.. .. Résumé, Good Resume Maker & Resume Cover Letter Tips, 2012.

. .. , Présentation de l'expérimentation

. .. Matériel, Matériel et Méthodes, Cells Tissues Organs, vol.31, issue.28, pp.35-36, 1957.

.. .. Mesures,

.. .. Résultats, Résultats du PISA 2006 : compréhension de l'écrit, 2008.

. .. , Reconnaissance des émotions et confusions

. .. , Analyse de la reconnaissance des émotions

, Pourcentage de la population urbaine, selon la taille des villes

. .. , Impact de l'absence des rides d'expression

. .. Acceptabilité,

, Le potentiel de divergence et de convergence de la technologie : Un siècle de transformations structurelles se profile, Rapport sur le développement humain 2019, pp.221-246, 2020.

, Guide pour l?incorporation de la loi type de la CNUDCI sur la reconnaissance et l?exécution des jugements liés à l?insolvabilité, 2019.

. .. , Introduction, La collaboration au Luxembourg durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1940?1945)

, CHAPITRE DEUX

. .. Résumé, Séminaire de tourisme et d'économie des transports de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes économiques et sociales de St. Gall, The Tourist Review, vol.25, issue.3, pp.110-111, 1970.

. .. Matériel,

. .. Résultats, Calendrier des manifestations, Revue de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, vol.110, issue.2, pp.122-123, 2009.

. .. Discussion, 5.2 Agent virtuel expressif, sentiment de similarité et lien affectif

. Rana_el_kaliouby and . R/science, I?m Rana el Kaliouby, Host of NOVA Wonders & CEO of Affectiva. Ask me anything!

. Panoramas-de-la-drees and . Santé, CONCLUSION en exergue une corrélation négative concernant l'âge des participants et leur empathie, notamment les dimensions de contagion émotionnelle, Portrait des professionnels de santé, 2011.

, Graphique 2.6. Le pourcentage d?individus en âge de travailler est plus élevé chez les immigrés que chez les autochtones

, Graphique 2.9. Les taux d'intérêt réel sont élevés au Sénégal, comme dans les pays de comparaison

, Les instruments de recherche de citations : le point de vue d?un utilisateur de concordances, Le médiéviste et l'ordinateur, vol.22, issue.1, pp.21-23, 1990.

, Les élèves de 15 ans dont les parents ne sont pas diplômés du secondaire ont de moins bons résultats que les autres, 2020.

. Enfin, Charte d?engagements réciproques entre l?État et les associations regroupées au sein de la CPCA, Revue internationale de l'économie sociale: Recma, issue.282, p.18, 2001.

, Front Matter, Guide to Ruminant Anatomy, pp.i-xvii, 2017.

N. Adamo, H. N. Dib, and N. J. Villani, Animated Agents? Facial Emotions: Does the Agent Design Make a Difference?, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.41, pp.10-25, 2019.

S. J. Ahn and J. Fox, Immersive Virtual Environments, Avatars, and Agents for Health, p.76, 2017.

O. Alexander, M. Rogers, W. Lambeth, M. Chiang, and P. Debevec, The Digital Emily project, ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 Courses on - SIGGRAPH '09, 2009.

P. Debevec, The digital emily project : Achieving a photorealistic digital actor, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.30, issue.4, pp.20-31, 2010.

S. Alghowinem, M. Alshehri, R. Goecke, and M. Wagner, Exploring Eye Activity as an Indication of Emotional States Using an Eye-Tracking Sensor, Intelligent Systems for Science and Information, vol.28, pp.261-276, 2014.

Z. Ambadar, J. W. Schooler, and J. F. Cohn, Deciphering the Enigmatic Face: The Importance of Facial Dynamics in Interpreting Subtle Facial Expressions, Psychological Science, vol.16, issue.5, pp.403-410, 2005.

A. D. Andrade, A. Bagri, K. Zaw, B. A. Roos, and J. G. Ruiz, Avatar-Mediated Training in the Delivery of Bad News in a Virtual World, Journal of Palliative Medicine, vol.13, issue.12, pp.1415-1419, 2010.

A. Kleinsmith, D. Rivera-gutierrez, G. Finney, J. Cendan, and B. Lok, Understanding empathy training with virtual patients, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.52, issue.1, pp.151-158, 2015.

M. Aziz and M. Abid, Social Responsibility: As a Predictor of Altruistic m Personality among Adults, Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal, vol.8, issue.5, pp.1-4, 2018.

J. N. Bibliographie-bailenson and J. Blascovich, Avatars. In Encyclopedia of human-computer interaction, Citeseer, vol.34, pp.64-68, 2004.

J. N. Bailenson, N. Yee, K. Patel, and A. C. Beall, Detecting digital chameleons, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.24, issue.1, pp.66-87, 2008.

G. Bailly and C. Pelachaud, Parole et expression des émotions sur le visage d'humanoïdes virtuels, Traité de la réalité virtuelle, vol.5, p.27, 2009.

T. Bänziger, D. Grandjean, P. J. Bernard, G. Klasmeyer, and K. R. Scherer, Prosodie de l'émotion : étude de l'encodage et du décodage. Cahiers de linguistique française, vol.23, pp.11-37, 2001.

S. Baron-cohen and S. Wheelwright, The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol.34, issue.2, pp.163-175, 2004.

J. Bates, The role of emotion in believable agents, Communications of the ACM, vol.37, issue.7, pp.122-125, 1994.

C. D. Batson, These Things Called Empathy: Eight Related but Distinct Phenomena, The Social Neuroscience of Empathy, pp.3-16, 2009.

A. L. Baylor and S. Kim, Designing nonverbal communication for pedagogical agents: When less is more, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.25, issue.2, pp.450-457, 2009.

A. L. Baylor and Y. Kim, Pedagogical Agent Design: The Impact of Agent Realism, Gender, Ethnicity, and Instructional Role, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, vol.54, pp.592-603, 2004.

R. Beale and C. Creed, Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.67, issue.9, pp.755-776, 2009.

C. Becker-asano and I. Wachsmuth, Affect Simulation with Primary and Secondary Emotions, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.15-28

R. Bednarski and P. Pszczo?a, Comparison of face animation methods, Computer Game Innovations, vol.36, p.37, 2017.

J. M. Bibliographie-beer, A. D. Fisk, and W. A. Rogers, Emotion recognition of virtual agents facial expressions : the effects of age and emotion intensity, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol.53, p.61, 2009.

J. Belman and M. Flanagan, Designing games to foster empathy, International Journal of Cognitive Technology, vol.15, issue.1, 2010.

L. Bensalah, S. Caillies, and M. Anduze, Links Among Cognitive Empathy, Theory of Mind, and Affective Perspective Taking by Young Children, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, vol.177, issue.1, pp.17-31, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02397404

A. Berthoz and G. Jorland, Empathie (L'), Odile Jacob, vol.13, p.19, 2004.

L. D. Besel and J. C. Yuille, Individual differences in empathy: The role of facial expression recognition, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.49, issue.2, pp.107-112, 2010.

V. Bettadapura, Face Expression Recognition and Analysis : The State of the Art, vol.36, 2012.

R. Beun, E. De-vos, and C. Witteman, Embodied Conversational Agents: Effects on Memory Performance and Anthropomorphisation, Intelligent Virtual Agents, vol.75, pp.315-319, 2003.

T. Bickmore and J. Cassell, Relational agents, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '01, vol.54, p.76, 2001.

