, Concernant le vent, le trait SW calculé estime le risque de casse de la tige sous l'action du vent ce qui est un des dommages possibles

, Une estimation de la charge due au vent peut être ajoutée au modèle. Pour cela il faut évaluer l'impact d'une ouverture sur les contraintes perçues par les perches dominées et libérées, mesurer le régime de déformation avant et après ouverture de la canopée serait une bonne piste, Les modèles utilisés dans l, 2016.

. Gardiner, L'architecture et la biomasse racinaire sont donc des paramètres non négligeables face au déracinage et donc de la résistance vis-à, 2016.

T. Alméras and B. Clair, Critical review on the mechanisms of maturation stress generation in trees, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol.13, 2016.

T. Alméras, M. Derycke, G. Jaouen, J. Beauchêne, and M. Fournier, Functional diversity in gravitropic reaction among tropical seedlings in relation to ecological and developmental traits, Journal of experimental botany, vol.60, pp.4397-4410, 2009.

T. Alméras and M. Fournier, Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.256, pp.370-381, 2009.

T. Alméras, J. Gril, and H. Yamamoto, Modelling anisotropic maturation strains in wood in relation to fibre boundary conditions, microstructure and maturation kinetics, Holzforschung, vol.59, pp.347-353, 2005.

T. Alméras, A. Thibaut, and J. Gril, Effect of circumferential heterogeneity of wood maturation strain, modulus of elasticity and radial growth on the regulation of stem orientation in trees, Trees -Structure and Function, vol.19, pp.457-467, 2005.

W. Anderegg and F. C. Meinzer, Wood Anatomy and Plant Hydraulics in a Changing Climate, pp.235-253, 2015.

I. Aranda, A. Forner, B. Cuesta, and F. Valladares, Species-specific water use by forest tree species: From the tree to the stand, Agricultural Water Management, vol.114, pp.67-77, 2012.

I. Aranda, L. Gil, and J. Pardos, Water relations and gas exchange in Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl. in a mixed stand at their southern limit of distribution in Europe, Trees, vol.14, pp.344-352, 2000.

R. R. Archer, On the origin of growth stresses in trees, Wood Science and Technology, vol.21, pp.139-154, 1987.

V. Arx, G. , G. Pannatier, E. Thimonier, A. Rebetez et al., Microclimate in forests with varying leaf area index and soil moisture: Potential implications for seedling establishment in a changing climate, Journal of Ecology, vol.101, pp.1201-1213, 2013.

G. Aussenac, Interactions between forest stands and microclimate: Ecophysiological aspects and consequences for silviculture, Annals of Forest Science, vol.57, pp.287-301, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883349

E. Badel, F. W. Ewers, H. Cochard, and F. W. Telewski, Acclimation of mechanical and hydraulic functions in trees: impact of the thigmomorphogenetic process, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.6, p.266, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01149365

A. Barbacci, T. Constant, E. Farré, M. Harroué, and G. Nepveu, Shiny beech wood is confirmed as an indicator of tension wood, IAWA Journal, vol.29, pp.35-46, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195115

T. S. Barigah, T. Ibrahim, A. Bogard, B. Faivre-vuillin, and L. A. Lagneau,

E. , Irradiance-induced plasticity in the hydraulic properties of saplings of different temperate broad-leaved forest tree species, Tree physiology, vol.26, pp.1505-1521, 2006.

P. Becker, F. C. Meinzer, and S. D. Wullschleger, Hydraulic limitation of tree height: A critique, Functional Ecology, vol.14, pp.4-11, 2000.

P. Becker, M. T. Tyree, and M. Tsuda, Hydraulic conductances of angiosperms versus conifers: similar transport sufficiency at the whole-plant level, Tree physiology, vol.19, pp.445-452, 1999.

M. F. Bellemare, T. Masaki, and T. B. Pepinsky, Lagged Explanatory Variables and the Estimation of Causal Effects, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015.

A. Bergander and L. Salmén, Variations in transverse fibre wall properties: Relations between elastic properties and structure, Holzforschung, vol.54, pp.654-660, 2000.

B. A. Black and M. D. Abrams, Use of boundary-line growth patterns as a basis for dendroecological release criteria, Ecological Applications, vol.13, pp.1733-1749, 2003.

A. J. Bloom, S. F. Chapin, and H. A. Mooney, Resource limitation in plants -An economic analogy, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.16, pp.363-392, 1985.

S. Bohlman and S. O'brien, Allometry, adult stature and regeneration requirement of 65 tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.22, pp.123-136, 2006.

A. Boncina, A. Kadunc, and D. Robic, Effects of selective thinning on growth and development of beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) forest stands in south-eastern Slovenia, Annals of Forest Science, vol.64, pp.47-57, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884056

V. Bonnesoeur, Acclimatation des arbres forestiers au vent : de la perception du vent à ses conséquences sur la croissance et le dimensionnement des tiges, 2016.

J. Bontemps, J. Herve, P. Duplat, and J. Dhôte, Shifts in the height-related competitiveness of tree species following recent climate warming and implications for tree community composition: the case of common beech and sessile oak as predominant broadleaved species in Europe, Oikos, vol.121, pp.1287-1299, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00868777

R. E. Booker and J. Sell, The nanostructure of the cell wall of softwoods and its functions in a living tree, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, vol.56, pp.1-8, 1998.

F. Brasseur, D. Sloover, and J. R. , L'extinction du rayonnement dans les gammes spectrales Bulletin de la Société Royale de, Botanique de Belgique, vol.109, pp.319-334, 1976.

N. Bréda, A. Granier, and G. Aussenac, Effects of thinning on soil and tree water relations, transpiration and growth in an oak forest (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.), Tree Physiology, vol.15, pp.295-306, 1995.

