V. P. Agnihotri, Effects of nitrogenous compounds on sclerotium formation in Aspergillus niger, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.14, issue.11, pp.1253-1258, 1968.

M. S. Aldabbous, M. G. Roca, A. Stout, I. Huang, N. D. Read et al., The ham-5, rcm-1 and rco-1 genes regulate hyphal fusion in Neurospora crassa, Microbiology, vol.156, issue.9, pp.2621-2629, 2010.

S. Arnaise, D. Zickler, A. Bourdais, M. Dequard-chablat, and R. Debuchy, Mutations in mating-type genes greatly decrease repeat-induced point mutation process in the fungus Podospora anserina, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.207-220, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195155

S. Arnaise, D. Zickler, A. Bourdais, M. Dequard-chablat, and R. Debuchy, Mutations in mating-type genes greatly decrease repeat-induced point mutation process in the fungus Podospora anserina, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.207-220, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195155

N. Aro, T. Pakula, and M. Penttilä, Transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall degradation by filamentous fungi, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.29, issue.4, pp.719-739, 2005.

G. D. Ashton and P. S. Dyer, Sexual Development in Fungi and Its Uses in Gene Expression Systems, Fungal Biology, pp.335-350, 2016.

E. Dattenböck, , pp.335-350

C. Axtell, C. G. Johnston, and J. A. Bumpus, Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Explosives at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Journal of Soil Contamination, vol.9, issue.6, pp.537-548, 2000.

D. Ballerini, Biocarburants, Les biocarburants. Répondre aux défis énergétiques et environnementaux des transports (Éd. Technip), 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01192335

Ö. Bayram and G. H. Braus, Coordination of secondarymetabolism and development in fungi: the velvet familyof regulatory proteins, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.36, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2012.

H. Bazafkan, C. Dattenböck, E. Stappler, S. Beier, and M. Schmoll, Interrelationships of VEL1 and ENV1 in light response and development in Trichoderma reesei, PLOS ONE, vol.12, issue.4, p.e0175946, 2017.

K. Becker, C. Beer, M. Freitag, and U. Kück, Genome-wide identification of target genes of a mating-type ?-domain transcription factor reveals functions beyond sexual development, Molecular Microbiology, vol.96, issue.5, pp.1002-1022, 2015.

Q. K. Beg, M. Kapoor, L. Mahajan, and G. S. Hoondal, Microbial xylanases and their industrial applications: a review, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.56, issue.3-4, pp.326-338, 2001.

J. Bégueret, B. Turcq, and C. Clavé, Vegetative incompatibility in filamentous fungi: het genes begin to talk, Trends in Genetics, vol.10, issue.12, pp.441-446, 1994.

M. Bibbins, V. F. Crepin, N. J. Cummings, T. Mizote, K. Baker et al., A regulator gene for acetate utilisation from Neurospora crassa, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, vol.267, issue.4, pp.498-505, 2002.

F. Bidard, J. Aït-benkhali, E. Coppin, S. Imbeaud, P. Grognet et al., Genome-Wide Gene Expression Profiling of Fertilization Competent Mycelium in Opposite Mating Types in the Heterothallic Fungus Podospora anserina, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.6, p.e21476, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00607784

F. Bidard, J. Aït-benkhali, E. Coppin, S. Imbeaud, P. Grognet et al., Genome-Wide Gene Expression Profiling of Fertilization Competent Mycelium in Opposite Mating Types in the Heterothallic Fungus Podospora anserina, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.6, p.e21476, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00607784

P. Biely, V. Puchart, M. A. Stringer, and K. B. Mørkeberg-krogh, Trichoderma reeseiXYN VI - a novel appendage-dependent eukaryotic glucuronoxylan hydrolase, FEBS Journal, vol.281, issue.17, pp.3894-3903, 2014.

S. Billiard, M. López-villavicencio, M. E. Hood, and T. Giraud, Sex, outcrossing and mating types: unsolved questions in fungi and beyond, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.25, issue.6, pp.1020-1038, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00690911

R. H. Bischof, J. Ramoni, and B. Seiboth, Cellulases and beyond: the first 70 years of the enzyme producer Trichoderma reesei, Microbial Cell Factories, vol.15, issue.1, p.106, 2016.

G. Bistis, Evidence for diffusible, mating-type-specific trichogyne attractants inNeurospora crassa, Experimental Mycology, vol.7, issue.3, pp.292-295, 1983.

L. B?aszczyk, M. Siwulski, K. Sobieralski, J. Lisiecka, and M. J?dryczka, Trichoderma spp. ? application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry, Journal of Plant Protection Research, vol.54, issue.4, pp.309-317, 2014.

P. Bobrowicz, R. Pawlak, A. Correa, D. Bell-pedersen, and D. J. Ebbole, The Neurospora crassa pheromone precursor genes are regulated by the mating type locus and the circadian clock, Molecular Microbiology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.795-804, 2002.

J. Böhm, T. A. Dahlmann, H. Gümü?er, and U. Kück, A MAT1?2 wild?type strain from P enicillium chrysogenum : functional mating?type locus characterization, genome sequencing and mating with an industrial penicillin?producing strain, Molecular Microbiology, vol.95, issue.5, pp.859-874, 2015.

J. Böhm, B. Hoff, C. M. O?gorman, S. Wolfers, V. Klix et al., Sexual reproduction and mating-type?mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungusPenicillium chrysogenum, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.4, pp.1476-1481, 2013.

, Book Review: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, Energy Exploration & Exploitation, vol.7, issue.6, pp.468-468, 1989.

M. Bradford, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.248-254, 1976.

J. Buchert, T. Oksanen, J. Pere, M. Siika-aho, A. Suurnäkki et al., Applications of Trichoderma reesei enzymes in the pulp and paper industry, Trichoderma And Gliocladium, Volume 2, pp.357-378, 1998.

G. E. Kubicek, K. L. Harman, and . Ondik, , pp.343-363

C. Campos-muñiz, T. E. Cuadra-zelaya, G. Esquivel, and F. J. Fernández, , 2007.

V. Luis, La información situacional probabilística en el deporte: un metaanálisis, Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, vol.49, issue.1, pp.70-79, 2017.

G. L. Carter, D. Allison, M. W. Rey, and N. S. Dunn-coleman, Chromosomal and genetic analysis of the electrophoretic karyotype of Trichoderma reesei: mapping of the cellulase and xylanase genes, Molecular Microbiology, vol.6, issue.15, pp.2167-2174, 1992.