T. Bickmore, D. Schulman, and L. Yin, MAINTAINING ENGAGEMENT IN LONG-TERM INTERVENTIONS WITH RELATIONAL AGENTS, Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol.24, issue.6, pp.648-666, 2010.

F. Biocca, C. Harms, and J. K. Burgoon, Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, vol.12, issue.5, pp.456-480, 2003.

F. Biocca, C. Harms, and J. Gregg, The networked minds measure of social presence : Pilot test of the factor structure and concurrent validity, 4th annual international workshop on presence, vol.120, pp.1-9, 2001.

F. Biocca and K. Nowak, The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments [1], Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol.3, issue.2, pp.0-0, 2006.

M. Bibliographie-borish, A. Cordar, A. Foster, T. Kim, J. Murphy et al., Utilizing Real-time Human-Assisted Virtual Humans to Increase Real-world Interaction Empathy, 2014.

H. Boukricha, A first approach for simulating affective theory of mind through mimicry and role-taking, The Third International Conference on Cognitive Science, Symposium : Emotional Computer Systems and Interfaces, p.42, 2008.

H. Boukricha, I. Wachsmuth, M. N. Carminati, and P. Knoeferle, Empathy and Its Modulation in a Virtual Human, KI 2013: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, vol.58, pp.25-36, 2013.

H. Boukricha, I. Wachsmuth, M. N. Carminati, and P. Knoeferle, A Computational Model of Empathy: Empirical Evaluation, 2013 Humaine Association Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, p.42, 2013.

P. Bouvier, La présence en réalité virtuelle, une approche centrée utilisateur, 2009.

M. M. Bradley, L. Miccoli, M. A. Escrig, and P. J. Lang, The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation, Psychophysiology, vol.45, issue.4, pp.602-607, 2008.

J. H. Brockmyer, C. M. Fox, K. A. Curtiss, E. Mcbroom, K. M. Burkhart et al., The development of the Game Engagement Questionnaire: A measure of engagement in video game-playing, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.45, issue.4, pp.624-634, 2009.

M. Cani, C. Larboulette, N. Magnenat-thalmann, and P. Volino, Les techniques d'habillage : peau, vêtements et chevelures. Le traité de la réalité virtuelle, pp.26-28, 2009.

D. R. Caruso and J. D. Mayer, A measure of emotional empathy for adolescents and adults, p.31, 1998.

H. Chaturvedi, Virtual humans and photorealism : The effect of photorealism of interactive virtual humans in clinical virtual environment on affective responses, vol.44, p.54, 2015.

H. Chaturvedi, N. D. Newsome, and S. V. Babu, An evaluation of virtual human appearance fidelity on user's positive and negative affect in human-virtual human interaction, 2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), vol.54, p.75, 2015.

V. Bibliographie-christophe, Les émotions : tour d'horizon des principales théories, Presses Univ. Septentrion, vol.3, 1998.

F. G. Conrad, M. F. Schober, M. Jans, R. A. Orlowski, D. Nielsen et al., Comprehension and engagement in survey interviews with virtual agents, Frontiers in Psychology, vol.6, 2015.

A. Cordar, M. Borish, A. Foster, and B. Lok, Building Virtual Humans with Back Stories: Training Interpersonal Communication Skills in Medical Students, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.144-153, 2014.

M. Coulson, Attributing Emotion to Static Body Postures: Recognition Accuracy, Confusions, and Viewpoint Dependence, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.28, issue.2, pp.117-139, 2004.

M. Coulson, J. Barnett, C. J. Ferguson, and R. L. Gould, Real feelings for virtual people: Emotional attachments and interpersonal attraction in video games., Psychology of Popular Media Culture, vol.1, issue.3, pp.176-184, 2012.

M. Courgeon, Marc : modèles informatiques des émotions et de leurs expressions faciales pour l'interaction Homme-machine affective temps réel, vol.36, p.105, 2011.

M. Courgeon, S. Buisine, and J. Martin, Impact of Expressive Wrinkles on Perception of a Virtual Character?s Facial Expressions of Emotions, Intelligent Virtual Agents, vol.38, pp.201-214, 2009.

T. K. Craig, M. Rus-calafell, T. Ward, J. P. Leff, M. Huckvale et al., AVATAR therapy for auditory verbal hallucinations in people with psychosis: a single-blind, randomised controlled trial, The Lancet Psychiatry, vol.5, issue.1, pp.31-40, 2018.

B. M. Cuff, S. J. Brown, L. Taylor, and D. J. Howat, Empathy: A Review of the Concept, Emotion Review, vol.8, issue.2, pp.144-153, 2014.

D. R. Danforth, M. Procter, R. Chen, M. Johnson, and R. Heller, Development of Virtual Patient Simulations for Medical Education, Journal For Virtual Worlds Research, vol.2, issue.2, p.77, 2009.

C. Darwin, Les zoonoses dues à des protozoaires, Les zoonoses parasitaires. L'infection chez les animaux et chez l'homme, vol.21, pp.19-112

M. H. Davis, Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.44, issue.1, pp.113-126, 1983.

M. H. Davis, Assessment of Individual Differences in Empathy, Empathy, vol.17, pp.46-61, 2018.

C. De-melo and A. Paiva, Expression of Emotions in Virtual Humans Using Lights, Shadows, Composition and Filters, Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, vol.40, pp.546-557, 2007.

C. M. De-melo, P. Carnevale, and J. Gratch, The Effect of Virtual Agents? Emotion Displays and Appraisals on People?s Decision Making in Negotiation, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.53-66, 2012.

C. M. De-melo and J. Gratch, Creative expression of emotions in virtual humans, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games - FDG '09, p.48, 2009.

C. M. De-melo and J. Gratch, Expression of Emotions Using Wrinkles, Blushing, Sweating and Tears, Intelligent Virtual Agents, vol.38, pp.188-200, 2009.

F. De-rosis, A. Cavalluzzi, I. Mazzotta, and N. Novielli, Can embodied conversational agents induce empathy in users ?, vol.65, p.132, 2005.

E. De-sevin, R. Niewiadomski, E. Bevacqua, A. Pez, M. Mancini et al., Greta, une plateforme d'agent conversationnel expressif et interactif, Techniques et sciences informatiques, vol.29, issue.7, pp.751-776, 2010.

F. De-vignemont and T. Singer, The empathic brain: how, when and why?, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.10, issue.10, pp.435-441, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ijn_00169584

J. Decety, Naturaliser l'empathie. L'encéphale, vol.28, p.18, 2002.

J. Decety and P. L. Jackson, A Social-Neuroscience Perspective on Empathy, Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol.15, issue.2, pp.54-58, 2006.

A. M. Deladisma, M. Cohen, A. Stevens, P. Wagner, B. Lok et al., Do medical students respond empathetically to a virtual patient?, The American Journal of Surgery, vol.193, issue.6, pp.756-760, 2007.

K. E. Bibliographie-demos, W. M. Kelley, S. L. Ryan, F. C. Davis, and P. J. Whalen, Human amygdala sensitivity to the pupil size of others, Cerebral cortex, vol.18, issue.12, pp.2729-2734, 2008.

E. D'eon, D. Luebke, and E. Enderton, A system for efficient rendering of human skin, ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 sketches on - SIGGRAPH '07, pp.147-157, 2007.

P. Bekaert, M. Sbert, and Y. D. Willems, Weighted Importance Sampling Techniques for Monte Carlo Radiosity, Eurographics, pp.35-46, 2000.

J. Diemer, G. W. Alpers, H. M. Peperkorn, Y. Shiban, and A. Mã¼hlberger, The impact of perception and presence on emotional reactions: a review of research in virtual reality, Frontiers in Psychology, vol.6, 2015.