N. Bréda, R. Huc, A. Granier, and E. Dreyer, Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences, Annals of Forest Science, vol.63, pp.625-644, 2006.

F. Brüchert, G. Becker, and T. Speck, The mechanics of Norway spruce, 2000.

. Karst, mechanical properties of standing trees from different thinning regimes, vol.135, pp.45-62

C. D. Canham, Growth and canopy architecture of shade-tolerant trees: response to canopy gaps, Ecological Society of America, vol.69, pp.786-795, 1988.

C. D. Canham, Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species, Ecology, vol.70, pp.548-550, 1989.

C. D. Canham, Suppression and release during canopy opening recruitment in Fagus grandifolia, bulletin of the torrey botanical club, vol.117, pp.1-7, 1990.

B. Caquet, Réactions de semis naturels de hêtre et d'érable sycomore à l'ouverture du couvert : croissance et ajustements fonctionnels, 2008.

B. Caquet, T. S. Barigah, H. Cochard, P. Montpied, C. Collet et al., Hydraulic properties of naturally regenerated beech saplings respond to canopy opening, Tree physiology, vol.29, pp.1395-405, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00489783

B. Caquet, P. Montpied, E. Dreyer, D. Epron, and C. Collet, Response to canopy opening does not act as a filter to Fagus sylvatica and Acer sp. advance regeneration in a mixed temperate forest, Annals of Forest Science, vol.67, pp.105-105, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883559

J. Chen, S. C. Saunders, T. R. Crow, R. J. Naiman, K. D. Brosofske et al.,

J. F. Frankling, Microclimate in forest ecosystem and landscape ecology, BioScience, vol.49, pp.288-297, 1999.

B. Choat, E. Badel, R. Burlett, S. Delzon, H. Cochard et al., Noninvasive Measurement of Vulnerability to Drought-Induced Embolism by X-Ray Microtomography, Plant Physiology, vol.170, pp.273-282, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02796041

B. Choat, A. R. Cobb, and S. Jansen, Structure and function of bordered pits: New discoveries and impacts on whole-plant hydraulic function, New Phytologist, vol.177, pp.608-626, 2008.

B. Clair, J. Alteyrac, A. Gronvold, J. Espejo, B. Chanson et al., Patterns of longitudinal and tangential maturation stresses in Eucalyptus nitens plantation trees, Annals of Forest Science, vol.70, pp.801-811, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913611

B. Clair, J. Ruelle, and B. Thibaut, Relationship between growth stresses, mechano-physical properties and proportion of fibres with gelatinous layer in chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill, 2003.

, Holzforschung, vol.57, pp.189-195

J. S. Clark, B. Beckage, P. Camill, B. Cleveland, J. Hillerislambers et al.,

J. , M. J. Wyckoff, and P. , Interpreting recruitment limitation in forests, American journal of botany, vol.86, pp.1-16, 1999.

F. Colin, A. Sanjines, M. Fortin, J. Bontemps, and E. Nicolini, Fagus sylvatica trunk epicormics in relation to primary and secondary growth, Annals of botany, vol.110, pp.995-1005, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01003367

C. Collet, M. Fournier, F. Ningre, A. Hounzandji, and T. Constant, Growth and posture control strategies in Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus saplings in response to canopy disturbance, Annals of botany, vol.107, pp.1345-53, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01000893

C. Collet, O. Lanter, and M. Pardos, Effects of canopy opening on height and diameter growth in naturally regenerated beech seedlings, Annals of Forest Science, vol.58, pp.127-134, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883336

L. H. Comas, S. R. Becker, V. Cruz, P. F. Byrne, and D. A. Dierig, Root traits contributing to plant productivity under drought, Frontiers in plant science, vol.4, p.442, 2013.

T. Constant, A. Barbacci, and G. Nepveu, Analysis over a four years period after thinning of the trunk movement linked to the crown development of forty years old European Beech trees, 5th Plant Biomechanics Conference, 2006.

D. A. Coomes and P. J. Grubb, A comparison of 12 species of the Amazon caatinga using growth rates in gaps and understorey, and allometric relationships, Journal of Ecology, vol.12, pp.426-435, 1998.

C. Coutand, Mechanosensing and thigmomorphogenesis, a physiological and biomechanical point of view, Plant Science, vol.179, pp.168-182, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964813

C. Coutand, M. Fournier, and B. Moulia, The gravitropic response of poplar trunks: key roles of prestressed wood regulation and the relative kinetics of cambial growth versus wood maturation, Plant physiology, vol.144, pp.1166-80, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01080861

K. W. Cremer, C. J. Borough, F. H. Mckinnell, and P. R. Carter, Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations, New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, vol.12, pp.244-268, 1982.

H. E. Cuny, C. Rathgeber, F. Lebourgeois, M. Fortin, and M. Fournier, Life strategies in intra-annual dynamics of wood formation: Example of three conifer species in a temperate forest Références -127 -in north-east France, Tree Physiology, vol.32, pp.612-625, 2012.

T. Curt, L. Coll, B. Prévosto, P. Balandier, and G. Kunstler, Plasticity in growth, biomass allocation and root morphology in beech seedlings as induced by irradiance and herbaceous competition, Annals of Forest Science, vol.62, pp.51-60, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883860

L. Dalsgaard, T. N. Mikkelsen, and A. Bastrup-birk, Sap flow for beech (Fagus sylvatica L, 2011.

, forest-effect of spatial heterogeneity, Journal of Plant Ecology, vol.4, pp.23-35

F. Danjon, T. Fourcaud, and D. Bert, Root architecture and wind-firmness of mature Pinus pinaster, New Phytologist, vol.168, pp.387-400, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00016510

C. Darwin and D. F. 1880, The power of movement in plants

M. Dassot, T. Constant, F. Ningre, and M. Fournier, Impact of stand density on tree morphology and growth stresses in young beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands, Trees -Structure and Function, vol.29, pp.583-591, 2015.