F. Castellanos, M. Schmoll, P. Martínez, D. Tisch, C. P. Kubicek et al., Crucial factors of the light perception machinery and their impact on growth and cellulase gene transcription in Trichoderma reesei, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.47, issue.5, pp.468-476, 2010.

C. Ho-tong, L. Silar, P. Lalucque, and H. , Genetic control of anastomosis in Podospora anserina. Fungal genetics and biology, FG & B, vol.70, pp.94-103, 2014.

D. Charlesworth and B. Charlesworth, Inbreeding Depression and its Evolutionary Consequences, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.18, issue.1, pp.237-268, 1987.

S. J. Charnock and B. V. Mccleary, Les enzymes : applications inustrielles, 2005.

M. Chauve, H. Mathis, D. Huc, D. Casanave, F. Monot et al., Comparative kinetic analysis of two fungal ?-glucosidases, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.3, issue.1, p.3, 2010.

M. Chauve, H. Mathis, D. Huc, D. Casanave, F. Monot et al., Comparative kinetic analysis of two fungal ?-glucosidases, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.3, issue.1, p.3, 2010.

C. Chen, H. Kuo, S. Tung, P. W. Hsu, C. Wang et al., Blue Light Acts as a Double-Edged Sword in Regulating Sexual Development of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei), PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.9, p.e44969, 2012.

J. R. Cherry and A. L. Fidantsef, Directed evolution of industrial enzymes: an update, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.438-443, 2003.

J. L. Chinnici, C. Fu, L. M. Caccamise, J. W. Arnold, and S. J. Free, Neurospora crassa Female Development Requires the PACC and Other Signal Transduction Pathways, Transcription Factors, Chromatin Remodeling, Cell-To-Cell Fusion, and Autophagy, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.10, p.e110603, 2014.

Y. Chuang, W. Li, C. Chen, P. W. Hsu, S. Tung et al., Trichoderma reesei meiosis generates segmentally aneuploid progeny with higher xylanase-producing capability, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.8, issue.1, p.30, 2015.

Y. Chuang, W. Li, C. Chen, P. Hsu, S. Tung et al., Trichoderma reesei meiosis generates segmentally aneuploid progeny with higher xylanase-producing capability, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.8, issue.1, p.30, 2015.

E. Coppin, S. Arnaise, V. Contamine, and M. Picard, Deletion of the mating-type sequences in Podospora anserina abolishes mating without affecting vegetative functions and sexual differentiation, Molecular and General Genetics MGG, vol.241-241, issue.3-4, pp.409-414, 1993.

E. Coppin, V. Berteaux-lecellier, F. Bidard, S. Brun, G. Ruprich-robert et al., Systematic Deletion of Homeobox Genes in Podospora anserina Uncovers Their Roles in Shaping the Fruiting Body, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.5, p.e37488, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00704386

E. Coppin, R. Debuchy, S. Arnaise, and M. Picard, Mating types and sexual development in filamentous ascomycetes., Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, vol.61, issue.4, pp.411-428, 1997.

E. Coppin, C. De-renty, and R. Debuchy, The Function of the Coding Sequences for the Putative Pheromone Precursors in Podospora anserina Is Restricted to Fertilization, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.4, issue.2, pp.407-420, 2005.

R. B. Dales and J. H. Croft, Protoplast fusion and the isolation of heterokaryons and diploids from vegetatively incompatible strains ofAspergillus nidulans, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.1, issue.4, pp.201-203, 1977.

M. J. De-groot, P. Bundock, P. J. Hooykaas, and A. G. Beijersbergen, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of filamentous fungi, Nature Biotechnology, vol.16, issue.9, pp.839-842, 1998.

R. Debuchy, V. Berteaux-lecellier, and P. Silar, Mating Systems and Sexual Morphogenesis in Ascomycetes, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi, pp.499-535, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00664421

R. Debuchy, V. Berteaux-lecellier, and P. Silar, Mating Systems and Sexual Morphogenesis in Ascomycetes, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi, pp.499-535, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00664421

R. Debuchy and B. G. Turgeon, Mating-Type Structure, Evolution, and Function in Euascomycetes, Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, pp.293-323
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00079742

Ó. Dembilio, E. Quesada-moraga, C. Santiago-Álvarez, and J. A. Jacas, Potential of an indigenous strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent against the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol.104, issue.3, pp.214-221, 2010.

J. A. Doudna and E. Charpentier, The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9, Science, vol.346, issue.6213, p.1258096, 2014.

I. S. Druzhinina, A. G. Kopchinskiy, and C. P. Kubicek, The first 100 Trichoderma species characterized by molecular data, Mycoscience, vol.47, issue.2, pp.55-64, 2006.

I. S. Druzhinina, A. G. Kopchinskiy, E. M. Kubicek, and C. P. Kubicek, A complete annotation of the chromosomes of the cellulase producer Trichoderma reesei provides insights in gene clusters, their expression and reveals genes required for fitness, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.9, issue.1, p.75, 2016.

I. S. Druzhinina, V. Seidl-seiboth, A. Herrera-estrella, B. A. Horwitz, C. M. Kenerley et al., Erratum: Trichoderma: the genomics of opportunistic success, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.9, issue.12, pp.896-896, 2011.

P. K. Mukherjee, S. Zeilinger, I. V. Grigoriev, and C. P. Kubicek, Trichoderma: the genomics of opportunistic success, Nature reviews. Microbiology, vol.9, pp.749-759, 2011.

N. Durand, P. Reymond, and M. F?vre, Transmission and modification of transformation markers during an induced parasexual cycle in Penicillium roqueforti, Current Genetics, vol.21, issue.4-5, pp.377-383, 1992.

P. S. Dyer, P. Inderbitzin, and R. Debuchy, 14 Mating-Type Structure, Function, Regulation and Evolution in the Pezizomycotina, Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, vol.Imprint, pp.351-385, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02393726

P. S. Dyer and U. Kück, Sex and the Imperfect Fungi, The Fungal Kingdom, pp.193-214, 2017.

P. S. Dyer and C. M. O'gorman, Sexual development and cryptic sexuality in fungi: insights fromAspergillusspecies, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.36, issue.1, pp.165-192, 2012.

R. El-khoury, C. H. Sellem, E. Coppin, A. Boivin, M. F. Maas et al., Gene deletion and allelic replacement in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, Current Genetics, vol.53, issue.4, pp.249-258, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259239

K. Esser, Concerted breeding in fungi and its biotechnological application, Endeavour, vol.1, issue.3-4, pp.143-148, 1977.