U. Dimberg, P. Andréasson, and M. Thunberg, Emotional Empathy and Facial Reactions to Facial Expressions, Journal of Psychophysiology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.26-31, 2011.

U. Dimberg, M. Thunberg, and K. Elmehed, Unconscious Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions, Psychological Science, vol.11, issue.1, pp.86-89, 2000.

H. Drimalla, N. Landwehr, U. Hess, and I. Dziobek, From face to face: the contribution of facial mimicry to cognitive and emotional empathy, Cognition and Emotion, vol.33, issue.8, pp.1672-1686, 2019.

Q. Dunsworth and R. K. Atkinson, Fostering multimedia learning of science: Exploring the role of an animated agent?s image, Computers & Education, vol.49, issue.3, pp.677-690, 2007.

L. Dupuy, J. Micoulaud-franchi, H. Cassoudesalle, O. Ballot, P. Dehail et al., Evaluation of a virtual agent to train medical students conducting psychiatric interviews for diagnosing major depressive disorders, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol.263, pp.1-8, 2020.

L. Dutreve, A. Meyer, and S. Bouakaz, Real-Time Dynamic Wrinkles of Face for Animated Skinned Mesh, Advances in Visual Computing, pp.25-34, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01437791

. Springer, Tarifvertragsrecht, Springer-Lehrbuch, pp.39-145

M. Dyck, M. Winbeck, S. Leiberg, Y. Chen, R. Gur et al., VIRTUAL FACES AS A TOOL TO STUDY EMOTION RECOGNITION DEFICITS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, Schizophrenia Research, vol.102, issue.1-3, p.136, 2008.

M. Dyck, M. Winbeck, S. Leiberg, Y. Chen, R. C. Gur et al., Correction: Recognition Profile of Emotions in Natural and Virtual Faces, PLoS ONE, vol.3, issue.11, p.104, 2008.

P. Ekman, Facial expression and emotion., American Psychologist, vol.48, issue.4, pp.384-392, 1993.

P. Ekman, Facial Expressions, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, vol.16, pp.301-320, 2005.

P. Ekman, Emotions revealed : Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life, Macmillan, vol.12, p.120, 2007.

P. Bibliographie-ekman and W. V. Friesen, Manual for the facial action coding system, Consulting Psychologists Press, vol.7, p.182, 1978.

P. Ekman, W. V. Friesen, and P. Ellsworth, Can Two or More Emotions Be Shown Simultaneously?, Emotion in the Human Face, vol.22, pp.25-26, 1972.

P. Ekman and E. L. Rosenberg, What the Face RevealsBasic and Applied Studies of Spontaneous Expression Using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), p.26, 2005.

C. Ennis, L. Hoyet, A. Egges, and R. Mcdonnell, Emotion Capture, Proceedings of Motion on Games - MIG '13, vol.41, p.62, 2013.

S. B. Eysenck and H. J. Eysenck, Impulsiveness and Venturesomeness: Their Position in a Dimensional System of Personality Description, Psychological Reports, vol.43, issue.3_suppl, pp.1247-1255, 1978.

M. Fabri and D. Moore, The use of emotionally expressive avatars in collaborative virtual environments, vol.88, p.74, 2005.

C. Fauchon, I. Faillenot, C. Quesada, D. Meunier, F. Chouchou et al., Brain activity sustaining the modulation of pain by empathetic comments, Scientific Reports, vol.9, issue.1, p.78, 2019.

D. Favre, J. Joly, C. Reynaud, and L. Salvador, Empathie, contagion émotionnelle et coupure par rapport aux émotions : validation d?un test pour repérer et aider des élèves à risque, European Review of Applied Psychology, vol.59, issue.3, pp.211-227, 2009.

Y. Ferstl, E. Kokkinara, and R. Mcdonnell, Do I trust you, abstract creature?, Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception - SAP '16, vol.43, p.65, 2016.

Y. Ferstl and R. Mcdonnell, A perceptual study on the manipulation of facial features for trait portrayal in virtual agents, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, p.44, 2018.

R. Fleming, B. J. Mohler, J. Romero, M. J. Black, and M. Breidt, Appealing Female Avatars from 3D Body Scans: Perceptual Effects of Stylization, Proceedings of the 11th Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications, vol.45, p.46, 2016.

N. H. Frijda, C. D. Bibliographie-frith, and U. Frith, Interacting minds-a biological basis, Science, vol.286, issue.5445, pp.1692-1695, 1986.

C. Frith and U. Frith, Theory of mind, Current Biology, vol.15, issue.17, pp.R644-R645, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00673670

P. Fuchs, G. Moreau, and S. Et-donikian, Principes et Directives Concernant les Droits de l'Homme et la Traite des Êtres Humains, vol.5, 2010.

V. Gamage and C. Ennis, Examining the effects of a virtual character on learning and engagement in serious games, Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Motion, Interaction, and Games, vol.74, p.111, 2018.

L. Gamond, N. George, J. Lemaréchal, L. Hugueville, C. Adam et al., Early influence of prior experience on face perception, NeuroImage, vol.54, issue.2, pp.1415-1426, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795746

M. Garau, The impact of avatar fidelity on social interaction in virtual environments, vol.43, p.48, 2003.

M. Garau, M. Slater, V. Vinayagamoorthy, A. Brogni, A. Steed et al., The impact of avatar realism and eye gaze control on perceived quality of communication in a shared immersive virtual environment, Proceedings of the conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '03, vol.40, pp.529-536, 2003.

E. Geslin, Validation of Avatars facial expressions of pain, based on the facial coding system (FACS), 2014.

N. Glas and C. Pelachaud, Definitions of engagement in human-agent interaction, 2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII), vol.72, p.74, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01213359

G. Gorisse, Les définitions du point de vue subjectif et du point de vue objectif du droit international, et les sujets et les personnes de ce droit, Recueil des Cours, Collected Courses, Volume 41 (2007), pp.267-290

J. Gratch and S. Marsella, Tears and Fears: Modeling Emotions and Emotional Behaviors in Synthetic Agents, Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Autonomous agents, p.76, 2001.

A. Guillain and R. Pry, D'un miroir l'autre. Fonction posturale et neurones miroirs, Bulletin de psychologie, vol.Numéro 518, issue.2, p.115, 2012.

J. A. Hall and D. Matsumoto, Gender Differences in Judgments of Multiple Emotions From Facial Expressions., Emotion, vol.4, issue.2, pp.201-206, 2004.

L. Hall, S. Woods, R. Aylett, L. Newall, and A. Paiva, Achieving Empathic Engagement Through Affective Interaction with Synthetic Characters, Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, vol.60, pp.731-738, 2005.

L. Hall, S. Woods, R. Aylett, and A. Paiva, USING THEORY OF MIND METHODS TO INVESTIGATE EMPATHIC ENGAGEMENT WITH SYNTHETIC CHARACTERS, International Journal of Humanoid Robotics, vol.03, issue.03, pp.351-370, 2006.

L. Hall, S. Woods, K. Dautenhahn, D. Sobral, A. Paiva et al., Designing Empathic Agents: Adults Versus Kids, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp.604-613, 2004.

C. Harms and F. Biocca, Internal consistency and reliability of the networked minds measure of social presence, Seventh Annual International Workshop : Presence, vol.72, p.117, 2004.

N. A. Harrison, C. E. Wilson, and H. D. Critchley, Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy., Emotion, vol.7, issue.4, pp.724-729, 2007.