M. Dassot, M. Fournier, F. Ningre, and T. Constant, Effect of tree size and competition on tension wood production over time in beech plantations and assessing relative gravitropic response with a biomechanical model, American journal of botany, vol.99, pp.1427-1462, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01004533

A. Déjardin, F. Laurans, D. Arnaud, C. Breton, G. Pilate et al., Wood formation in Angiosperms, Comptes rendus biologies, vol.333, pp.325-359, 2010.

S. Delagrange, C. Messier, M. J. Lechowicz, and P. Dizengremel, Physiological, morphological and allocational plasticity in understory deciduous trees: importance of plant size and light availability, Tree physiology, vol.24, pp.775-784, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02673824

J. Diaci and L. Kozjek, Beech sapling architecture following small and medium gap disturbances in silver fir-beech old-growth forests in Slovenia, Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Forstwesen, vol.156, pp.481-486, 2005.

C. Dittmar, W. Zech, and W. Elling, Growth variations of Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in Europe -a dendroecological study, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.173, pp.63-78, 2003.

H. Dixon and J. J. 1894, On the ascent of sap, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, vol.186, pp.563-576

M. Dobbertin, Tree growth as indicator of tree vitality and of tree reaction to environmental stress: A review, European Journal of Forest Research, vol.124, pp.319-333, 2005.

, mechanical dysfunction of xylem: inferring the design criteria for Douglas-fir wood structure, Tree physiology, vol.22, pp.91-104

J. C. Domec, K. Schäfer, O. R. Kim, H. S. Mccarthy, and H. R. , Variable conductivity and embolism in roots and branches of four contrasting tree species and their impacts on whole-plant hydraulic performance under future atmospheric CO2 concentration, Tree Physiology, vol.30, pp.1001-1015, 2010.

B. Eilmann, F. Sterck, L. Wegner, D. Vries, S. et al., Wood structural differences between northern and southern beech provenances growing at a moderate site, Tree Physiology, vol.34, pp.882-893, 2014.

J. Emborg, Suppression and Release during Canopy Recruitment in Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior, a Dendro-Ecological Study of Natural Growth Patterns and Competition, Ecological Bulletins, vol.52, pp.53-67, 2007.

B. J. Enquist, Universal scaling in tree and vascular plant allometry: toward a general quantitative theory linking plant form and function from cells to ecosystems, Tree physiology, vol.22, pp.1045-1064, 2002.

R. F. Evert, Xylem: Cell Types and Developmental Aspects, Esau's Plant Anatomy, 2006.

N. J. Hoboken and . Usa, , pp.255-290

A. Fajardo, Wood density is a poor predictor of competitive ability among individuals of the same species, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.372, pp.217-225, 2016.

Z. X. Fan, S. B. Zhang, G. Y. Hao, F. Slik, J. W. Cao et al., Hydraulic conductivity traits predict growth rates and adult stature of 40 Asian tropical tree species better than wood density, Journal of Ecology, vol.100, pp.732-741, 2012.

C. Fang, D. Guibal, C. B. Gril, J. Liu, Y. Liu et al., Relationships between growth stress and wood properties in poplar I-69 ( Populus deltoides Bartr . cv . ' Lux ' ex I-69 / 55 ), Annals of Forest Science, vol.65, p.307, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883369

A. Fichtner, K. Sturm, C. Rickert, G. Von-oheimb, and W. Härdtle, Crown size-growth relationships of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are driven by the interplay of disturbance intensity and inter-specific competition, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.302, pp.178-184, 2013.

J. B. Fisher and T. E. Marler, Eccentric growth but no compression wood in a horizontal stem of Cycas micronesica (Cycadales), IAWA Journal, vol.27, pp.377-382, 2006.

F. Fontaine, H. Chaar, C. F. Clément, C. Burrus, M. Druelle et al., Preformation and neoformation of growth units on 3-year-old seedlings of Quercus petraea, Canadian Journal of Botany, vol.77, pp.1623-1631, 1999.

P. Fonti, V. Arx, G. García-gonzález, I. Eilmann, B. Sass-klaassen et al.,

D. Eckstein, Studying global change through investigation of the plastic responses of xylem anatomy in tree rings, New Phytologist, vol.185, pp.42-53, 2010.

M. Fournier, B. Chanson, B. Thibaut, and D. Guitard, Mesures des déformations résiduelles de croissance à la surface des arbres, en relation avec leur morphologie. Observations sur différentes espèces, Annales des sciences forestières, vol.51, pp.249-266, 1994.

M. Fournier, J. Dlouha, G. Jaouen, and T. Almeras, Integrative biomechanics for tree ecology: beyond wood density and strength, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.64, pp.4793-4815, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00909904

T. Franceschini, O. Martin-ducup, and R. Schneider, Allometric exponents as a tool to study the influence of climate on the trade-off between primary and secondary growth in major northeastern American tree species, Annals of Botany, vol.117, pp.551-563, 2016.

T. Franceschini and R. Schneider, Influence of shade tolerance and development stage on the allometry of ten temperate tree species, Oecologia, vol.176, pp.739-749, 2014.

P. De-frenne, F. Rodríguez-sánchez, D. A. Coomes, L. Baeten, G. Verstraeten et al., Microclimate moderates plant responses to macroclimate warming, Pnas, vol.110, pp.18561-18566, 2013.