E. Jourdier, 10.7. Les importations de beurre et de fromage par la Russie sont déterminantes pour les Perspectives

A. V. Ferreira, Z. An, R. L. Metzenberg, and N. L. Glass, Characterization of mat A-2, mat A-3 and deltamatA mating-type mutants of Neurospora crassa, Genetics, vol.148, pp.1069-1079, 1998.

G. F. Froment, K. B. Bischoff, D. Wilde, and J. , Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, Islands in the clickstream. Reflections on life in a virtual world, p.337, 2004.

K. K. Fuller, J. J. Loros, and J. C. Dunlap, Fungal photobiology: visible light as a signal for stress, space and time, Current Genetics, vol.61, issue.3, pp.275-288, 2014.

W. Gams and J. Bissett, Trichoderma And Gliocladium, Volume 2, pp.3-34, 1998.

E. Garrison, M. , and G. , Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing, 2012.

T. K. Ghose, Measurement of cellulase activities, Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol.59, issue.2, pp.257-268, 1987.

. Giec, 3.6. Synthèse du 4e rapport d?évaluation du GIEC (2007) pour l?agriculture, par tranche de réchauffement

T. Giraud, R. Yockteng, M. Lo?pez-villavicencio, G. Refre?gier, and M. E. Hood, Mating System of the Anther Smut Fungus Microbotryum violaceum: Selfing under Heterothallism, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.7, issue.5, pp.765-775, 2008.

A. Goarin, Etude de la variabilité phénotypique chez une souche industrielle de Penicillium roqueforti, 2011.

J. Goupy, C. , and L. , Introduction aux plans d'expériences. Toutes les techniques nécessaires à la conduite d'une étude, 2013.

P. Grognet, F. Bidard, C. Kuchly, L. C. Tong, E. Coppin et al., Maintaining Two Mating Types: Structure of the Mating Type Locus and Its Role in Heterokaryosis inPodospora anserina, Genetics, vol.197, issue.1, pp.421-432, 2014.

P. Grognet and P. Silar, Maintaining heterokaryosis in pseudo-homothallic fungi, Communicative & Integrative Biology, vol.8, issue.4, p.e994382, 2015.

P. Grognet and P. Silar, Maintaining heterokaryosis in pseudo-homothallic fungi, Communicative & Integrative Biology, vol.8, issue.4, p.e994382, 2015.

A. P. Gryganskyi, S. C. Lee, A. P. Litvintseva, M. E. Smith, G. Bonito et al., Structure, Function, and Phylogeny of the Mating Locus in the Rhizopus oryzae Complex, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.12, p.e15273, 2010.

Z. Guangtao, L. Hartl, A. Schuster, S. Polak, M. Schmoll et al., Gene targeting in a nonhomologous end joining deficient Hypocrea jecorina, Journal of Biotechnology, vol.139, issue.2, pp.146-151, 2009.

A. V. Gusakov, Alternatives to Trichoderma reesei in biofuel production, Trends in Biotechnology, vol.29, issue.9, pp.419-425, 2011.

M. Häkkinen, M. Arvas, M. Oja, N. Aro, M. Penttilä et al., Re-annotation of the CAZy genes of Trichoderma reesei and transcription in the presence of lignocellulosic substrates, Microbial Cell Factories, vol.11, issue.1, p.134, 2012.

K. Han, D. Lee, J. Kim, M. Kim, H. Kyu-yong et al., Environmental factors affecting development of Aspergillus nidulans, The Journal of Microbiology, pp.34-40, 2003.

R. T. Hanlin, MORPHOLOGY OF HYPOCREA SCHWEINITZII, American Journal of Botany, vol.52, issue.6Part1, pp.570-579, 1965.

M. Hannon, J. Gimpel, M. Tran, B. Rasala, and S. Mayfield, Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential, Biofuels, vol.1, issue.5, pp.763-784, 2010.

L. Hartl and B. Seiboth, Sequential gene deletions in Hypocrea jecorina using a single blaster cassette, Current Genetics, vol.48, issue.3, pp.204-211, 2005.

J. Heitman, S. Sun, and T. Y. James, Evolution of fungal sexual reproduction, Mycologia, vol.105, issue.1, pp.1-27, 2013.

I. Herpoël-gimbert, A. Margeot, A. Dolla, G. Jan, D. Mollé et al., Comparative secretome analyses of two Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and CL847 hypersecretory strains, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.1, issue.1, p.18, 2008.

B. Hoff, S. Po?ggeler, and U. Ku?ck, Eighty Years after Its Discovery, Fleming's Penicillium Strain Discloses the Secret of Its Sex, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.7, issue.3, pp.465-470, 2008.

K. Holmström and H. J. Jensen, Who runs fastest in an adaptive landscape: sexual versus asexual reproduction, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.337, issue.1-2, pp.185-195, 2004.

B. W. Horn, G. G. Moore, and I. Carbone, Sexual reproduction inAspergillus flavus, Mycologia, vol.101, issue.3, pp.423-429, 2009.

B. W. Horn, G. G. Moore, and I. Carbone, Sexual reproduction inAspergillus flavus, Mycologia, vol.101, issue.3, pp.423-429, 2009.

B. W. Horn, R. A. Olarte, S. W. Peterson, and I. Carbone, Sexual reproduction in Aspergillus tubingensis from section Nigri, Mycologia, vol.105, issue.5, pp.1153-1163, 2013.

A. Idnurm, M. E. Hood, H. Johannesson, and T. Giraud, Contrasted patterns in mating-type chromosomes in fungi: Hotspots versus coldspots of recombination, Fungal Biology Reviews, vol.29, issue.3-4, pp.220-229, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01302698

M. Ilmén, C. Thrane, and M. Penttilä, The glucose repressor genecre1 ofTrichoderma: Isolation and expression of a full-length and a truncated mutant form, Molecular and General Genetics MGG, vol.251, issue.4, pp.451-460, 1996.

P. K. Ingvarsson, Restoration of genetic variation lost ? the genetic rescue hypothesis, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.16, issue.2, pp.62-63, 2001.

C. Ivanova, J. Ramoni, T. Aouam, A. Frischmann, B. Seiboth et al., Genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis of Trichoderma reesei QM9978 strain reveals a distal chromosome translocation to be responsible for loss of vib1 expression and loss of cellulase induction, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.10, issue.1, p.962, 2017.

D. J. Jacobson, Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Outcrossing in Neurospora tetrasperma, a Pseudohomothallic Ascomycete, Mycologia, vol.87, issue.5, p.604, 1995.

