition from flexible to rigid pile behaviour found in the literature, p.27
, , p.31
, 40 2.5 Comparison of different methods to take into account cyclic loading for laterally loaded piles, p.43
, Rock properties targeted for site selection, vol.46
,
,
, Summary of the tests
, As-built loading eccentricity for different tests, p.52
, Sensors sign convention
, , p.61
, Passing diameter for the crushed rock deduced from the grain size distribution test
, 75 3.10 Maximum level of loading of cycles (expressed as a ratio of the ultimate loading), lateral displacement at the ground level (expressed as a ratio of the pile diameter) and number of cycles corresponding to the exceeding of the rotation threshold of 0.25 ? at the mudline
, Local stiffness deduced to obtain the same global stiffness, p.82
, Comparison of the ratio of the subgrade reaction over the shear modulus of the rock between those back calculated using the OPT results and the solution in Baguelin et al. (1977)
, Values of the different parameters in the springs in series modelling, vol.87
, , p.109, 2006.
, 129 5.2 Parameters of the rock and the soft rock for the two kinds of model (elastic and elasto-pastic), Parameters of the geometry of the 2D model