T. Hartmann, E. Toz, and M. Brandon, Just a Game? Unjustified Virtual Violence Produces Guilt in Empathetic Players, Media Psychology, vol.13, issue.4, pp.339-363, 2010.

B. S. Hasler, G. Hirschberger, T. Shani-sherman, and D. A. Friedman, Virtual Peacemakers: Mimicry Increases Empathy in Simulated Contact with Virtual Outgroup Members, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, vol.17, issue.12, pp.766-771, 2014.

B. S. Hasler, B. Spanlang, and M. Slater, Virtual race transformation reverses racial in-group bias, PLOS ONE, vol.12, issue.4, p.e0174965, 2017.

B. Herbelin, Virtual reality exposure therapy for social phobia, 2005.

E. H. Hess, The Role of Pupil Size in Communication, Scientific American, vol.233, issue.5, pp.110-119, 1975.

U. Hess and A. Fischer, Emotional Mimicry: Why and When We Mimic Emotions, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, vol.8, issue.2, pp.45-57, 2014.

E. T. Higgins, Role taking and social judgment : Alternative developmental perspectives and processes, Social cognitive development : Frontiers and possible futures, vol.20, pp.119-153, 1981.

M. L. Hoffman, Empathy and moral development : Implications for caring and justice, vol.14, p.64, 2001.

R. Hogan, Development of an empathy scale., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.307-316, 1969.

M. Hojat, D. Louis, K. Maxwell, and J. S. Gonnella, The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) : An update. Population Health Matters (Formerly Health Policy Newsletter, vol.24, 2011.

M. Hojat, S. Mangione, T. J. Nasca, M. J. Cohen, J. S. Gonnella et al., The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data, Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol.61, issue.2, pp.349-365, 2001.

J. F. Hoorn and E. A. Konijn, Perceiving and experiencing fictional characters: An integrative account1, Japanese Psychological Research, vol.45, issue.4, pp.250-268, 2003.

J. Hyde, E. J. Carter, S. Kiesler, and J. K. Hodgins, Perceptual effects of damped and exaggerated facial motion in animated characters, 2013 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), pp.1-6, 2013.

J. Hyde, E. J. Carter, S. Kiesler, and J. K. Hodgins, Evaluating Animated Characters, ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, vol.13, issue.2, pp.1-17, 2016.

M. Iacoboni, Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons, Annual Review of Psychology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.653-670, 2009.

G. Ilgunaite, L. Giromini, and M. Di-girolamo, 6. Tools for Measuring and Assessing Empathy, Assessing Empathy, vol.65, pp.110-124, 2017.

C. E. Izard, Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm, Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol.2, issue.3, pp.260-280, 2007.

R. E. Jack, C. Blais, C. Scheepers, P. G. Schyns, and R. Caldara, Cultural Confusions Show that Facial Expressions Are Not Universal, Current Biology, vol.19, issue.18, pp.1543-1548, 2009.

P. L. Jackson, P. Michon, E. Geslin, M. Carignan, and D. Beaudoin, EEVEE: the Empathy-Enhancing Virtual Evolving Environment, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol.9, p.103, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01276440

J. Jimenez, T. Weyrich, T. Scully, N. Barbosa, C. Donner et al., A practical appearance model for dynamic facial color, ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2010 papers on - SIGGRAPH ASIA '10, vol.29, p.40, 2010.

J. Jimenez, D. Whelan, V. Sundstedt, and D. Gutierrez, Real-Time Realistic Skin Translucency, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.30, issue.4, pp.32-41, 2010.

K. Johnsen, R. Dickerson, J. Jackson, M. Shin, J. Hernandez et al., Experiences in using immersive virtual characters to educate medical communication skills, IEEE Proceedings. VR 2005. Virtual Reality, 2005., vol.77, p.110

D. Jolliffe and D. P. Farrington, Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale, Journal of Adolescence, vol.29, issue.4, pp.589-611, 2006.

K. Jospe, A. Flöel, and M. Lavidor, The interaction between embodiment and empathy in facial expression recognition, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, vol.13, issue.2, pp.203-215, 2018.

A. Joubert, Étude qualitative des déterminants de l'empathie chez les internes en médecine générale, p.132, 2014.

M. Bibliographie-kaspersson, Bibliographie, La persistance au doctorat, pp.155-163, 2011.

J. Kätsyri and M. Sams, The effect of dynamics on identifying basic emotions from synthetic and natural faces, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.66, issue.4, pp.233-242, 2008.

P. Kenny, T. Parsons, J. Gratch, and A. Rizzo, Virtual humans for assisted health care, Proceedings of the 1st ACM international conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments - PETRA '08, p.76, 2008.

P. Kenny, T. D. Parsons, J. Gratch, A. Leuski, and A. A. Rizzo, Virtual Patients for Clinical Therapist Skills Training, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.197-210

R. Khan, A. Meyer, H. Konik, and S. Bouakaz, Une méthode de reconnaissance des expressions du visage basée sur la perception, RFIA 2012 -Reconnaissance des Formes et Intelligence Artificielle, p.27, 2012.

E. Klinger and I. Viaud-delmon, L'humain virtuel en neurosciences cliniques, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, vol.53, issue.9, pp.1689-1699, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01106390

N. A. Kloosterman, T. Meindertsma, A. M. Van-loon, V. A. Lamme, Y. S. Bonneh et al., Pupil size tracks perceptual content and surprise, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.41, issue.8, pp.1068-1078, 2015.

M. E. Kret and C. K. De-dreu, The power of pupil size in establishing trust and reciprocity., Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol.148, issue.8, pp.1299-1311, 2019.

M. E. Kret, The role of pupil size in communication. Is there room for learning?, Cognition and Emotion, vol.32, issue.5, pp.1139-1145, 2017.

F. W. Kron, M. D. Fetters, M. W. Scerbo, C. B. White, M. L. Lypson et al., Using a computer simulation for teaching communication skills: A blinded multisite mixed methods randomized controlled trial, Patient Education and Counseling, vol.100, issue.4, pp.748-759, 2017.

E. G. Krumhuber, L. Skora, D. Küster, and L. Fou, A Review of Dynamic Datasets for Facial Expression Research, Emotion Review, vol.9, issue.3, pp.280-292, 2016.

C. Bibliographie-lallemand and G. Gronier, Méthodes de design UX : 30 méthodes fondamentales pour concevoir et évaluer les systèmes interactifs, p.29, 2015.

A. Lancelot, M. Costantini-tramoni, C. Tarquinio, and Y. Martinet, Première étape de l'élaboration d'une échelle d'empathie perçue, Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale, vol.Numéro 82, issue.2, p.25, 2009.

C. Larboulette and M. Cani, Real-time dynamic wrinkles, Proceedings Computer Graphics International, 2004., vol.28, p.39
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00537455

R. S. Lazarus and S. Et-folkman, Stress, appraisal, and coping, 1984.

D. H. Lee and A. K. Anderson, Reading What the Mind Thinks From How the Eye Sees, Psychological Science, vol.28, issue.4, pp.494-503, 2017.

K. K. Lee and Y. Xu, Real-time estimation of facial expression intensity, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, vol.2, pp.2567-2572, 2003.

T. Lelard, Influence du contexte émotionnel sur le contrôle postural, Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.47, issue.3, p.208, 2017.

J. Lemoine and E. Cherif, Comment générer de la confiance envers un agent virtuel à l'aide de ses caractéristiques ? Une étude exploratoire, Management & Avenir, vol.58, issue.8, p.169, 2012.

R. Lennon and N. Eisenberg, Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy. Empathy and its development, vol.17, p.132, 1987.