P. Ascomycete, Mycologia, vol.87, p.604

C. Jamet-vierny, R. Debuchy, M. Prigent, and P. Silar, IDC1, a Pezizomycotina-specific gene that belongs to the PaMpk1 MAP kinase transduction cascade of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.44, issue.12, pp.1219-1230, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195202

W. Jonkers, M. S. Fischer, H. P. Do, T. L. Starr, and N. L. Glass, Chemotropism and Cell Fusion in Neurospora crassa Relies on the Formation of Distinct Protein Complexes by HAM-5 and a Novel Protein HAM-14, Genetics, vol.203, issue.1, pp.319-334, 2016.

W. Jonkers, A. C. Leeder, C. Ansong, Y. Wang, F. Yang et al., HAM-5 Functions As a MAP Kinase Scaffold during Cell Fusion in Neurospora crassa, PLoS Genetics, vol.10, issue.11, p.e1004783, 2014.

E. Jourdier, L. Baudry, D. Poggi-parodi, Y. Vicq, R. Koszul et al., Proximity ligation scaffolding and comparison of two Trichoderma reesei strains genomes, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.10, issue.1, p.106, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01581813

E. Jourdier, L. Poughon, C. Larroche, F. Monot, and F. Chaabane, A new stoichiometric miniaturization strategy for screening of industrial microbial strains: application to cellulase hyper-producing Trichoderma reesei strains, Microbial Cell Factories, vol.11, issue.1, p.70, 2012.

R. Karimi-aghcheh, Z. Németh, L. Atanasova, E. Fekete, M. Paholcsek et al., The VELVET A Orthologue VEL1 of Trichoderma reesei Regulates Fungal Development and Is Essential for Cellulase Gene Expression, PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.11, p.e112799, 2014.

M. Kawamori, Y. Morikawa, Y. Shinsha, K. Takayama, and S. Takasawa, Preparation of Mutants Resistant to Catabolite Repression ofTrichoderma reesei, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, vol.49, issue.10, pp.2875-2879, 1985.

M. Kawamori, Y. Morikawa, and S. Takasawa, Induction and production of cellulases by l-sorbose in Trichoderma reesei, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.24, issue.6, pp.449-453, 1986.

M. Kearse, R. Moir, A. Wilson, S. Stones-havas, M. Cheung et al., Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data, Bioinformatics, vol.28, issue.12, pp.1647-1649, 2012.

L. Keller and D. Waller, Inbreeding effects in wild populations, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.17, issue.5, pp.230-241, 2002.

H. Kim, S. J. Wright, G. Park, S. Ouyang, S. Krystofova et al., Roles for Receptors, Pheromones, G Proteins, and Mating Type Genes During Sexual Reproduction inNeurospora crassa, Genetics, vol.190, issue.4, pp.1389-1404, 2012.

D. Klein-marcuschamer, P. Oleskowicz-popiel, B. A. Simmons, and H. W. Blanch, The challenge of enzyme cost in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.109, issue.4, pp.1083-1087, 2011.

H. Koike, A. Aerts, K. Labutti, I. V. Grigoriev, and S. E. Baker, Comparative Genomics Analysis of Trichoderma reesei Strains, Industrial Biotechnology, vol.9, issue.6, pp.352-367, 2013.

S. Krappmann, Gene targeting in filamentous fungi: the benefits of impaired repair, Fungal Biology Reviews, vol.21, issue.1, pp.25-29, 2007.

L. Kredics, Z. Antal, I. Dóczi, L. Manczinger, F. Kevei et al., Clinical importance of the genusTrichoderma, Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, vol.50, issue.2-3, pp.105-117, 2003.

M. Kretschmer, M. Leroch, A. Mosbach, A. Walker, S. Fillinger et al., Fungicide-Driven Evolution and Molecular Basis of Multidrug Resistance in Field Populations of the Grey Mould Fungus Botrytis cinerea, PLoS Pathogens, vol.5, issue.12, p.e1000696, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02668014

B. O. Krogh and L. S. Symington, Recombination Proteins in Yeast, Annual Review of Genetics, vol.38, issue.1, pp.233-271, 2004.

C. Kubicek, R. Linke, B. Seiboth, T. Haarmann, and P. Lorenz, Genes/Genetic Elements Associated With Mating Impariment In Trichoderma Reesei QM6a And Its Derivatives And Process For Their Identification, 2014.

C. Kubicek and M. Penttila, Trichoderma And Gliocladium, Volume 2, 1998.

. Ondik, , pp.49-72

C. P. Kubicek, Systems biological approaches towards understanding cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei, Journal of Biotechnology, vol.163, issue.2, pp.133-142, 2013.

C. P. Kubicek, M. Mikus, A. Schuster, M. Schmoll, and B. Seiboth, Metabolic engineering strategies for the improvement of cellulase production by Hypocrea jecorina, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.2, issue.1, p.19, 2009.

U. Kück and J. Böhm, Mating type genes and cryptic sexuality as tools for genetically manipulating industrial molds, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.97, issue.22, pp.9609-9620, 2013.

U. Kück and S. Pöggeler, Cryptic sex in fungi, Fungal Biology Reviews, vol.23, issue.3, pp.86-90, 2009.

K. Kuhls, E. Lieckfeldt, G. J. Samuels, W. Kovacs, W. Meyer et al., Molecular evidence that the asexual industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei is a clonal derivative of the ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.15, pp.7755-7760, 1996.

R. Kumar, S. Singh, and O. V. Singh, Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: biochemical and molecular perspectives, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, vol.35, issue.5, pp.377-391, 2008.

T. A. Kunkel, DNA Replication Fidelity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.17, pp.16895-16898, 2004.

L. Crom, S. Schackwitz, W. Pennacchio, L. Magnuson, J. K. Culley et al., Tracking the roots of cellulase hyperproduction by the fungus Trichoderma reesei using massively parallel DNA sequencing, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.106, pp.16151-16156, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02879345

J. Lehtonen, M. D. Jennions, and H. Kokko, The many costs of sex, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.27, issue.3, pp.172-178, 2012.

J. F. Leslie and K. K. Klein, Female Fertility and Mating Type Effects on Effective Population Size and Evolution in Filamentous Fungi, Genetics, vol.144, pp.557-567, 1996.

W. Li, C. Huang, C. Chen, Y. Chuang, S. Tung et al., Trichoderma reesei complete genome sequence, repeat-induced point mutation and partitioning of CAZyme gene clusters, 2017.