H. C. Fritts and T. W. Swetnam, Dendroecology: A Tool for Evaulating Variations in Past and Present Forest Environments, Advances in Ecological Research, vol.19, pp.111-188, 1989.

J. D. Galvan, J. J. Camarero, G. Sangüesa-barreda, A. Q. Alla, and E. Gutiérrez, Sapwood area drives growth in mountain conifer forests, Journal of Ecology, vol.100, pp.1233-1244, 2012.

B. Gamblin, Dossier EMERGE dendrométrie. Rendez-vous techniques ONF 39, vol.40, pp.1-88, 2013.

B. Gardiner, J. Barnett, P. Saranpää, and J. Gril, The Biology of Reaction Wood, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01451937

B. Gardiner, P. Berry, and B. Moulia, Review: Wind impacts on plant growth, mechanics and damage, Plant Science, vol.245, pp.94-118, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01509033

B. L. Gartner, Stem hydraulic properties of vines vs. shrubs of western poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Oecologia, vol.87, pp.180-189, 1991.

P. Gasson, Automatic measurement of vessel lumen area and diameter with particular reference to pedunculate oak and common beech, IAWA Bulletin, vol.6, pp.219-237, 1985.

R. Gebauer, D. Vola?ík, J. Urban, I. Børja, N. E. Nagy et al., Altered light conditions following thinning affect xylem structure and potential hydraulic conductivity of Genet a, Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, vol.261, pp.1188-1202, 2011.

A. Granier, Une nouvelle méthode pour la mesure du flux de sève brute dans le tronc des arbres, Annales Des Sciences Forestieres, vol.42, pp.193-200, 1985.

A. Granier, Mesure du flux de sève brute dans le tronc du Douglas par une nouvelle méthode thermique, Annales Des Sciences Forestieres, vol.44, pp.1-14, 1987.

. Granier-a, T. Anfodillo, M. Sabatti, H. Cochard, E. Dreyer et al., Axial and radial water flow in the trunks of oak trees: a quantitative and qualitative analysis, Tree physiology, vol.14, pp.1383-96, 1994.

A. Granier, P. Biron, and D. Lemoine, Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.100, pp.291-308, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02389413

D. Grattapaglia, C. Plomion, M. Kirst, and R. R. Sederoff, Genomics of growth traits in forest trees, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.12, pp.148-156, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02667663

J. P. Grime, Evidence of the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory, The American Naturalist, vol.111, pp.1169-1194, 1977.

B. M. Grundmann, S. Bonn, and A. Roloff, Cross-dating of highly sensitive Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree-ring series with numerous missing rings, Dendrochronologia, vol.26, pp.109-113, 2008.

D. Guitard and M. Fournier, Comportement mécanique du bois -Le bois, matériau d'ingénierie -Textes rassemblés par Philippe Jodin -AR BO, 1994.

U. G. Hacke, Irradiance-induced changes in hydraulic architecture, Botany, vol.92, pp.437-442, 2014.

U. G. Hacke, Functional and ecological xylem anatomy (UG Hacke, 2015.

U. G. Hacke and J. S. Sperry, Functional and ecological xylem anatomy, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, vol.4, pp.97-115, 2001.

U. G. Hacke, J. S. Sperry, J. K. Wheeler, and L. Castro, Scaling of angiosperm xylem structure with safety and efficiency, Tree physiology, vol.26, pp.689-701, 2006.

U. G. Hacke, R. Spicer, S. G. Schreiber, and ?. L. Plavcov, An ecophysiological and developmental perspective on variation in vessel diameter, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.40, pp.831-845, 2017.

, Hydraulic, and Foliar Traits in Ten European Beech Provenances Differing in Growth Yield, vol.7, pp.1-14

O. Hamant and B. Moulia, How do plants read their own shapes, New Phytologist, vol.212, pp.333-337, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01423487

J. R. Hamilton, C. K. Thomas, and K. L. Carvell, Tension Wood Formation Following Release of Upland Oak Advance Reproduction, Wood and Fiber Science, vol.17, pp.382-390, 1985.

Q. Han, M. Araki, and Y. Chiba, Acclimation to irradiance of leaf photosynthesis and associated nitrogen reallocation in photosynthetic apparatus in the year following thinning of a young stand of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Photosynthetica, vol.44, pp.523-529, 2006.

J. L. Hart and S. L. Van-de-gevel, Radial Growth Responses of Three Co-Occurring Species to Small Canopy Disturbances in a Secondary Hardwood Forest on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee. Physical Geography, vol.31, pp.270-291, 2010.

J. L. Hart, M. L. Buchanan, S. L. Clark, and S. J. Torreano, Canopy accession strategies and climate-growth relationships in Acer rubrum, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.282, pp.124-132, 2012.

H. Hartmann and C. Messier, Interannual variation in competitive interactions from natural and anthropogenic disturbances in a temperate forest tree species: Implications for ecological interpretation, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.261, pp.1936-1944, 2011.

S. Hoffmann and F. H. Schweingruber, Light shortage as a modifying factor for growth dynamics and wood anatomy in young deciduous trees, IAWA Journal, vol.23, pp.121-141, 2002.

Y. S. Huang, L. F. Hung, and L. L. Kuo-huang, Biomechanical modeling of gravitropic response of branches: Roles of asymmetric periphery growth strain versus self-weight bending effect, Trees -Structure and Function, vol.24, pp.1151-1161, 2010.

L. F. Hung, C. C. Tsai, S. J. Chen, Y. S. Huang, and L. L. Kuo-huang, Study of tension wood in the artificially inclined seedlings of Koelreuteria henryi Dummer and its biomechanical function of negative gravitropism, Trees -Structure and Function, vol.30, pp.609-625, 2016.