J. C. Lester, S. A. Converse, S. E. Kahler, S. T. Barlow, B. A. Stone et al., The persona effect, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '97, p.75, 1997.

L. Leuchs, M. Schneider, M. Czisch, and V. I. Spoormaker, Neural correlates of pupil dilation during human fear learning, NeuroImage, vol.147, pp.186-197, 2017.

M. Lhommet, Replicants : humains virtuels cognitifs, émotionnels et sociaux : de l'empathie cognitive à l'empathie affective, p.34, 2012.

Z. Bibliographie-li, X. Mao, and L. Liu, Providing expressive eye movement to virtual agents, Proceedings of the international conference on Multimodal interfaces -ICMI, p.40, 2009.

Y. Liang, H. Yang, Y. Ma, S. S. Lui, E. F. Cheung et al., Validation and extension of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy in the Chinese setting, PsyCh Journal, vol.8, issue.4, pp.439-448, 2019.

R. Likert, A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of psychology, p.92, 1932.

G. M. Lucas, J. Gratch, A. King, and L. Morency, It?s only a computer: Virtual humans increase willingness to disclose, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.37, pp.94-100, 2014.

P. Luo, V. Ng-thow-hing, and M. Neff, An Examination of Whether People Prefer Agents Whose Gestures Mimic Their Own, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.229-238, 2013.

A. Macdonald, How ( Can) I Feel Your Pain, Maldynia, vol.13, p.20, 2010.

K. F. Macdorman, R. D. Green, C. Ho, and C. T. Koch, Too real for comfort? Uncanny responses to computer generated faces, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.25, issue.3, pp.695-710, 2009.

M. Mäkäräinen, J. Kätsyri, and T. Takala, Exaggerating Facial Expressions: A Way to Intensify Emotion or a Way to the Uncanny Valley?, Cognitive Computation, vol.6, issue.4, pp.708-721, 2014.

H. Maldonado and B. Hayes-roth, Toward cross-cultural believability in character design, Agent Culture : Human-Agent Interaction in a Multicultural World, vol.65, p.66, 2004.

S. Marsella, J. Gratch, P. Petta, and . Others, Computational models of emotion. A Blueprint for Affective Computing-A Sourcebook and Manual, vol.3, 2010.

S. C. Marsella, W. L. Johnson, and C. Labore, Interactive pedagogical drama, Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents - AGENTS '00, pp.301-308, 2000.

S. Mascarenhas, R. Prada, A. Paiva, and G. J. Hofstede, Social Importance Dynamics: A Model for Culturally-Adaptive Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.325-338, 2013.

D. Matsumoto, S. H. Yoo, and S. Nakagawa, Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.94, issue.6, pp.925-937, 2008.

I. B. Mauss and M. D. Robinson, Measures of emotion: A review, Cognition & Emotion, vol.23, issue.2, pp.209-237, 2009.

R. Mcdonnell, M. Breidt, and H. H. Bülthoff, Render me real?, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1-11, 2012.

D. Mcduff, A. Mahmoud, M. Mavadati, M. Amr, J. Turcot et al., AFFDEX SDK, Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI EA '16, p.114, 2016.

S. W. Mcquiggan, J. P. Rowe, and J. C. Lester, The effects of empathetic virtual characters on presence in narrative-centered learning environments, Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual CHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '08, vol.73, p.74, 2008.

A. Mehrabian, Significance of posture and position in the communication of attitude and status relationships., Psychological Bulletin, vol.71, issue.5, pp.359-372, 1969.

A. Mehrabian and N. Epstein, A measure of emotional empathy1, Journal of Personality, vol.40, issue.4, pp.525-543, 1972.

M. C. Melchers, M. Li, B. W. Haas, M. Reuter, L. Bischoff et al., Similar Personality Patterns Are Associated with Empathy in Four Different Countries, Frontiers in Psychology, vol.7, 2016.

M. C. Melchers, M. Li, B. W. Haas, M. Reuter, L. Bischoff et al., Similar Personality Patterns Are Associated with Empathy in Four Different Countries, Frontiers in Psychology, vol.7, pp.290-64, 2016.

J. K. Melgare, S. R. Musse, N. R. Schneider, and R. B. Queiroz, Investigating Emotion Style in Human Faces and Avatars, 18th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames), p.40, 2019.

A. N. Meltzoff and J. Decety, What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol.358, issue.1431, pp.491-500, 2003.

S. W. Bibliographie-mercer, M. Maxwell, D. Heaney, and G. C. Watt, The consultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure : development and preliminary validation and reliability of an empathy-based consultation process measure, Family Practice, vol.21, issue.6, p.31, 2004.

W. J. Mitchell, K. A. Szerszen, A. S. Lu, P. W. Schermerhorn, M. Scheutz et al., A Mismatch in the Human Realism of Face and Voice Produces an Uncanny Valley, i-Perception, vol.2, issue.1, pp.10-12, 2011.

D. Moore, . Yufang-cheng, P. Mcgrath, and N. J. Powell, Collaborative Virtual Environment Technology for People With Autism, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, vol.20, issue.4, pp.231-243, 2005.

M. Mori, K. Macdorman, and N. Kageki, The Uncanny Valley [From the Field], IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol.19, issue.2, pp.98-100, 2012.

N. Myszkowski, E. Brunet-gouet, P. Roux, L. Robieux, A. Malézieux et al., Is the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy measuring two or five dimensions? Evidence in a French sample, Psychiatry Research, vol.255, pp.292-296, 2017.

P. Narme, H. Mouras, G. Loas, P. Krystkowiak, M. Roussel et al., Vers une approche neuropsychologique de l'empathie, Revue de neuropsychologie, vol.2, issue.4, p.292, 2010.

D. L. Neumann, R. C. Chan, G. J. Boyle, Y. Wang, and H. Rae-westbury, Measures of Empathy, Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs, pp.257-289, 2015.

D. L. Neumann, R. C. Chan, G. J. Boyle, Y. Wang, and H. Rae-westbury, Measures of Empathy, Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs, vol.30, pp.257-289, 2015.

D. L. Neumann and H. R. Westbury, The psychophysiological measurement of empathy, Psychology of empathy, vol.29, p.134, 2011.

L. Ngoyi and L. J. Malapile, Social Presence and Student Engagement in Online Learning, Student Engagement and Participation, vol.3, pp.1228-1237, 2018.

S. G. Nicovich, G. W. Boller, and T. B. Cornwell, Experienced Presence within Computer-Mediated Communications: Initial Explorations on the Effects of Gender with Respect to Empathy and Immersion, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol.10, issue.2, pp.00-00, 2006.

R. Niewiadomski, E. Bevacqua, M. Mancini, and C. Pelachaud, Greta : an interactive expressive eca system, Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, vol.2, pp.1399-1400, 2009.

R. Niewiadomski, V. Demeure, and C. Pelachaud, Warmth, Competence, Believability and Virtual Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.272-285, 2010.

A. Noël, C. Guillaume, and C. Hou, Influence de l?expression faciale, de la prosodie et du contexte dans l?identification des émotions chez le sujet âgé, Bulletin de psychologie, vol.Numéro542, issue.2, p.127, 2016.

K. L. Nowak and F. Biocca, The Effect of the Agency and Anthropomorphism on Users' Sense of Telepresence, Copresence, and Social Presence in Virtual Environments, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, vol.12, issue.5, pp.481-494, 2003.

F. Nunnari and A. Heloir, Generation of Virtual Characters from Personality Traits, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.301-314, 2017.