. Trichoderma-reesei-complete-genome-sequence, Repeat-Induced Point Mutation And Partitioning Of CAZyme Gene Clusters, Biotechnol Biofuels, vol.10

A. Lichius, F. Bidard, F. Buchholz, S. Le-crom, J. Martin et al., Genome sequencing of the Trichoderma reesei QM9136 mutant identifies a truncation of the transcriptional regulator XYR1 as the cause for its cellulase-negative phenotype, BMC Genomics, vol.16, issue.1, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01149671

I. V. Grigoriev, S. E. Baker, and A. Margeot, , 2015.

E. Lieckfeldt, C. Kullnig, G. J. Samuels, and C. P. Kubicek, Sexually Competent, Sucrose- and Nitrate-Assimilating Strains of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) from South American Soils, Mycologia, vol.92, issue.3, p.374, 2000.

R. Linke, G. G. Thallinger, T. Haarmann, J. Eidner, M. Schreiter et al., Restoration of female fertility in Trichoderma reesei QM6a provides the basis for inbreeding in this industrial cellulase producing fungus, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.8, issue.1, p.155, 2015.

R. Liu, L. Chen, Y. Jiang, Z. Zhou, and G. Zou, Efficient genome editing in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, Cell Discovery, vol.1, issue.1, p.15007, 2015.

L. R. Lynd, W. Zyl, J. E. Mcbride, and M. Laser, Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.16, issue.5, pp.577-583, 2005.

L. R. Lynd, P. J. Weimer, W. H. Van-zyl, and I. S. Pretorius, Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.66, issue.3, pp.506-577, 2002.

R. L. Mach, B. Seiboth, A. Myasnikov, R. Gonzalez, J. Strauss et al., The bgl1 gene of Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 encodes an extracellular, cellulose-inducible ?-glucosidase involved in cellulase induction by sophorose, Molecular Microbiology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.687-697, 1995.

Z. A. Mahmood, S. W. Ahmed, I. Azhar, M. Sualeh, M. T. Baig et al., Bioactive Alkaloids from Fungi: Psilocybin, Natural Products, vol.23, pp.523-552, 2013.

M. Mandels, Microbial sources of cellulase, Biotechnology and bioengineering symposium, pp.81-105, 1975.

M. Mandels and E. T. Reese, INDUCTION OF CELLULASE IN TRICHODERMA VIRIDE AS INFLUENCED BY CARBON SOURCES AND METALS, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.73, issue.2, pp.269-278, 1957.

M. Mandels, J. Weber, and R. Parizek, Enhanced Cellulase Production by a Mutant of Trichoderma viride, Applied Microbiology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.152-154, 1971.

A. L. Mantyla, K. H. Rossi, S. A. Vanhanen, M. E. Penttila, P. L. Suominen et al., Electrophoretic karyotyping of wild-type and mutant Trichoderma longibrachiatum (reesei) strains, Current genetics, vol.21, pp.471-477, 1992.

M. Manzoni and M. Rollini, Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of statins by filamentous fungi and application of these cholesterol-lowering drugs, Applied microbiology and biotechnology, vol.58, pp.555-564, 2002.

A. Margeot, B. Hahn-hagerdal, M. Edlund, R. Slade, and F. Monot, New improvements for lignocellulosic ethanol, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.20, issue.3, pp.372-380, 2009.

H. Marie-nelly, M. Marbouty, A. Cournac, J. Flot, G. Liti et al., High-quality genome (re)assembly using chromosomal contact data, Nature Communications, vol.5, issue.1, p.5695, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01138788

A. V. Markov, A. V. Gusakov, E. G. Kondratyeva, O. N. Okunev, A. O. Bekkarevich et al., New Effective Method for Analysis of the Component Composition of Enzyme Complexes from Trichoderma reesei, Biochemistry (Moscow), vol.70, issue.6, pp.657-663, 2005.

D. Martinez, R. M. Berka, B. Henrissat, M. Saloheimo, M. Arvas et al., Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina), Nature biotechnology, vol.26, pp.553-560, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02669177

P. Marullo, M. Bely, I. Masneuf-pomarède, M. Pons, M. Aigle et al., Breeding strategies for combining fermentative qualities and reducing off-flavor production in a wine yeast model, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.6, issue.2, pp.268-279, 2006.

P. Marullo, M. Bely, I. Masneuf-pomarède, M. Pons, M. Aigle et al., Breeding strategies for combining fermentative qualities and reducing off-flavor production in a wine yeast model, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.6, issue.2, pp.268-279, 2006.

P. Marullo, C. Mansour, M. Dufour, W. Albertin, D. Sicard et al., Genetic improvement  of  thermo-tolerance in wineSaccharomyces cerevisiae  strains by a backcross approach, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.9, issue.8, pp.1148-1160, 2009.

P. Marullo, C. Mansour, M. Dufour, W. Albertin, D. Sicard et al., Genetic improvement  of  thermo-tolerance in wineSaccharomyces cerevisiae  strains by a backcross approach, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.9, issue.8, pp.1148-1160, 2009.

S. Masloff, S. Jacobsen, S. Pöggeler, and U. Kück, Functional analysis of the C6 zinc finger gene pro1 involved in fungal sexual development, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.36, issue.2, pp.107-116, 2002.

C. E. Mcalpin and D. T. Wicklow, Culture media and sources of nitrogen promoting the formation of stromata and ascocarps in Petromyces alliaceus (Aspergillus section Flavi), Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.51, issue.9, pp.765-771, 2005.

C. E. Mcalpin, Synnema and Sclerotium Production in Aspergillus caelatus and the Influence of Substrate Composition on Their Development in Selected Strains, Mycologia, vol.96, issue.5, p.937, 2004.

L. Merlini, O. Dudin, and S. G. Martin, Mate and fuse: how yeast cells do it, Open Biology, vol.3, issue.3, p.130008, 2013.

R. W. Michelmore, I. Paran, and R. V. Kesseli, Identification of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating populations., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.88, issue.21, pp.9828-9832, 1991.

B. S. Montenecourt and D. E. Eveleigh, Preparation of mutants of Trichoderma reesei with enhanced cellulase production., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.34, issue.6, pp.777-782, 1977.

B. S. Montenecourt and D. E. Eveleigh, Selective Screening Methods for the Isolation of High Yielding Cellulase Mutants ofTrichoderma reesei, Advances in Chemistry, pp.289-301, 1979.

E. Moore-landecker, Physiology and biochemistry of ascocarp induction and development, Mycological Research, vol.96, issue.9, pp.705-716, 1992.

E. Moore-landecker, Physiology and biochemistry of ascocarp induction and development, Mycological Research, vol.96, issue.9, pp.705-716, 1992.

R. Wooley, M. Ruth, J. Sheehan, K. Ibsen, H. Majdeski et al., Process Design Report for Wood Feedstock: Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Desing and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Current and Futuristic Scenarios, 1999.