R. Ishii and M. Higashi, Tree coexistence on a slope: an adaptive significance of trunk inclination, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.264, pp.133-139, 1997.

W. Iuss-working-group, World reference base for soil resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, 2014.

T. Jaakkola, H. Makinen, P. Saranpaa, T. Alméras, C. Coutand et al., Wood density in Norway spruce: changes with thinning intensity and tree age, Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Jaouen G, vol.94, pp.1583-1593, 2005.

B. Jourez, Le Bois de tension 1. Définition et distribution dans l'arbre, Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ, vol.1, pp.100-112, 1996.

D. Jullien, R. Widmann, C. Loup, and B. Thibaut, Relationship between tree morphology and growth stress in mature European beech stands, Annals of Forest Science, vol.70, pp.133-142, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00804664

T. L. Keyser and P. M. Brown, Long-term response of yellow-poplar to thinning in the southern Appalachian Mountains, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.312, pp.148-153, 2014.

D. A. King, The adatptive significance of tree height, The American Naturalist, vol.135, pp.809-828, 1990.

. King, Tree allometry, leaf size and adult tree size in old-growth forests of western Oregon, Tree physiology, vol.9, pp.369-81, 1991.

V. Kint, S. Hein, M. Campioli, and B. Muys, Modelling self-pruning and branch attributes for young Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. trees, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.260, pp.2023-2034, 2010.

M. Klopcic and A. Boncina, Patterns of tree growth in a single tree selection silver fir-European beech forest, Journal of Forest Research, vol.15, pp.21-30, 2010.

H. Kubler, Silvicultural control of mechanical stresses in trees, Can J For Res, vol.18, pp.1215-1225, 1988.

A. Kuprevicius, D. Auty, A. Achim, and J. P. Caspersen, Quantifying the influence of live crown ratio on the mechanical properties of clear wood, Forestry, vol.86, pp.361-369, 2013.

B. Lachenbruch and K. Mcculloh, Traits, properties, and performance: how woody plants combine hydraulic and mechanical functions in a cell, tissue, or whole plant, International journal of pharmaceutics, pp.747-764, 2014.

Z. A. Latif and G. A. Blackburn, The effects of gap size on some microclimate variables during late summer and autumn in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol.54, pp.119-129, 2010.

N. Latte, F. Lebourgeois, and H. Claessens, Growth partitioning within beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) varies in response to summer heat waves and related droughts, Trees -Structure and Function, vol.30, pp.189-201, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531647

F. Lebourgeois, N. Bréda, E. Ulrich, and A. Granier, Climate-tree-growth relationships of, Trees -Structure and Function, vol.19, pp.385-401, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01004535

H. Lei, B. L. Gartner, and M. R. Milota, Effect of growth rate on the anatomy, specific gravity, and bending properties of wood from 7-year-old red alder (Alnus rubra), Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.27, pp.80-85, 1997.

D. Lemoine, H. Cochard, and A. Granier, Within crown variation in hydraulic architecture in beech ( Fagus sylvatica L): evidence for a stomatal control of xylem embolism, Annals of Forest Science, vol.59, pp.19-27, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189668

D. Lemoine, S. Jacquemin, and A. Granier, Beech ( Fagus sylvatica L .) branches show acclimation of xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties to increased light after thinning, Annals of Forest Science, vol.59, pp.761-766, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883666

F. Lens, J. S. Sperry, M. A. Christman, B. Choat, D. Rabaey et al., Testing hypotheses that link wood anatomy to cavitation resistance and hydraulic conductivity in the genus Acer, New Phytologist, vol.190, pp.709-723, 2011.

E. R. Lines, . Zavala-m-a, and D. W. Purves, Predictable changes in aboveground allometry of trees along gradients of temperature, aridity and competition, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.21, pp.1017-1028, 2012.

M. Löf, A. Bolte, and N. T. Welander, Interacting effects of irradiance and water stress on dry weight and biomass partitioning in Fagus sylvatica seedlings, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol.20, pp.322-328, 2005.

D. Luttschwager and R. R. , Radial distribution of sap flux density in trunks of a mature beech stand, Annals of Forest Science, vol.64, pp.431-438, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884095

S. Ma, A. Concilio, B. Oakley, M. North, and C. J. , Spatial variability in microclimate in a mixed-conifer forest before and after thinning and burning treatments, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.259, pp.904-915, 2010.

E. Van-der-maaten, Thinning prolongs growth duration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) across a valley in southwestern Germany, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.306, pp.135-141, 2013.

H. Maherali, E. H. Delucia, and T. W. Sipe, Hydraulic adjustment of maple saplings to canopy gap formation, Oecologia, vol.112, pp.472-480, 1997.

L. Markesteijn and L. Poorter, Seedling root morphology and biomass allocation of 62 tropical tree species in relation to drought-and shade-tolerance, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.97, pp.3963-3977, 2009.

?. Matja? and S. Primo?, Root distribution of under-planted European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) below the canopy of a mature Norway spruce stand as a function of light, European Journal of Forest Research, vol.129, pp.531-539, 2010.

J. Matsuzaki, M. Masumori, and T. Tange, Phototropic bending of non-elongating and radially growing woody stems results from asymmetrical xylem formation, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.30, pp.646-653, 2007.

K. A. Mcculloh, D. M. Johnson, J. Petitmermet, B. Mcnellis, F. C. Meinzer et al.,

, A comparison of hydraulic architecture in three similarly sized woody species differing in their maximum potential height, Tree Physiology, vol.35, pp.723-731

K. Mcculloh, J. S. Sperry, B. Lachenbruch, F. C. Meinzer, P. B. Reich et al., Moving water well: comparing hydraulic efficiency in twigs and trunks of coniferous, ring-porous, and diffuse-porous saplings from temperate and tropical forests, New Phytologist, vol.186, pp.439-450, 2010.