C. Oat, Animated wrinkle maps, ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses on - SIGGRAPH '07, pp.33-37, 2007.

H. L. O?brien, P. Cairns, and M. Hall, A practical approach to measuring user engagement with the refined user engagement scale (UES) and new UES short form, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.112, pp.28-39, 2018.

H. L. O'brien and E. G. Toms, What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol.59, issue.6, pp.938-955, 2008.

M. Ochs, Modélisation, formalisation et mise en oeuvre d'un agent rationnel dialoguant émotionnel empathique, vol.8, 2007.

M. Ochs and P. Blache, Virtual Reality for Training Doctors to Break Bad News, Adaptive and Adaptable Learning, pp.466-471, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01462164

M. Ochs, R. Niewiadomski, and C. Pelachaud, Facial Expressions of Emotions for Virtual Characters. The Oxford Handbook of Affective Computing, pp.261-296, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01487989

M. Bibliographie-ochs, D. Sadek, and C. Pelachaud, A formal model of emotions for an empathic rational dialog agent, Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, vol.24, issue.3, pp.410-440, 2012.

B. L. Omdahl, Cognitive Appraisal, Emotion, and Empathy, vol.13, p.18, 2014.

A. Ortony, G. L. Clore, and A. Collins, The Cognitive Structure of Emotions, 1988.

C. Uni, , vol.17, p.23, 2015.

E. Pacherie, 1.7 Empathie und ihre Gefahren Empathie Empathie Gefahr, Physiotherapie bei Schmerzen, vol.14, p.25, 2016.

A. Paiva, Empathy in Social Agents, International Journal of Virtual Reality, vol.10, issue.1, pp.1-4, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01530517

A. Paiva, J. Dias, D. Sobral, R. Aylett, S. Woods et al., LEARNING BY FEELING: EVOKING EMPATHY WITH SYNTHETIC CHARACTERS, Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol.19, issue.3-4, pp.235-266, 2005.

A. Paiva, J. Dias, D. Sobral, S. Woods, and L. Hall, Building empathic lifelike characters : the proximity factor, Workshop on Empathic Agents, AAMAS, vol.4, p.65, 2004.

A. Paiva, I. Leite, H. Boukricha, and I. Wachsmuth, Empathy in Virtual Agents and Robots, ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems, vol.7, issue.3, pp.1-40, 2017.

M. Pallot, R. Eynard, B. Poussard, O. Christmann, and S. Richir, Augmented sport, Proceedings of the Virtual Reality International Conference on Laval Virtual - VRIC '13, p.71, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01196989

I. S. Pandzic and R. Forchheimer, The Origins of the MPEG-4 Facial Animation Standard, MPEG-4 Facial Animation, vol.36, pp.3-13

M. Pantic, M. Valstar, R. Rademaker, and L. Maat, Web-Based Database for Facial Expression Analysis, 2005 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp.5-89

F. I. Parke, Parameterized Models for Facial Animation, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.2, issue.9, pp.61-68, 1982.

T. Partala and V. Surakka, Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.59, issue.1-2, pp.185-198, 2003.

C. Pelachaud, Modelling multimodal expression of emotion in a virtual agent, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.364, issue.1535, pp.3539-3548, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457448

J. Perrinet, Évaluation de l'impact des facteurs émotionnels lors d'interactions physiques entre humains réels et virtuels, Université Rennes, vol.1, p.41, 2013.

B. Perron, Jeu vidéo et émotions. Le game design de jeux vidéo, 2005.

L. Philip, J. Martin, and C. Clavel, Suppression of Facial Mimicry of Negative Facial Expressions in an Incongruent Context, Journal of Psychophysiology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.160-171, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01838622

L. Philip, J. Martin, and C. Clavel, Rapid Facial Reactions in Response to Facial Expressions of Emotion Displayed by Real Versus Virtual Faces, i-Perception, vol.9, issue.4, p.204166951878652, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01836478

P. Philip, L. Dupuy, M. Auriacombe, F. Serre, E. De-sevin et al., Trust and acceptance of a virtual psychiatric interview between embodied conversational agents and outpatients, npj Digital Medicine, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1-7, 2020.

P. Philippot, G. Chapelle, and S. Blairy, Respiratory feedback in the generation of emotion, Cognition & Emotion, vol.16, issue.5, pp.605-627, 2002.

R. W. Picard, Affective Computing, vol.321, 2000.

R. W. Picard, Affective computing: challenges, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.59, issue.1-2, pp.55-64, 2003.

R. W. Picard, E. Vyzas, and J. Healey, Toward machine emotional intelligence: analysis of affective physiological state, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.23, issue.10, pp.1175-1191, 2001.

R. Plutchik, The Nature of Emotions, American Scientist, vol.89, issue.4, p.344, 2001.

F. E. Bibliographie-pollick, H. Hill, A. Calder, and H. Paterson, Recognising facial expression from spatially and temporally modified movements, Perception, vol.32, issue.7, pp.813-826, 2003.

H. Prendinger, J. Mori, and M. Ishizuka, Using human physiology to evaluate subtle expressivity of a virtual quizmaster in a mathematical game, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.62, issue.2, pp.231-245, 2005.

L. Qiu and I. Benbasat, Evaluating Anthropomorphic Product Recommendation Agents: A Social Relationship Perspective to Designing Information Systems, Journal of Management Information Systems, vol.25, issue.4, pp.145-182, 2009.

A. Queirós, E. Fernandes, R. Reniers, A. Sampaio, J. Coutinho et al., Psychometric properties of the questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy in a Portuguese sample, PLOS ONE, vol.13, issue.6, p.e0197755, 2018.

P. Raiturkar, H. Farid, and E. Jain, Identifying computer-generated portraits : an eye tracking study, p.44, 2018.

N. Ravaja, G. Bente, J. Katsyri, M. Salminen, and T. Takala, Virtual Character Facial Expressions Influence Human Brain and Facial EMG Activity in a Decision-Making Game, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol.9, issue.2, pp.285-298, 2018.

B. Reeves and C. Nass, The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places, Choice Reviews Online, vol.34, issue.07, p.34-3702-34-3702, 1997.

R. L. Reniers, R. Corcoran, R. Drake, N. M. Shryane, and B. A. Völlm, Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy, 2011.

R. L. Reniers, R. Corcoran, R. Drake, N. M. Shryane, and B. A. Völlm, The QCAE: A Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy, Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.93, issue.1, pp.84-95, 2011.

L. D. Riek, T. Rabinowitch, B. Chakrabarti, and P. Robinson, How anthropomorphism affects empathy toward robots, Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction - HRI '09, p.43, 2009.

H. Riess and G. Kraft-todd, E.M.P.A.T.H.Y., Academic Medicine, vol.89, issue.8, pp.1108-1112, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00006031

G. Riva, F. Mantovani, C. S. Capideville, A. Preziosa, F. Morganti et al., Affective Interactions Using Virtual Reality: The Link between Presence and Emotions, CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol.10, issue.1, pp.45-56, 2007.

A. Rizzo, P. Kenny, and T. D. Parsons, Intelligent virtual patients for training clinical skills, JVRB-Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting, vol.8, issue.3, p.76, 2011.

G. Rizzolatti and C. Sinigaglia, Neurones miroirs, Odile Jacob, vol.29, p.16, 2008.

A. Robb, R. Kopper, R. Ambani, F. Qayyum, D. Lind et al., Leveraging Virtual Humans to Effectively Prepare Learners for Stressful Interpersonal Experiences, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.662-670, 2013.