H. Nevalainen, V. Te?äôo, and M. Penttil?§, Application of Genetic Engineering for Strain Improvement in Filamentous Fungi, Handbook of Fungal Biotechnology, pp.193-208, 2003.

J. Nielsen, Production of biopharmaceutical proteins by yeast, Bioengineered, vol.4, issue.4, pp.207-211, 2013.

B. P. Nieuwenhuis, A. J. Debets, and D. K. Aanen, Sexual selection in mushroom-forming basidiomycetes, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.278, issue.1702, pp.152-157, 2010.

Y. Ninomiya, K. Suzuki, C. Ishii, and H. Inoue, From The Cover: Highly efficient gene replacements in Neurospora strains deficient for nonhomologous end-joining, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.33, pp.12248-12253, 2004.

J. Niu, M. Arentshorst, P. D. Nair, Z. Dai, S. E. Baker et al., Identification of a Classical Mutant in the Industrial HostAspergillus nigerby Systems Genetics: LaeA Is Required for Citric Acid Production and Regulates the Formation of Some Secondary Metabolites, G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, vol.6, issue.1, pp.193-204, 2015.

C. S. Nødvig, J. B. Nielsen, M. E. Kogle, and U. H. Mortensen, A CRISPR-Cas9 System for Genetic Engineering of Filamentous Fungi, PLOS ONE, vol.10, issue.7, p.e0133085, 2015.

M. Nowrousian, I. Teichert, S. Masloff, and U. Kück, Whole-Genome Sequencing ofSordaria macrosporaMutants Identifies Developmental Genes, G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, vol.2, issue.2, pp.261-270, 2012.

R. A. Olarte, B. W. Horn, J. W. Dorner, J. T. Monacell, R. Singh et al., Effect of sexual recombination on population diversity in aflatoxin production byAspergillus flavusand evidence for cryptic heterokaryosis, Molecular Ecology, vol.21, issue.6, pp.1453-1476, 2011.

M. Paloheimo, T. Haarmann, S. Mäkinen, and J. Vehmaanperä, Production of Industrial Enzymes in Trichoderma reesei, Fungal Biology, pp.23-57, 2016.

D. P. Parodi, APPENDICE 3., Évaluation créative, pp.352-361, 1982.

N. Paster and I. Chet, Effects of environmental factors on growth and sclerotium formation in Aspergillus ochraceus, Canadian Journal of Botany, vol.58, issue.16, pp.1844-1850, 1980.

S. Pe'er and I. Chet, Trichoderma protoplast fusion: a tool for improving biocontrol agents, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.36, issue.1, pp.6-9, 1990.

L. Peraza-reyes and V. Berteaux-lecellier, Peroxisomes and sexual development in fungi, Frontiers in Physiology, vol.4, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00865353

L. Peraza-reyes and F. Malagnac, 16 Sexual Development in Fungi, Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, pp.407-455, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02394377

P. Zhang, Y. Himmel, M. E. Mielenz, and J. R. , Outlook for cellulase improvement: screening and selection strategies, Biotechnology Advances, vol.24, pp.452-481, 2006.

C. H. Persoon, Icones pictae specierum rariorum fungorum in synopsi methodica descriptarum a C.H. Persoon. Figures colorie?es des espe?ces rares des champignons de?crits dans l'ouvrage intitule?: Synopsis methodica fungorum par C.H. Persoon., pp.81-128, 1803.

R. Peterson and H. Nevalainen, Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 ? thirty years of strain improvement, Microbiology, vol.158, issue.1, pp.58-68, 2012.

. Poggeler, . Masloff, . Jacobsen, and . Kuck, Karyotype polymorphism correlates with intraspecific infertility in the homothallic ascomycete Sordaria macrospora, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.281-289, 2000.

S. Pöggeler, M. Nowrousian, and U. Kück, Fruiting-Body Development in Ascomycetes, Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, pp.325-355

D. Poggi-parodi, F. Bidard, A. Pirayre, T. Portnoy, C. Blugeon et al., Kinetic transcriptome analysis reveals an essentially intact induction system in a cellulase hyper-producer Trichoderma reesei strain, Biotechnology for Biofuels, vol.7, issue.1, p.173, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01112360

K. R. Pomraning, K. M. Smith, and M. Freitag, Bulk Segregant Analysis Followed by High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals the Neurospora Cell Cycle Gene,ndc-1, To Be Allelic with the Gene for Ornithine Decarboxylase,spe-1, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.10, issue.6, pp.724-733, 2011.

G. Pontecorvo, The Parasexual Cycle in Fungi, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.393-400, 1956.

T. Portnoy, A. Margeot, V. Seidl-seiboth, S. Le-crom, F. Ben-chaabane et al., Differential Regulation of the Cellulase Transcription Factors XYR1, ACE2, and ACE1 in Trichoderma reesei Strains Producing High and Low Levels of Cellulase, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.10, issue.2, pp.262-271, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02879336

J. Pourquie, M. Warzywoda, F. Chevron, D. Thery, and D. Lonchamp, Scale up of cellulase production and utilization, FEMS Symposium n°43: Biochemistry and Genetics of Cellulose, pp.71-86, 1988.

L. H. Rieseberg, M. A. Archer, and R. K. Wayne, Transgressive segregation, adaptation and speciation, Heredity, vol.83, issue.4, pp.363-372, 1999.

J. Ropars, J. Dupont, E. Fontanillas, R. C. Rodríguez-de-la-vega, F. Malagnac et al., Sex in Cheese: Evidence for Sexuality in the Fungus Penicillium roqueforti, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.11, p.e49665, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00758760

J. Ropars, Y. Lo, E. Dumas, A. Snirc, D. Begerow et al., Fertility depression among cheese?making Penicillium roqueforti strains suggests degeneration during domestication, Evolution, vol.70, issue.9, pp.2099-2109, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01376216

B. Ruiz-diez, Strategies for the transformation of filamentous fungi, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.92, issue.2, pp.189-195, 2002.

D. Saleh, J. Milazzo, H. Adreit, D. Tharreau, and E. Fournier, Asexual reproduction induces a rapid and permanent loss of sexual reproduction capacity in the rice fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae: results of in vitro experimental evolution assays, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.12, issue.1, p.42, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02650984

M. Saloheimo, J. Kuja-panula, E. Ylo?sma?ki, M. Ward, and M. Penttila?, Enzymatic Properties and Intracellular Localization of the Novel Trichoderma reesei ?-Glucosidase BGLII (Cel1A), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.9, pp.4546-4553, 2002.

N. Samils, A. Gioti, M. Karlsson, Y. Sun, T. Kasuga et al., Sex-linked transcriptional divergence in the hermaphrodite fungus Neurospora tetrasperma, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.280, issue.1764, p.20130862, 2013.