J. P. Mclean, T. Zhang, S. Bardet, J. Beauchêne, T. A. Clair et al., The decreasing radial wood stiffness pattern of some tropical trees growing in the primary forest is reversed and increases when they are grown in a plantation, Annals of Forest Science, vol.68, pp.681-688, 2011.

J. Medhurst, G. Downes, M. Ottenschlaeger, C. Harwood, R. Evans et al., Intraspecific competition and the radial development of wood density, microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity in plantation-grown Eucalyptus nitens, Trees, vol.26, pp.1771-1780, 2012.

F. C. Meinzer, B. Lachenbruch, and T. E. Dawson, Size-and Age-Related Changes in Tree Structure and Function, 2011.

M. Mencuccini, Hydraulic constraints in the functional scaling of trees, Tree physiology, vol.22, pp.553-565, 2002.

M. Mencuccini, J. Martínez-vilalta, D. Vanderklein, H. A. Hamid, E. Korakaki et al.,

B. Michiels, Size-mediated ageing reduces vigour in trees, Ecology Letters, vol.8, pp.1183-1190, 2005.

P. Mérian and F. Lebourgeois, Size-mediated climate-growth relationships in temperate forests: A multi-species analysis, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.261, pp.1382-1391, 2011.

C. Messier and E. Nikinmaa, Effects of light availability and sapling size on the growth, biomass allocation, and crown morphology of understory sugar maple, yellow birch, and beech, 2000.

S. J. Mitchell, Stem growth responses in Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce following thinning: implications for assessing wind-firmness, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.135, pp.105-114, 2000.

S. Miyashima, J. Sebastian, J. Lee, and Y. Helariutta, Stem cell function during plant vascular development, The EMBO journal, vol.32, pp.178-93, 2013.

A. Motallebi and A. Kangur, Are allometric relationships between tree height and diameter dependent on environmental conditions and management? Trees -Structure and Function, vol.30, pp.1429-1443, 2016.

F. Mothe, G. Duchanois, B. Zannier, and J. Leban, Analyse microdensitométrique appliquée au bois: méthode de traitement des données utilisée à l'INRA-ERQB (progamme Cerd), Annals of Forest Science, vol.55, pp.301-313, 1998.

B. Moulia, C. Coutand, and C. Lenne, Posture control and skeletal mechanical acclimation in terrestrial plants: implications for mechanical modeling of plant architecture, American Journal of Botany, vol.93, pp.1477-1489, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189136

B. Moulia and M. Fournier, The power and control of gravitropic movements in plants: a biomechanical and systems biology view, Journal of experimental botany, vol.60, pp.461-86, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964501

A. A. Myburg, S. Lev-yadun, and R. R. Sederoff, Xylem Structure and Function, 2013.

U. K. Chichester, , pp.1-9

T. A. Nagel, T. Levanic, and J. Diaci, A dendroecological reconstruction of disturbance in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in Slovenia, Annals of Forest Science, vol.64, pp.891-897, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00884139

N. S. Nicholas, T. G. Gregoire, and S. M. Zedaker, The reliability of tree crown position classification, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.21, pp.698-701, 1991.

E. Nicolini, B. Chanson, and F. Bonne, Stem Growth and Epicormic Branch Formation in Understorey Beech Trees (Fagus sylvatica L.), Annals of Botany, vol.87, pp.737-750, 2001.

Ü. Niinemets, A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance, Ecological Research, vol.25, pp.693-714, 2010.

K. J. Niklas, Wind , Size , and Tree Safety, Journal of Arboriculture, pp.84-93, 2002.

K. J. Niklas, Maximum plant height and the biophysical factors that limit it, Tree physiology, vol.27, pp.433-440, 2007.

F. Ningre, T. Cordonnier, and A. Piboule, Typologie et réactivité des perches de hêtre en forêt hétérogène, Forêt Wallonne, vol.111, pp.16-25, 2011.

, disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks, Ecological Monographs, vol.67, pp.225-249

E. Noyer, B. Lachenbruch, ?. Dlouh, C. Collet, J. Ruelle et al., , 2017.

, Xylem traits in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) display a large plasticity in response to canopy release, Annals of Forest Science, vol.74, p.46

S. Palacio, G. Hoch, A. Sala, C. Körner, and P. Millard, Does carbon storage limit tree growth, New Phytologist, vol.201, pp.1096-1100, 2014.

G. G. Parker, M. D. Lowman, and N. M. Nadkarni, Structure and microclimate of forest canopies, Forest Canopies, pp.73-106, 1995.

H. M. Peltola, Mechanical stability of trees under static loads, American Journal of Botany, vol.93, pp.1501-1511, 2006.

A. M. Petritan, B. Von-lupke, and P. Ic, Influence of light availability on growth, leaf morphology and plant architecture of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) saplings, European Journal of Forest Research, vol.128, pp.61-74, 2009.

N. G. Phillips, M. G. Ryan, B. J. Bond, N. G. Mcdowell, T. M. Hinckley et al., Reliance on stored water increases with tree size in three species in the Pacific Northwest, Tree physiology, vol.23, pp.237-245, 2003.

J. C. Pinheiro and D. M. Bates, Mixed-effects models in S and S-plus, 2000.

M. P. Pinheiro, J. A. De-oliveira-filho, S. França, A. M. Amorim, and M. S. Mielke, Annual variation in canopy openess, air temperature and humidity in the understory of three forested sites in southern Bahia state, Brazil. Ciência Florestal, vol.23, pp.107-116, 2013.