S. H. Rodrigues, S. F. Mascarenhas, J. Dias, and A. Paiva, ?I can feel it too!?: Emergent empathic reactions between synthetic characters, 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops, pp.1-7, 2009.

J. H. Brumfitt, REVIEWS, French Studies, vol.XVIII, issue.1, pp.57-58, 1964.

S. H. Rodrigues, S. Mascarenhas, J. Dias, and A. Paiva, A Process Model of Empathy For Virtual Agents, Interacting with Computers, vol.27, issue.4, pp.371-391, 2014.

C. L. Roether, L. Omlor, A. Christensen, and M. A. Giese, Critical features for the perception of emotion from gait, Journal of Vision, vol.9, issue.6, pp.15-15, 2009.

C. R. Rogers, A Theory of Therapy and Personality Change: As Developed in the Client-Centered Framework, Perspectives in Abnormal Behavior, vol.3, pp.341-351, 1974.

C. R. Rogers, Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being, The Counseling Psychologist, vol.5, issue.2, pp.2-10, 1975.

A. Rovira, D. Swapp, B. Spanlang, and M. Slater, The use of virtual reality in the study of people?s responses to violent incidents, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, vol.3, pp.59-54, 2009.

K. Ruhland, C. E. Peters, S. Andrist, J. B. Badler, N. I. Badler et al., A Review of Eye Gaze in Virtual Agents, Social Robotics and HCI: Behaviour Generation, User Interaction and Perception, Computer Graphics Forum, vol.34, issue.6, pp.299-326, 2015.

K. Ruhland, K. Zibrek, and R. Mcdonnell, Perception of personality through eye gaze of realistic and cartoon models, Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Applied Perception - SAP '15, p.49, 2015.

K. Rymarczyk, ?. ?urawski, K. Jankowiak-siuda, and I. Szatkowska, Emotional Empathy and Facial Mimicry for Static and Dynamic Facial Expressions of Fear and Disgust, Frontiers in Psychology, vol.7, p.16, 2016.

A. Bibliographie-sagi and M. L. Hoffman, Empathic distress in the newborn, Developmental Psychology, vol.12, issue.2, 1976.

K. R. Scherer, Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms, Speech Communication, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.227-256, 2003.

K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, and T. Johnstone, Appraisal Theory, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, pp.637-663, 2005.

F. Schrammel, S. Pannasch, S. Graupner, A. Mojzisch, and B. M. Velichkovsky, Virtual friend or threat? The effects of facial expression and gaze interaction on psychophysiological responses and emotional experience, Psychophysiology, vol.46, issue.5, pp.922-931, 2009.

V. Schwind and S. Jäger, The Uncanny Valley and the Importance of Eye Contact, i-com, vol.15, issue.1, pp.93-104, 2016.

V. Schwind, K. Wolf, and N. Henze, Avoiding the uncanny valley in virtual character design, Interactions, vol.25, issue.5, pp.45-49, 2018.

S. Seinfeld, J. Arroyo-palacios, G. Iruretagoyena, R. Hortensius, L. E. Zapata et al., Offenders become the victim in virtual reality: impact of changing perspective in domestic violence, Scientific Reports, vol.8, issue.1, p.69, 2018.

J. Seyama and R. S. Nagayama, The Uncanny Valley: Effect of Realism on the Impression of Artificial Human Faces, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, vol.16, issue.4, pp.337-351, 2007.

D. Shin, Empathy and embodied experience in virtual environment: To what extent can virtual reality stimulate empathy and embodied experience?, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.78, pp.64-73, 2018.

F. B. Siddique, O. Kampman, Y. Yang, A. Dey, and P. Fung, Zara Returns: Improved Personality Induction and Adaptation by an Empathetic Virtual Agent, Proceedings of ACL 2017, System Demonstrations, vol.63, pp.121-126, 2017.

C. L. Sidner, C. D. Kidd, C. Lee, and N. Lesh, Where to look, Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interface - IUI '04, p.72, 2004.

E. Bibliographie-sifakis, A. Selle, A. Robinson-mosher, and R. Fedkiw, Simulating speech with a physics-based facial muscle model, Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIG-GRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation, vol.37, pp.261-270, 2006.

T. Singer, B. Seymour, J. P. O'doherty, K. E. Stephan, R. J. Dolan et al., Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others, Nature, vol.439, issue.7075, pp.466-469, 2006.

T. Singer, Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain, Science, vol.303, issue.5661, pp.1157-1162, 2004.

S. Sirois and J. Brisson, Pupillometry, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, vol.5, issue.6, pp.679-692, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02113228

M. Slater, A. Antley, A. Davison, D. Swapp, C. Guger et al., A Virtual Reprise of the Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiments, PLoS ONE, vol.1, issue.1, p.e39, 2006.

M. Slater, A. Rovira, R. Southern, D. Swapp, J. J. Zhang et al., Bystander Responses to a Violent Incident in an Immersive Virtual Environment, PLoS ONE, vol.8, issue.1, p.e52766, 2013.

M. Slater, M. Usoh, and A. Steed, Depth of Presence in Virtual Environments, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, vol.3, issue.2, pp.130-144, 1994.

R. N. Spreng*, M. C. Mckinnon*, R. A. Mar, and B. Levine, The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale Development and Initial Validation of a Factor-Analytic Solution to Multiple Empathy Measures, Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.91, issue.1, pp.62-71, 2009.

S. Stepper and F. Strack, Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and nonemotional feelings., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.64, issue.2, pp.211-220, 1993.

C. J. Stevens, B. Pinchbeck, T. Lewis, M. Luerssen, D. Pfitzner et al., Mimicry and expressiveness of an ECA in human-agent interaction: familiarity breeds content!, Computational Cognitive Science, vol.2, issue.1, p.68, 2016.

F. Strack, L. L. Martin, and S. Stepper, Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.54, issue.5, pp.768-777, 1988.

E. Sucksmith, C. Allison, S. Baron-cohen, B. Chakrabarti, and R. A. Hoekstra, Empathy and emotion recognition in people with autism, first-degree relatives, and controls, Neuropsychologia, vol.51, issue.1, pp.98-105, 2013.

K. Bibliographie-tcha-tokey, Conception et évaluation de l'expérience utilisateur en environnement virtuel immersif, 2018.

F. Thomas, O. Johnston, and D. Et-animation, The illusion of life, p.35, 1981.

E. R. Thompson, Development and Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.38, issue.2, pp.227-242, 2007.

A. Tinwell, M. Grimshaw, D. A. Nabi, and A. Williams, Facial expression of emotion and perception of the Uncanny Valley in virtual characters, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.27, issue.2, pp.741-749, 2011.

A. Tinwell, D. A. Nabi, and J. P. Charlton, Perception of psychopathy and the Uncanny Valley in virtual characters, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.29, issue.4, pp.1617-1625, 2013.

J. Tsai, E. Bowring, S. Marsella, W. Wood, and M. Tambe, A Study of Emotional Contagion with Virtual Characters, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.81-88, 2012.

C. M. Tyng, H. U. Amin, M. N. Saad, and A. S. Malik, The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory, Frontiers in Psychology, vol.8, issue.4, p.132, 2017.

M. Valstar, B. Schuller, J. Krajewski, R. Cowie, and M. Pantic, Workshop summary for the 3rd international audio/visual emotion challenge and workshop (AVEC'13), Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Multimedia - MM '13, pp.65-89, 2013.

H. C. Van-vugt, E. A. Konijn, J. F. Hoorn, I. Keur, and A. Eliëns, Realism is not all! User engagement with task-related interface characters, Interacting with Computers, vol.19, issue.2, pp.267-280, 2007.