G. J. Samuels, O. Petrini, and S. Manguin, Morphological and Macromolecular Characterization of Hypocrea schweinitzii and Its Trichoderma Anamorph, Mycologia, vol.86, issue.3, p.421, 1994.

S. J. Saupe, Molecular Genetics of Heterokaryon Incompatibility in Filamentous Ascomycetes, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.64, issue.3, pp.489-502, 2000.

T. Schafmeier and A. C. Diernfellner, Light input and processing in the circadian clock ofNeurospora, FEBS Letters, vol.585, issue.10, pp.1467-1473, 2011.

M. Schmoll and C. Dattenböck, Gene Expression Systems in Fungi: Advancements and Applications, Advancements and applications, 2016.

M. Schmoll, C. Seibel, D. Tisch, M. Dorrer, and C. P. Kubicek, A novel class of peptide pheromone precursors in ascomycetous fungi, Molecular Microbiology, vol.77, issue.6, pp.1483-1501, 2010.

M. Schmoll, D. Tisch, A. Schuster, M. Freitag, K. Pomraning et al., , 2015.

, KONSULTATION ? FORMALE REPRÄSENTATION DES WWW, Der Google-Komplex

K. Schneeberger, Using next-generation sequencing to isolate mutant genes from forward genetic screens, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.15, issue.10, pp.662-676, 2014.

E. Scholte, B. G. Knols, R. A. Samson, and W. Takken, Entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: A review, Journal of Insect Science, vol.4, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2004.

A. Schuster and M. Schmoll, Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.87, issue.3, pp.787-799, 2010.

M. Schuster, G. Schweizer, S. Reissmann, and R. Kahmann, Genome editing in Ustilago maydis using the CRISPR?Cas system, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.89, pp.3-9, 2016.

C. Seibel, D. Tisch, C. P. Kubicek, and M. Schmoll, ENVOY Is a Major Determinant in Regulation of Sexual Development in Hypocrea jecorina ( Trichoderma reesei ), Eukaryotic Cell, vol.11, issue.7, pp.885-895, 2012.

C. Seibel, D. Tisch, C. P. Kubicek, and M. Schmoll, The role of pheromone receptors for communication and mating in Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei), Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.49, issue.10, pp.814-824, 2012.

B. Seiboth, C. Ivanova, and V. Seidl-seiboth, Trichoderma reesei: A Fungal Enzyme Producer for Cellulosic Biofuels, Biofuel Production-Recent Developments and Prospects, 2011.

V. Seidl, C. Gamauf, I. S. Druzhinina, B. Seiboth, L. Hartl et al., The Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) hypercellulolytic mutant RUT C30 lacks a 85 kb (29 gene-encoding) region of the wild-type genome, BMC Genomics, vol.9, issue.1, p.327, 2008.

V. Seidl, C. Seibel, C. P. Kubicek, and M. Schmoll, Sexual development in the industrial workhorse Trichoderma reesei, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.33, pp.13909-13914, 2009.

V. Seidl and B. Seiboth, Trichoderma reesei: genetic approaches to improving strain efficiency, Biofuels, vol.1, issue.2, pp.343-354, 2010.

M. Shrivastav, L. P. De-haro, and J. A. Nickoloff, Regulation of DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice, Cell Research, vol.18, issue.1, pp.134-147, 2007.

P. Silar, Peroxide accumulation and cell death in filamentous fungi induced by contact with a contestant, Mycological Research, vol.109, issue.2, pp.137-149, 2005.

P. Silar, Grafting as a method for studying development in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, Fungal Biology, vol.115, issue.8, pp.793-802, 2011.

P. Silar, Simple Genetic Tools to Study Fruiting Body Development in Fungi, The Open Mycology Journal, vol.8, issue.1, pp.148-155, 2014.

P. Silar, Protistes Eucaryotes : Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138

, Nuclear Energy 2015, IEA Energy Technology Essentials : Biofuel Production. International energy Agency, 2015.

M. ?imkovi?, L. Vare?ka, P. Olejníková, P. ?emla, M. Mat'at'a et al., Nutrient transport into germinating Trichoderma atroviride conidia and development of its driving force, Microbiology, vol.161, issue.6, pp.1240-1250, 2015.

B. R. Smith, Storage of ascospores in water, Fungal Genetics Reports, vol.20, issue.1, 1973.

P. Stamets, Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World, 2005.

N. Takebayashi and P. L. Morrell, Is self-fertilization an evolutionary dead end? Revisiting an old hypothesis with genetic theories and a macroevolutionary approach, American Journal of Botany, vol.88, issue.7, pp.1143-1150, 2001.

A. Tanaka, G. M. Cartwright, S. Saikia, Y. Kayano, D. Takemoto et al., ProA, a transcriptional regulator of fungal fruiting body development, regulates leaf hyphal network development in theEpichloë festucae-Lolium perennesymbiosis, Molecular Microbiology, vol.90, issue.3, pp.551-568, 2013.

J. G. Thomson and D. W. Ow, Site-specific recombination systems for the genetic manipulation of eukaryotic genomes, genesis, vol.44, issue.10, pp.465-476, 2006.

W. Tinsson, Plans d?expérience pour facteurs qualitatifs, Plans d'expérience: constructions et analyses statistiques, pp.303-361, 2010.

R. B. Todd, M. A. Davis, and M. J. Hynes, Genetic manipulation of Aspergillus nidulans: meiotic progeny for genetic analysis and strain construction, Nature Protocols, vol.2, issue.4, pp.811-821, 2007.

N. M. Tsui, S. Diguistini, Y. Wang, N. Feau, B. Dhillon et al., Unequal Recombination and Evolution of the Mating-Type (MAT) Loci in the Pathogenic FungusGrosmannia clavigeraand Relatives, G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics, vol.3, issue.3, pp.465-480, 2013.

L. R. Tulasne, . Geney-gros., and C. R. Tulasne, Selecta fungorum carpologia :ea documenta et icones potissimum exhibens ... /Junctis studiis ediderunt Ludovicus-Renatus Tulasne, et Carolus Tulasne., Selecta fungorum carpologia :ea documenta et icones potissimum exhibens (Parisiis: Imperatoris Jussu, 1861.

M. Verma, S. K. Brar, R. D. Tyagi, R. Y. Surampalli, and J. R. Valéro, Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control, Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol.37, issue.1, pp.1-20, 2007.