K. U. Plauborg, Analysis of radial growth responses to changes in stand density for four tree species, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.188, pp.65-75, 2004.

C. Plomion, G. Leprovost, and A. Stokes, Wood Formation in Trees, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol.127, pp.1513-1523, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204210

H. Polge, Influence des éclaircies sur les contraintes de croissance du hêtre, Annals of Forest Science, vol.38, pp.407-423, 1981.

L. Poorter, I. Mcdonald, A. Alarcón, E. Fichtler, J. Licona et al.,

Z. Villegas and U. Sass-klaassen, The importance of wood traits and hydraulic conductance for the performance and life history strategies of 42 rainforest tree species, The New phytologist, vol.185, pp.481-92, 2010.

H. Poorter, K. J. Niklas, P. B. Reich, J. Oleksyn, P. Poot et al., Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta-analysis of interspecific variation and environmental control, New Phytologist, vol.193, pp.30-50, 2011.

K. A. Preston, W. K. Cornwell, and J. L. Denoyer, Wood density and vessel traits as distinct correlates of ecological strategy in 51 California coast range angiosperms, New Phytologist, vol.170, pp.807-818, 2006.

H. Pretzsch, Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield, 2010.

H. Pretzsch, E. Dauber, and P. Biber, Species-Specific and Ontogeny-Related Stem Allometry of European Forest Trees: Evidence from Extensive Stem Analyses, Forest Science, vol.59, pp.290-302, 2013.

M. L. Pruyn, I. Ewers, . Bj, and F. W. Telewski, Thigmomorphogenesis: changes in the morphology and mechanical properties of two Populus hybrids in response to mechanical perturbation, Tree physiology, vol.20, pp.535-540, 2000.

C. Purba, E. Noyer, J. Ruelle, J. Dlouhá, L. Karlinasari et al., Growth stresses in old beech poles after thinning: distribution and relation with wood anatomy, Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, vol.12, pp.37-43, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269222

. R-core-team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

T. R. Rambo and M. P. North, Canopy microclimate response to pattern and density of thinning in a, Sierra Nevada forest. Forest Ecology and Management, vol.257, pp.435-442, 2009.

C. Rathgeber, S. Rossi, and J. D. Bontemps, Cambial activity related to tree size in a mature silver-fir plantation, Annals of Botany, vol.108, pp.429-438, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01000480

J. Read and A. Stokes, Plant biomechanics in an ecological context, American Journal of Botany, vol.93, pp.1546-1565, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02663341

J. S. Rentch, M. A. Fajvan, and R. Jr, Oak establishment and canopy accession strategies in five old-growth stands in the central hardwood forest region, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.184, pp.285-297, 2003.

J. S. Rentch, T. M. Schuler, G. J. Nowacki, N. R. Beane, and W. M. Ford, Canopy gap dynamics of second-growth red spruce-northern hardwood stands in West Virginia, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.260, pp.1921-1929, 2010.

E. Ritter, L. Dalsgaard, and K. S. Einhorn, Light, temperature and soil moisture regimes following gap formation in a semi-natural beech-dominated forest in Denmark, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.206, pp.97-115, 2005.

M. G. Ryan, N. Phillips, and B. J. Bond, The hydraulic limitation hypothesis revisited, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.29, pp.367-381, 2006.

M. G. Ryan and B. J. Yoder, Hydraulic limits to tree height and tree growth: what keeps trees from growing beyond a certain height, BioScience, vol.47, pp.235-242, 1997.

L. Salmén, Micromechanical understanding of the cell-wall structure, Comptes Rendus -Biologies, vol.327, pp.873-880, 2004.

A. L. Samuels, M. Kaneda, and K. H. Rensing, The cell biology of wood formation : from cambial divisions to mature secondary xylem 1, Can. J. Bot, vol.84, pp.631-639, 2006.

U. Sass and D. Eckstein, The variability of vessel size in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and its ecophysiological interpretation, Trees, vol.9, pp.247-252, 1995.

F. Sassus, Déformations de maturation et propriétés du bois de tension chez le Hêtre et le Peuplier : mesures et modèles, 1998.

J. Saurat and P. Guéneau, Growth stresses in beech, Wood Science and Technology, vol.10, pp.111-123, 1976.

T. M. Schindler, The new view of the primary cell wall, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, vol.161, pp.499-508, 1998.

F. G. Scholz, N. G. Phillips, S. J. Bucci, F. C. Meinzer, and G. Goldstein, Hydraulic Capacitance : Biophysics and Functional Significance of Internal Water Sources in Relation to Tree Size, Size-and Age-Related Changes in Tree Structure and Fonction, pp.341-361, 2011.

B. Schuldt, F. Knutzen, S. Delzon, S. Jansen, and M. Hilmar, How adaptable is the hydraulic system of European beech in the face of climate change-related precipitation reduction, New Phytologist, vol.210, pp.443-458, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02639510

T. Seki, S. Ohta, T. Fujiwara, and T. Nakashizuka, Growth allocation between height and stem diameter in nonsuppressed reproducing Abies mariesii trees, Plant Species Biology, vol.28, pp.146-155, 2013.

K. M. Sendall, C. H. Lusk, and P. B. Reich, Becoming less tolerant with age: sugar maple, shade, and ontogeny, Oecologia, vol.179, pp.1011-1021, 2015.

K. Shinozaki, K. Yoda, K. Hozumi, and T. Kira, A quantitative analysis of plant form. The Pipe model theory. 1. Basic analysis, The Ecological Society of Japan, vol.14, pp.97-104, 1964.