M. Vannotti, L 'empathie dans la relation médecin ? patient, Cahiers critiques de thérapie familiale et de pratiques de réseaux, vol.29, issue.2, p.213, 2002.

G. Bibliographie-veletsianos, The impact and implications of virtual character expressiveness on learning and agent-learner interactions, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.25, issue.4, p.132, 2009.

V. Vinayagamoorthy, M. Gillies, A. Steed, and E. Tanguy,

M. Slater, BULLETIN DE L'ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE (INTERNATIONAL ASSO CIATION OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY), Applied Psychology, vol.6, issue.2, pp.2-59, 1957.

M. Volonte, S. V. Babu, H. Chaturvedi, N. Newsome, E. Ebrahimi et al., Effects of Virtual Human Appearance Fidelity on Emotion Contagion in Affective Inter-Personal Simulations, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.22, issue.4, pp.1326-1335, 2016.

V. Der-pütten, A. M. Krämer, N. C. Gratch, and J. , Who's there ? Can a Virtual Agent Really Elicit Social Presence ? The 12th Annual International Workshop on Presence, vol.73, p.111, 2009.

H. C. Vugt, J. N. Bailenson, J. F. Hoorn, and E. A. Konijn, Effects of facial similarity on user responses to embodied agents, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol.17, issue.2, pp.1-27, 2010.

L. Wächter, B. Kuhnert, and M. Ragni, CogSci 2006: Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Cognitive Systems Research, vol.6, issue.4, p.410, 2005.

D. Watson, L. A. Clark, and A. Tellegen, Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.54, issue.6, pp.1063-1070, 1988.

T. Wehrle, S. Kaiser, S. Schmidt, and K. R. Scherer, Studying the dynamics of emotional expression using synthesized facial muscle movements., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.78, issue.1, pp.105-119, 2000.

P. Weyers, A. Muhlberger, C. Hefele, and P. Pauli, Electromyographic responses to static and dynamic avatar emotional facial expressions, Psychophysiology, vol.43, issue.5, pp.450-453, 2006.

B. Wicker, C. Keysers, J. Plailly, J. Royet, V. Gallese et al., Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula, Neuron, vol.40, issue.3, pp.655-664, 2003.

P. Bibliographie-wisessing, J. Dingliana, and R. Mcdonnell, Perception of lighting and shading for animated virtual characters, Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception, vol.48, p.86, 2016.

L. Wispé, The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.50, issue.2, pp.314-321, 1986.

C. Wu, J. Lin, and W. Wei, Survey on audiovisual emotion recognition: databases, features, and data fusion strategies, APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing, vol.3, p.27, 2014.

W. Wu, A. Arefin, R. Rivas, K. Nahrstedt, R. Sheppard et al., Quality of experience in distributed interactive multimedia environments, Proceedings of the seventeen ACM international conference on Multimedia - MM '09, p.71, 2009.

Y. Wu, P. Kalra, and N. M. Et-thalmann, Simulation of static and dynamic wrinkles of skin, Computer Animation'96. Proceedings. IEEE, vol.28, p.39, 1996.

?. N. Yalcin and S. Dipaola, A computational model of empathy for interactive agents, Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, vol.26, pp.20-25, 2018.

E. Zell, C. Aliaga, A. Jarabo, K. Zibrek, D. Gutierrez et al., To stylize or not to stylize?, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1-12, 2015.

E. Zell, K. Zibrek, and R. Mcdonnell, Perception of virtual characters, ACM SIGGRAPH 2019 Courses, vol.43, p.44, 2019.

K. Zibrek, E. Kokkinara, and R. Mcdonnell, The Effect of Realistic Appearance of Virtual Characters in Immersive Environments - Does the Character's Personality Play a Role?, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.24, issue.4, pp.1681-1690, 2018.

K. Zibrek, S. Martin, and R. Mcdonnell, Is Photorealism Important for Perception of Expressive Virtual Humans in Virtual Reality?, ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, vol.16, issue.3, pp.1-19, 2019.

, Qui est titulaire des droits de propriété intellectuelle lorsqu?une invention, un modèle ou une oeuvre créative est créé par un employé?, 2004.

, Graphique 1.11. La Chine est en train de relocaliser sa chaîne de valeur

, Des jeux sans jouets : les jeux de nounous ou les « petits contes en jeu », Spirale, vol.39, issue.3, p.199, 2006.

P. Simler, Qu?est-ce que la propriété ?, Qu?en est-il de la propriété ?, pp.251-258

J. Jornet, « Il était une fois la République espagnole? », Les Cahiers de Framespa, issue.3, 2007.

S. Zaborowski, Le squelette de Thiais et le squelette de Villejuif, Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, vol.4, issue.1, pp.181-199, 1893.

T. Bourgeois, Couplage du logiciel Phoenics et de la methode de zones en vue de la modelisation du transfert de chaleur dans des fournaises industrielles, 1988.

A. B. Annexes-À-l'expérimentation, Annexe 2: Annexes de leçons, CIVIL ENGINEERING IN FRENCH, pp.145-168, 1982.

M. Hédiard, Quand la transparence risque d?être trompeuse :, Lidil, issue.28, pp.167-172, 2003.

. Évaluez,

J. Baldacci, « Dites tout ce qui vous vient... », Tout dire ? Transparence ou secret, p.131, 2012.

H. Goix, Vous avez dit "cristal" ? Je pense "verre", Aster, vol.20, issue.20, p. 197, 1995.

A. Haroche, Toutes les questions que vous vous posez sur le DP sans jamais oser les formuler, Actualités Pharmaceutiques, vol.48, issue.486, p.5, 2009.

, Les transferts entre individus sont très répandus au Sénégal, Avez-vous remarqué des différences entre les vidéos ? Si oui, lesquelles ? Partie 3 : L'humain réel, 2017.

R. Pouget, C. Wider, and O. Lamy, Tétraparésie proximale et dysautonomie: avez-vous pensé au syndrome myasthénique de Lambert-Eaton?, Forum Médical Suisse ? Swiss Medical Forum, vol.10, issue.41, 2010.

M. Ducas, Tout ce qu?Amazon ne fait pas... et ce que les bonzes du marketing ne vous diront pas, Gestion, vol.42, issue.4, p.14, 2017.

M. Hédiard, Quand la transparence risque d?être trompeuse :, Lidil, issue.28, pp.167-172, 2003.

A. Wierzbicka, L'amour, la colère, la joie, l'ennui. La sémantique des émotions dans une perspective transculturelle, Langages, vol.23, issue.89, pp.97-107, 1988.

A. Berque, Espace virtuel et milieu humain, Quaderni, vol.30, issue.1, pp.69-80, 1996.

D. Laroche-bouvy, "De quoi avez-vous parlé ? - Bof, de tout et de rien...", Langage et société, vol.21, issue.1, pp.83-91, 1982.

M. Ducas, Tout ce qu?Amazon ne fait pas... et ce que les bonzes du marketing ne vous diront pas, Gestion, vol.42, issue.4, p.14, 2017.

M. Hédiard, Quand la transparence risque d?être trompeuse :, Lidil, issue.28, pp.167-172, 2003.

A. Wierzbicka, L'amour, la colère, la joie, l'ennui. La sémantique des émotions dans une perspective transculturelle, Langages, vol.23, issue.89, pp.97-107, 1988.

, Graphique 1.14. On ne constate guère de différences entre les régions en phase de rattrapage et les régions divergentes sur le plan des autres facteurs de croissance