F. Vincens, Notes sur quelques Chrysomonadines, Revue zoologique africaine., vol.6, pp.39-49, 1917.

M. Vitikainen, M. Arvas, T. Pakula, M. Oja, M. Penttilä et al., Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of Trichoderma reesei strains with enhanced cellulase production properties, BMC Genomics, vol.11, issue.1, p.441, 2010.

J. W. Wenger, K. Schwartz, and G. Sherlock, Bulk Segregant Analysis by High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals a Novel Xylose Utilization Gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PLoS Genetics, vol.6, issue.5, p.e1000942, 2010.

R. M. Wenger, Synthesis of cyclosporine. Total syntheses of ?cyclosporin A? and ?cyclosporin H?, two fungal metabolites isolated from the speciesTolypocladium inflatum GAMS, Helvetica Chimica Acta, vol.67, issue.2, pp.502-525, 1984.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01812826

J. Wong-sak-hoi and B. Dumas, Ste12 and Ste12-Like Proteins, Fungal Transcription Factors Regulating Development and Pathogenicity, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.9, issue.4, pp.480-485, 2010.

B. Wu, V. Oesker, J. Wiese, R. Schmaljohann, and J. F. Imhoff, Two New Antibiotic Pyridones Produced by a Marine Fungus, Trichoderma sp. Strain MF106, Marine Drugs, vol.12, issue.3, pp.1208-1219, 2014.

N. Xie, G. Ruprich-robert, F. Chapeland-leclerc, E. Coppin, H. Lalucque et al., Inositol-phosphate signaling as mediator for growth and sexual reproduction in Podospora anserina, Developmental Biology, vol.429, issue.1, pp.285-305, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02392747

Y. Xiong, J. Sun, and N. L. Glass, VIB1, a Link between Glucose Signaling and Carbon Catabolite Repression, Is Essential for Plant Cell Wall Degradation by Neurospora crassa, PLoS Genetics, vol.10, issue.8, p.e1004500, 2014.

J. Xu, G. Zhao, Y. Kou, W. Zhang, Q. Zhou et al., Intracellular ?-Glucosidases CEL1a and CEL1b Are Essential for Cellulase Induction on Lactose in Trichoderma reesei, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.13, issue.8, pp.1001-1013, 2014.

R. S. Zeigler, R. P. Scott, H. Leung, A. A. Bordeos, J. Kumar et al., Evidence of Parasexual Exchange of DNA in the Rice Blast Fungus Challenges Its Exclusive Clonality, Phytopathology®, vol.87, issue.3, pp.284-294, 1997.

S. Zeilinger, Gene disruption in Trichoderma atroviride via Agrobacterium -mediated transformation, Current Genetics, vol.45, issue.1, pp.54-60, 2004.

S. Zeilinger and M. Omann, TrichodermaBiocontrol: Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Host Sensing and Mycoparasitism, Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, vol.1, p.GRSB.S397, 2007.

C. Zhang, X. Meng, X. Wei, and L. Lu, Highly efficient CRISPR mutagenesis by microhomology-mediated end joining in Aspergillus fumigatus, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.86, pp.47-57, 2016.

, Annexe statistique, Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE, 2019.

, Avant-propos, Une île, une nation?, pp.XI-XII, 2018.

, Tendances générales observées de la redistribution dans les pays analysés, 2012.

, Les troubles de l'humeur et les troubles névrotiques sont surreprésentés dans les problèmes de santé mentale diagnostiqués, 2012.

. Malassez, Tableau 2.7. Le niveau d?absentéisme et de présentéisme varie en fonction des pays mais les écarts entre les différentes catégories d?état de santé mentale sont constants

, Les délais requis pour créer une entreprise ont été réduits dans pratiquement tous les États et dans la ville de Mexico, Pour chaque arrosage, 3 réplicas ont été fait. La courbe représente la moyenne du nombre de stromata comptés par dilution. billes dans un Fastprep®, 2013.

, Tableau 6.6. Indicateurs de mobilité et d?immobilité sur l?échelle des revenus durant une période de trois ans

, Les délais requis pour créer une entreprise ont été réduits dans pratiquement tous les États et dans la ville de Mexico, Pétri. Après 2-3 jours de croissance à l'obscurité, les mycéliums ont été prélevés, broyés à l'aide de billes dans un Fastprep, puis mélangés dans un ratio 1:1:1. Ce mélange a été inoculé dans un milieu liquide PD, vol.7, 2013.

. Pétri, Après 2-3 jours de croissance à l'obscurité, les mycéliums ont été prélevés, broyés à l'aide de billes dans un Fastprep, puis mélangés avec un ratio 1:1:1 (QM6a 1-1 : QM6a 1-2 : ?MAT), ou 1:1 :2 ou 1:1 :5. Le mélange a été (i) soit étalé sur l'intégralité de la boîte, (ii) soit inoculé au centre de la boîte avec différentes dilutions (1, 1/10 et 1/100) sur milieu PDA

L. Gauthier, Songe d une nuit d ete, 1988.

, Graphique 23.4. Les femmes ont été les principales bénéficiaires de la hausse des emplois très qualifiés

. Méthode, CHAPITRE 3. ? LE TRAITEMENT SÉQUENTIEL DES INFORMATIONS, La mémoire, connaissance active du passé, vol.9

. Duhamel-du-monceau, La physique des arbres : ou? il est traite? de l'anatomie des plantes et de l'e?conomie ve?ge?tale: pour servir d'introduction au traite? complet des bois & des forests: avec une dissertation sur l'utilite? des me?thodes de botanique ; & une explication des termes propres a? cette science, & qui sont en usage pour l'exploitation des bois & des fore?ts /, 1758.

. Le, File S1: MAT1-1 database

D. Souche-dagues, La « raison » dans la Phénoménologie de l?Esprit, Phénoménologie et métaphysique, p.37, 1984.

F. Neau, Naître avec la guerre ? Violence dans le sexuel infantile, violence du sexuel infantile, Revue française de psychanalyse, vol.79, issue.5, p.1541, 2015.

, Graphique 2.24. En l?absence d?AIR, un examen postérieur à la mise en ?uvre est-il obligatoire ?

T. Chalermpalanupap and C. Tarpinian, La « centralité » de l?ASEAN : concept et mise en ?uvre, Politique étrangère, vol.Été, issue.2, p.53, 2017.

, Graphique 5.7. Différence entre les proportions de personnes ayant un niveau d?éducation supérieur parmi les personnes nées dans le pays de parents immigrés, les immigrés et les descendants d?autochtones âgés de 25 à 34 ans, par sexe, 2008

J. Michel, 4. La problématisation et la publicisation des victimes et des descendants de victime de l?esclavage, Devenir descendant d'esclave, vol.8, pp.103-121, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02082582