R. Sierra-de-grado, V. Pando, P. Martínez-zurimendi, A. Peñalvo, E. Báscones et al.,

, Biomechanical differences in the stem straightening process among Pinus pinaster provenances. A new approach for early selection of stem straightness, Tree physiology, vol.28, pp.835-846

K. R. Skov, T. E. Kolb, and K. F. Wallin, Tree size and drought affect ponderosa pine physiological response to thinning and burning treatments, Forest Science, vol.50, pp.1-11, 2004.

J. S. Sperry, U. G. Hacke, and J. Pittermann, Size and Function in Conifer Tracheids and Angiosperm Vessels, American journal of botany, vol.93, pp.1490-1500, 2006.

K. Steppe and R. Lemeur, Effects of ring-porous and diffuse-porous stem wood anatomy on the hydraulic parameters used in a water flow and storage model, Tree physiology, vol.27, pp.43-52, 2007.

S. Stojnic, U. Sass-klassen, S. Orlovic, B. Matovic, and B. Eilmann, Plastic growth response of european beech provenances to dry site conditions, IAWA Journal, vol.34, pp.475-484, 2013.

L. Stratton, G. Goldstein, and F. C. Meinzer, Stem water storage capacity and efficiency of water transport: their functional significance in a Hawaiian dry forest, Plant, Cell & Environment, vol.23, pp.99-106, 2000.

A. Sumida, The diameter growth-height growth relationship as related to the diameterheight relationship, Tree Physiology, vol.35, pp.1031-1034, 2015.

A. Sumida, T. Miyaura, and H. Torii, Relationships of tree height and diameter at breast height revisited: Analyses of stem growth using 20-year data of an even-aged Chamaecyparis obtusa stand, Tree Physiology, vol.33, pp.106-118, 2013.

F. W. Telewski, A unified hypothesis of mechanoperception in plants, American journal of botany, vol.93, pp.1466-76, 2006.

F. W. Telewski, Is windswept tree growth negative thigmotropism?, Plant Science, vol.184, pp.20-28, 2012.

B. Thibaut, J. Gril, and M. Fournier, Mechanics of wood and trees: some new highlights for an old story, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences -Series IIB -Mechanics, vol.329, pp.701-716, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032151

J. Thornley, Modelling stem height and diameter growth in plants, Annals of Botany, vol.84, pp.195-205, 1999.

Y. Trenard and P. Guéneau, Relations entre contraintes de croissance longitudinales et bois de tension dans le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica), Holzforschung, vol.29, pp.217-223, 1975.

V. Trotsiuk, M. L. Hobi, and B. Commarmot, Age structure and disturbance dynamics of the relic virgin beech forest Uholka (Ukrainian Carpathians), Forest Ecology and Management, vol.265, pp.181-190, 2012.

, social status and water stress influence allocation in height and diameter growth of Quercus petraea (Liebl.) (A Mäkelä, Tree Physiology, vol.35, pp.1035-1046

M. T. Tyree and M. H. Zimmermann, Xylem structure and the ascent of the sap (TE Timell, 2002.

. Springer-verlag,

E. Valinger, B. Elfving, and T. Mörling, Twelve-year growth response of Scots pine to thinning and nitrogen fertilisation, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.134, pp.45-53, 2000.

W. N. Venables and B. D. Ripley, Modern Applied Statistics with S. Issues of Accuracy and Scale, p.868, 2002.

C. Violle, M. L. Navas, D. Vile, E. Kazakou, C. Fortunel et al., Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos, vol.116, pp.882-892, 2007.

S. Wagner, C. Collet, P. Madsen, T. Nakashizuka, R. D. Nyland et al., Beech regeneration research: From ecological to silvicultural aspects, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.259, pp.2172-2182, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01976235

J. S. Ward and G. R. Stephens, Influence of crown class on survival and development of Betulalenta in Connecticut, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.26, pp.277-288, 1993.

R. Washusen, T. Baker, D. Menz, and A. Morrow, Effect of thinning and fertilizer on the cellulose crystallite width of Eucalyptus globulus, Wood Science and Technology, vol.39, pp.569-578, 2005.

C. R. Webster and C. G. Lorimer, Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitment of midtolerant tree species: a retrospective approach, Ecological Applications, vol.15, pp.1245-1262, 2005.

C. W. Whippo and R. P. Hangarter, The 'sensational' power of movement in plants: A Darwinian system for studying the evolution of behavior, American Journal of Botany, vol.96, pp.2115-2127, 2009.

E. Wiley and B. Helliker, A re-evaluation of carbon storage in trees lends greater support for carbon limitation to growth, New Phytologist, vol.195, pp.285-289, 2012.

B. F. Wilson and R. R. Archer, Tree Design: Some Biological Solutions to Mechanical Problems, BioScience, vol.29, pp.293-298, 1979.

R. Wimmer, Wood anatomical features in tree-rings as indicators of environmental change, Dendrochronologia, vol.20, pp.21-36, 2002.

E. F. Wright, C. D. Canham, and K. D. Coates, Effects of suppression and release on sapling growth for 11 tree species of northern, interior British Columbia, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.30, pp.1571-1580, 2000.

S. Wullschleger, F. C. Meinzer, and R. Vertessy, A review of whole-plant water use studies in tree, Tree physiology, vol.18, pp.499-512, 1998.

T. Yagi, Ontogenetic strategy shift in sapling architecture of Fagus crenata in the dense understorey vegetation of canopy gaps created by selective cutting, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.39, pp.1186-1196, 2009.

A. F. Zuur, E. N. Ieno, N. Walker, A. A. Saveliev, and G. M. Smith, Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R, 2009.